Biography
Munguva yehupenyu hwake, gustav muMaler aive akakurumbira seakanakisa pakati peiyo opera uye symphoro donders of Austria. Uye chete chikamu chakatetepa chefani fani fungidzira kuti pamberi pavo vari pamberi pavo mutambi ane brilliant. Chokwadi chekuti Mahler ndiyo smphony yakakura kwazvo yezana ramakumi maviri, vanhu vemunyika dzevanhu vakadzidza hafu yezana remakore mushure mekufa kwake.Iko kugona kwemunyori kwakazove bhiriji, vakasunga rerudo rwezana rexix uye zvazvino zvemufananidzo. Mabasa emimhanzi yaMaher ave sosi yekurudziro uye muenzaniso wekutevedzera zvinongedzo zvechikoro chitsva cheBenjamin Britten uye Dmitry neSmithones
Hudu uye Vechidiki
Mutungamiriri wenguva yemberi uye muitisi akaberekerwa muAustro-Hungary, uye iye zvino Czech Bohemia muzhizha ra 1860. Gustav ndiye mwana wechipiri wevaJudha naMariya neBernhard Meler. Vakazara, vana 14 vakazvarwa mumhuri, asi 8 vakafa nezvirwere zvidiki nehurombo. Zvakaoma kuendesa mhuri zvishoma pane kukura kweiyo tsika yekugadzira. Baba, pamwe nasekuru vanotaririra pamunhu wababa, imbwa. Mama - mwanasikana wechidiki mugadziri mudiki.
Mukana wekukudziridza tarenda uye sunga biography nehunyanzvi hwakaoneka pamukadzi aine makore matunhu kusvika kuguta rekare reCzech reCzech, rinogarwa zvakanyanya nevaGerman. Pano gustav akatanga kunzwa kuwanda orchestra uye akashanyira opera. Mudiki maller akabva adzokorora mamwe nziyo pakusimudza kwehukama, kupa kunzwisisa vabereki kuti kune tambo yetarenda mazviri.
Pazera ramakore matanhatu, gustava akagara piyano, mudzidzisi wemimhanzi. Muna 10, mukomana akanyora zvinyorwa zvekutanga uye akaoneka pane imwe nhanho: muimbi ane tarenda akakokwa kutora chikamu mune kongiri yeguta. Kutaurwa kwekutanga kweMoleler semunyori anodzokera kuna 1874. Rufu rwakarova nerufu rwemunun'una wemakore gumi nematatu, Gustav rakanyorwa neOpera, asi manyoro haana kuchengetedzwa. Mukutamba kweGymnasium, achiri kuyaruka akatarisa mauto emimhanzi nemabhuku: kupfuura malter haana kufarira chero chinhu.
Baba, avo vairota vachikura mubatsiri mumhuri yebhizinesi, vakaedza kushandura mwanakomana wake uye mugove wesainzi, vachidudzira mune vekutanga Prague Gymnasium, asi kuedza kwakundikana. Maler-mukuru-mukuru akaunganidzwa uye kubvisa chipfeve muVienna, wapfuura kune hanya yeiyo yakakurumbira piano uye mudzidzisi Julius EPStein. Muzvinafundo akacherekedza tarenda remurume wechidiki wemutunhu uye akakurudzira kupinda muVienna Conservatory. Gustav akadzidza pasi pekutanga kweEpstein mukirasi yepiyano.
Muchiitiko gumi nematanhatu, gustav murani akanzwa kuti akapinda muguta remimhanzi reEurope. Kwemwedzi nehafu kuVienna, Richard Wagner akamira, akamhanye nehunhu hwetsika yeguta guru. Kwete imwe chete opera, zvigadzirwa zvaakatungamira, mudzidzi anoyemura weanochengetwa haana kupotsa. MuVienna, mweya weBeetholen naChibatler Vedya, vakasika kunyorwa uye piyano Johannes brehms, ayo aive nemhedzisiro yekugadzira kwekutanga kwemurume.
Adeline patty uye paofali luka yakapenya padanho re opera, pamakonzati, uye muimbi uye munyarara Anonguru akabata hurukuro dzakatipa gustav malet. Mushure memakore mana, mujaya wechidiki akanyorwa Cantatha "Rwiyo rwunonongedzera", umo simba rezvinhu zviviri - Wagner naBigner vakanzwa.
Kuwedzera pakudzidza mune inochengetedzwa, Gustav yakaratidza kufarira uzivi. Makore maviri akashanyira hurukuro pamusoro penyaya iri muYunivhesiti yeVienna. Kuti uderedze magumo nemicheto, muimbi wakapa zvidzidzo zvemutambo wepiyano. Watova ipapo Malter yaive yakanaka yemberi remangwana se pianist. Commenter inovavarira vadzidzisi vanochengetedza vakabvuma kusahadzika.
Mumhanzi
Vienna yakava muimbi wenyika yechipiri yekumusha, ichikanganisa, ichisarudza imwe nzira, ichipa dzidzo ine hutano. Muna 1881, gustav muMaler akapa zvaakasika chisikwa "rwiyo rwekupazanwa" kumakwikwi egore bethouren. Dutu rakazoitika kuti ratadze: Jury rakapa muchindwe wemakwikwi emakwikwi uye mubairo Robert Fuchs.
Kukundwa hakusi kunorwadza chete muSamoro murume, asiwo, akadaro, akapesvedzera imwe sarudzo. Gustavy akadonha padanho rehafu-kugadzirira ne opera, iyo "ryuuBhevalial" Fairy Tale uye yakasimudzwa yemucheche contole muRibakh (nhasi ljubljana). Ipapo akagamuchira dambudziko muOlmyuz, kwandaifanira kudzivirira nheyo dzetsamba dzehutungamiri hwe orchestra. Basa rakaenderera mberi muVienna Karl Theatre, kwaakapiwa basa reKhommerstery.
Muna 1883, gustavu yakapihwa chinzvimbo chemutero wechipiri weimba yehumambo muHessian Kassel, kwaaigara kwemakore maviri. Asina kukwana kudanana nemuimbi Johann Richtter, malener akanyora kutenderera kwe "nziyo dzekupfeka dzidziso", izvo zvakanzwika pachena kwemakore 13 gare gare. Basa racho rinonzi rakanyanya kudanana muenhaka yemugadziri.
Nekuda kwemisiyano nehutungamiri hwehutungamiriri, mall akasara Kassel pakati pemakore-1880s, agamuchira angezhent muPrague exer. Guta guru reCzech Republic rakatora conduct neConstyly zvine ushamwari, uye director weAritate Angelo vaikoshesa zvikuru kuwanikwa kwakatarisana neGustav, akatarisa neTarenda Director. MuPrague, maleer akatanga kunzwa kuravira kwekubwinya uye akanzwa shanduko kusvika padanho repamusoro rehunyanzvi.
Chibvumirano chakagumiswa neiyo itsva Theatre Leveiip ye 1886/187 mwaka yakamanikidzwa mwaka kuti usiye wevaenzi vepairati.
Kuzivikanwa kwakauya kuGustav Maler pamwe chete neyekutanga kweiyo opera "matatu Pinto", yakaitwa muna Ndira 1988. Muumbi pachikumbiro chehukuru hweMuvambi weGerman Opera Karl weber, uye saka zvakanaka, kuti "vatatu Pinto" nekukunda kwakaitwa pazvinhu zvakakura kuGermany.
Muchirimo cha 1888, rudo matambudziko akafuridzira zvakare akafemerwa mutambi kuti agadzire basa rinoshamisa - yekutanga symphony. Nhasi ndidzo inonyanya kuurayiwa uye yakakurumbira nyaya yemanyorero.
Ainge vashanda muLeipzig 2 mwaka, muimbi akasiya guta. Kunetsana nemubatsiri wemudyire uye chishuvo chekutamira kuBudapest, uko Gustav kwakapihwa nzvimbo yemutungamiriri weRoyal Opera uye Deent. Mari, zvakanyanya chaizvo, kusavapo kwavo, kucheka hupenyu hwenyonganisi. Mushure mekufa kwaBaba naamai, hama nehanzvadzi mbiri dzakaramba dziri pakuchengeta kwake.
Director wezvisina kubatsirwa Budapest theatre mall akashanda kupfeka. Kwemwedzi mitanhatu akakwanisa kutendeuka opera yeLoliya kuNational Omeni, abvisa rwendo uye kugadzira orchestra yakatora opera uye wagner opera mupepeire. Director vakakwanisa ku "dhonza" kune iyo Opera Opera Diva Lilly Lehman, anozivikanwa neiyo yakasarudzika soprano.
Muchirimo cha 1891, Mahler akapindura kukoka kubva kuHamburg: Akadanwa neChitatu Chiyero cheGermany, kuderedza Berlin chete neMunich, semukuru uye kudonhedza-maceer. Siya Budapest akamanikidza kusaidza kokero yekuedza chete, asi kuwanda kutsva kweiyo Richi theatre - muNationalist aisada kuona musoro weGerman opera.
Pakutanga kwegore rinotevera, Gustav Malener akaisa muHamburg Stage opera Peter Tchaikovsky "Eugene imwe". Mutungamiriri weRussia uye muitisi akasvika muHamburg kuti amire condule console, asi, vachiona mawier kubasa, akaramba. TCHAIKIVSKY yakadanwa neGerman inosanganisika.
MuHamburg, muposeri akapa muunganidzwa wenziyo "Nyanga yemashiripiti yemukomana", achitora zita rimwe chete revahudzi revahedheni muganho. Mavara kubva kumuteresi mahler anoshandiswa paakasangana nemitauro matatu - yechipiri, yechitatu nechina.
Kubudirira kwemunyori uye muitisi muHamburg kwakaonekwa muVienna. Kubva pakati pa 1890s, iyo Opera Opera yakatumira kwaari, asi maMiresi haana kuderera, achitya anti-Semitic kusimbisa kutonga ikoko. Asi Vienna akadana uye Manila. MunaFebruary 1897, Gustav akabhabhatidzwa muCatholic 201 uye muChirimo isa siginecha pasi pechibvumirano neyekuvhura kwedare, achiva muitiki wechitatu.
Nzira yekubwinya yakanga iri nyika, asi varume vakakwanisa kumukunda, vakatora nzvimbo yemutungamiriri weimba yemitambo. Pakanga pasina imwe nhamba yakakurumbira muguta, kunyangwe paine zvakaipa. Akakurumbira wechishanu Sytth Symphony akaberekerwa muVienna, ayo akapatsanurana vakararama nemisasa miviri: Vamwe vakaona zvakashata uye zvisakawanikwa, vamwe vakawana, vakave vakabudiswa kuti vatsvage kudenga. Zvino wechitanhatu, wechinomwe uye wechisere chiratidzo chakaonekwa.
Mumitambo yaro, Gustav Maleoni akatanga mitemo mitsva nemirairo isingade munhu wese aifarira. Vateereri vanozivikanwa, avo vakambonzwa kuseri kwezviitiko zveOpera, vakatsamwa pakurambidzwa kupinda muTemagedhi paanomuka.
Muna 1907, vateresi vakanzwa, vakaneta nemitambo yemitambo misiyano uye nematambudziko ehutano vakamanikidza matra kuti vasiye fungidziro yaunofarira brain, iyo yaive yakatsaurirwa kwemakore gumi ehupenyu. Hutungamiri hweiyo mutambi akagadzwa wepenension yemurume nemamiriro ezvinhu ayo muitisi haashande mune chero yeaEustria operas. Asi mari yekubvumidzwa kwemari yakazova mwero zvekuti gustavu aifanira kushanda zvakare.
Akawana basa iri muNew York Metropolitan opera. Pakati peino nguva, "rwiyo rwepasi" uye suphomphony yechipfumbamwe yakazvarwa. Pabasa remuumbi, kurudziro yekunyora kweNietzsche, Schenhauauer uye Dostoevsky akanganisa. Tenzi wekupedzisira anoremekedzwa zvakanyanya. Mukukura kwakakurudzirwa Goethe.
Hupenyu Hwako
Rudo rwakaunza kufuridzirwa, asi kwete mufaro muhupenyu hwega. Muna 1902, Mahler akatungamira ALMA Schindler kwemakore 19 okukura, ayo akagovera mushure mezuva rechina. Mukadzi akabereka kubudikidza gustavu vana vaviri - vasikana Maria naAnna.
Pakutanga, hupenyu hwevakaroorana hwakafanana negadhoredhi, asi mugore reshanu, dambudziko nekumba kwakauya kuVienna opera. Kurwara Diphtheria uye musikana mudiki akafa, Maria ane makore mana. Munguva pfupi iri kutevera, vanachiremba vakaona chirwere chisingarapike chemoyo pane zvakanyanya matra. Gomo rakasundira manesita kuti aperevere izwi rekuti "nziyo dzevana vakafa."
Hupenyu hwemhuri hwakavhunika. Alma - Mhizha ine chipo uye muimbi - akarangarira matarenda ake asina kujairika: Pakutanga, mukadzi wacho aingotarisa basa remumwe mukadzi achishamiswa nebasa. Nenguva isipi akange ave neanoshandisa neyakaitwa nevakakurumbira, vanozivikanwa nemurume wemurume. Asi vaviri vacho havana kuparadzana, asi vaigara pamwe chete kusvika pakufa kwazvo kwemunyori.
Rufu
Muna 1910, hutano hwaMatra hwakasimuka: Iyo yakatevaniswa neAngund pasi yakaratidzwa mumoyo yezvinetso. Asi maMagari akaramba achishanda. MunaFebruary 1911, mutambi anorwara akamira kumuninari, ave nekudzungudza chirongwa ichi chinosanganisira mabasa nevaItaly.
Iyo inouraya yeGustav yaive utachiona hwakakonzera endocarditis. Akonzera rufu. Master akafa mune vienna kiriniki muna May. Guva raMalier riri pedyo neiyo yekuviga yemwanasikana wemushakabvu mumakuva mireryning.
Iyo firimu yakapfurwa nezve hupenyu hwemugadziri mungwaru uye muitisi. Iyo Director Ken Russell akakokwa naRobert Powell pane basa rehunyanzvi. Icho chokwadi chinonakidza ndeye kinship yeMaler ine beyonce kupfuura iyo nyeredzi yeAmerica inodada kwazvo.
Mushandi anoshanda
- 1880 - "Facile Rwiyo"
- 1885-1886 - "nziyo dzevanopfeka mudzidzi
- 1892 -1901 - "Makunguru mukomana Horn
- 1901-1902 - "Nziyo pane Nhetembo Ryuckerert
- 1901-1904 - "Nziyo dzeVana Vakafa
- 1884-1888 - Symphony nhamba 1
- 1888-1894 - Symphony nhamba 2
- 1895-1896 - Symphony nhamba 3
- 1899-1901 - Symphony Nhamba 4
- 1901-1902 - Symphony nhamba 5
- 1903-1904 - Symphony nhamba 6
- 1904-1905 - Symphony nhamba 7
- 1906 - Symphony nhamba 8
- 1909 - Symphony Nhamba 9
- 1908-1909 - "Rwiyo rwePasi"