Ubuzima
Ubuzima bwumwanditsi wumunyamerika Mark Twain, witabiriye ibitabo byinshi mubitekerezo, urugendo rutandukanye ninzira nyabagendwa. Izina ryuzuye rya Promaaika - Samuel Langhorn Clemens. Yavutse kumpera yizuba ryo mu 1835, icyo gihe iyo Rat Halley yatwaraga isi. Dukurikije impanuka y'amayobera y'ibihe, indege ya kabiri y'umubiri wo mu ijuru hejuru y'umubumbe uzabaho neza ku munsi w'umwanditsi.
Umuryango wubutoriji bwabayeho mu mudugudu muto wa Floride Missouri. Ababyeyi bita John Marshal Clemens na Jane Lempton Clemen. Umuryango ufite ibibazo, nubwo Data yabaye umucamanza. Bidatinze, bahatiwe kwimukira mu mujyi woherejwe na Hannibal, wari uherereye ku nkombe z'umugezi w'Abanyamerika Mississippi. Sam yakundaga cyane kwibuka umwana ahujwe n'aha hantu. Bashyizeho ishingiro ryimirimo izwi cyane ya prose.
Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Se mu 1847, igihe Sam yari afite imyaka 12 gusa, umuryango wagumye ku ndunduro yo kurimbuka. Abana bagombaga kuva mu ishuri bagatangira akazi. Umuhungu yagize amahirwe: Mukuru we Orion yafunguye inzu ye ya icapiro, kandi umwanditsi kazoza agezeyo ifoto ya kashe. Rimwe na rimwe yashoboye gucapa ingingo ze bwite zitasize abasomyi batitaye.
Imyaka y'ubuto
Kuri 18, Samweli Clemerons yagiye mu rugendo mu gihugu. Yarasomye, asura Ingoro nziza y'ibitabo. Umuhungu wahatiwe kuva mu kwiga kwishuri mu kigo cy'imfubyi, yuzuza icyuho cy'uburezi mu bikoresho byo kubika ibitabo bya New York. Bidatinze, umusore yakira umwanya wungirije wa Lotman mu bwato.
Dukurikije umwanditsi ubwe, ashobora kwitangira ubuzima bwe bwose gukora ku ruzi rwa Mississippi, iyo mu 1861 z'intambara y'abenegihugu yatangiye. Muri igihe runaka Sam yinjira mu nzego z'abahuriyeho, ariko bidatinze ajya mu burengerazuba bw'ishyamba kuri zahabu na feza.
Ingero zambere zababa
Kora mu gukuramo ibyuma by'agaciro ntabwo byazanye Samweli amafaranga menshi, ariko hano ku nshuro ya mbere ahishurirwa nk'umwihigo kandi wubwenge bwibitabo bito ninkuru. Kandi mu 1863, ku nshuro ya mbere, umwanditsi yasinyaga imirimo ye na Mark Mark Twain, yakuwe mu myitozo yo kohereza. Icyifuzo nticyigeze cyinjira mu bitabo bye ku izina. Nzoba, Samweli akunzwe, kandi icyambere gisekeje umurimo "igikeri kizwi cyane cya calaveras" cyahawe icyamamare muri leta zose.
Mu myaka itari mike yikurikiranya, umuhanga mushya ahindura inyandiko imwe nundi, aho ategura isubiramo ninkuru, atera ubuhanga. Mark Twain avuga cyane kubari abumva. Muri icyo gihe, hagaragaye impano ye umuvugizi mwiza kandi umwanditsi wavuzwe. Mugihe cyo kwimuka gukurikira, ahura numugore we uzaza Olivia, mushiki wincuti ye magara. Ku ifoto ibyo bihe birashobora kugaragara ko dufite umuntu watsinze kandi wizeye. Ibi birimo bivuga byose: uko abona, gukura no kwishyiriraho. Samweli arimo guhura nigihe cyiza cyubuzima bwe.
Indabyo
Yahumekewe n'impinduka mu buzima bwe bwite, umwanditsi akora byoroshye imirimo myinshi muburyo bwa realism, yarwanyije izina rye mubantu benshi bo muri XIX. Hagati ya 70, amateka azwi ya "Amahirwe ya Tom Sawyer" aragaragara, aho asobanura muburyo butandukanye ubwana ubwe. Noneho urumuri rubonye inkuru "Umuganwa na Bengina", waje kuryoherwa nabanyamerika. Igitabo "Yankees kuva Connecticut ku rukiko rw'umwami Arthur" kigaragara, aho insanganyamatsiko yamateka yifatanije ninsanganyamatsiko yo kugenda mugihe cyimodoka.
Hagati ya 80 Samweli Clemens afungura inzu ye yo gusohoza, kandi igitabo cya mbere gihinduka umurimo wa "Amahirwe ya Geclberry Finn". Muri iki gitabo, Mark Twain yatangajwe bwa mbere hamwe no kunegura inzira yashinzwe muri sosiyete. Umwanditsi kandi akora ubwato "kwibuka", kwibuka ", bimurikirwa na Perezida w'inzego za V.. Inkunga. Inkubi y'umuhemu yabayeho kugeza hagati ya 90, kugeza amaherezo yagiye guhomba mu bijyanye n'ubukungu mu gihugu.
Ibitabo byanyuma byumwanditsi wanditse bimaze kwandikwa numutwe wizina nta ntsinzi, nkuwambere. Intwari ze, zikomeje kuba abadiventiste, bagwa mubihe bidasobanutse bisaba uburyo bwa filozofiya no guhitamo kutavuguruzanya. Muri iyi myaka, Mark Twaint yahawe impamyabumenyi zitari nke zo mu rwego rwo kuyobora kaminuza zo muri Amerika. Wari umuntu ushimishije cyane wigeze guhatirwa kuva mu burezi bwishuri igihe kirekire.
Inshuti Umwanditsi
Samuel Clemens yafashe ubucuti afitanye na Nikola Tesla. Itandukaniro rifite imyaka irenga 20 ntiryabangamiye itumanaho ryo guhanga. Hamwe na hamwe bitabiriye ubushakashatsi bw'intwari za fiziki, kandi mugihe cyabo cyubusa umwanditsi yasuzumye ku nshuti ye ikomeye. Ariko umunsi umwe, Nikola aracyashoboye kubuswa. Yasabye ko yasubiwemo na Samweli ugeze mu za bukuru, amaze kugerageza umwanditsi yumva ko afite umusore. Ariko nyuma yigihe gito yihutira kwinjira mu bwiherero kubera ububabare bukomeye mu nda. Ku bwe, umukozi yagize ingaruka mbi kuri yo.
Muri 1893, iherezo ryikirango cya Twee hamwe na Magnate yimari Henry Rogers, wumvise Mizantropo nini nubugingo. Ariko guhorana ubucuti n'umwanditsi barabihinduye. Umunyamabanki ntiyafashije umuryango w'umwanditsi gusa ku ngorane z'amafaranga, ariko nanone yabaye umuterankunga nyawe na Patron, wagaragaye nyuma y'urupfu rwe. Henri yamaze amafaranga menshi kugirango ashyigikire impano zikiri nto. Yateguye kandi akazi kubantu bafite ubumuga.
Amagambo
Samuel Clemens yari nkumugabo. Ibi byagaragaye mumya umwanditsi we, no mu ijambo ryo kuganira. Benshi mumagambo ye babaye interuro zitwikiriye zitabuze akamaro kugeza na nubu. Dore bimwe muribi:"Kujugunya itabi byoroshye. Najugunye rimwe na rimwe "" witonde mugihe usoma ibitabo bijyanye n'ubuzima. Urashobora gupfa uva kuri Typo "" Mbere ya byose, urakeneye ukuri, hanyuma birashobora guhindurwa "Imyaka izuba rirenze
Imibereho icumi yanyuma yubuzima bwumwanditsi bwagaragaye n'uburakari bw'igihombo gitangaje: Kuva mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana gishya, Mark Twain yagize urupfu rw'abana batatu n'umugore we wakundaga Olivia. Muri icyo gihe, yaje kwemeza ibitekerezo bye ku idini.
Mubikorwa byanyuma, "umunyamahanga utazi" n "" ibaruwa y'isi ", yacapishijwe nyuma yimyaka nyuma y'urupfu rwe, hagati ya sarcasm aratindiganya kutemera Imana. Impamvu y'urupfu rwe yabaye Angina. Ikindi gitero cyari kimenyereye ubuzima bw'umwanditsi Ukomeye mu mpeshyi ya 1910 mu mujyi wa RedING LETA.
Bibliografiya
- Ikibero kizwi cyane cya Calaveras - 1867
- Umwanya mu mahanga - 1869
- Amahirwe ya Tom Sawyer - 1876
- Umuganwa n'uwasabiriza - 1882
- Adventure Geklberry Finn -1884
- Yankees kuva muri Connecticut mu Rukiko rw'Umwami Arthur -1889
- Usaba Amerika - 1892
- Tom Sawyer mu mahanga - 1894
- Opfil Wilson - 1894
- Tom Sawyer-Sepher - 1896
- Kwibuka ku giti cye Joan D'arra Sier Louis de cont, itsinda rye n'umunyamabanga we - 1896
- Umunyamahanga utazi - 1916