Ubuzima
Imiterere ya Voliste ya Alexandere Bella ni umugani rwose, kuko uyu muhanga yahimbye ibyuma, akanya na terefone - ibintu byabaye igice cyingenzi mubuzima bwa buri munsi bwumuryango wa buri munsi.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Alexander Graya Bell yavukiye mu mujyi wa Edinburght wa Edinburgh ku ya 3 Werurwe 1847, mu muryango wa filogiste. Sogokuru y'Umuhanga yari uwashinze ishuri rya Oratory kandi Umwanditsi w'igitabo "Ibice byiza". Birashimishije kubona sekuru yatangiye umwuga we urwaye inkweto, ariko gutesha agaciro keza byamuviriye.
Ubwa mbere, umugabo yakoreye muri theatre, hanyuma aba umusomyi, afata amajwi akurikiranwa na Shakespeare. Intsinzi yarijije cyane ku buryo yatangiye gutanga amasomo yo gutondeka maze afungura ishuri rye ryo kuri Londore. Ubucuruzi bwo mu muryango rero bwavutse, uzasimbura uwahimbye Alexandre Meleander Melville Bell, icyarimwe icyarimwe, ndetse asohora igihe kimwe mu buhanzi bwo kuvuga.
Umuyobozi wa siyansi azaza yakuze mu mwuka w'umuziki n'imyitwarire ikomeye ku majwi y'ijwi ryabantu. Afite imyaka 14, yimukiye i Londres, kuri sekuru. Nyuma yimyaka itatu, nyuma yo kwakira amashuri yubuvuzi na Filozofir na Würzburg, yamaze gutangira ubuzima bwigenga, kwigisha umuziki n'icyatsi kuri Westton Hauz Academy.
Kugira neza acoustics na fiziki yimvugo yumuntu, inzogera yabaye umufasha wumutwe wumuryango, icyo gihe icyo gihe yakoraga muburyo bwo gukora inkoranyamagambo.
Birazwi ko nyina w'Umuremyi wa Hydrosapolta yari ufite ubumuga bwo kumva kandi ni we ibintu bishya byari bigamije kwiga amajwi. Se yazanye sisitemu "imvugo igaragara", aho amajwi yimvugo yageriwe ibimenyetso n'amashusho yanditseho, byerekana muri iki gihe hagomba kubaho kwigana ibikoresho byo kuvuga (bimwe na bimwe byahinduwe, ariko kubantu ntiyigeze yumva amajwi).
Nyuma yuko abavandimwe ba Alegizandere bapfuye bazize igituntu, umuryango mu 1870 watumye mbere muri Kanada, hanyuma muri Amerika. Ngaho bakomeje gukorana nabantu n'amajwi. Akazi muri Boston wagenze neza. Jr. inzogera yafunguye ishuri rye mu mujyi, aho yatoje shingiro ry'umuryango w'abandi barimu.
Umuhanga akimara kubona isoko ihamye yinjiza, yagarutse ku bushakashatsi bwo kwimura amajwi ku nsinga, yashishikajwe n'Ubwongereza. Inzogera yaremye laboratoire ntoya aho yagerageje nijoro, mugihe cye cyubusa.
Mu iburanisha ryabaze, ryagaruwe, habaye umugore uzaza k'umukozi wa siyansi - Mabe, umukobwa w'umucuruzi wigihiro Hubbard, n'umuhungu w'imyaka itanu w'umucuruzi w'uruhu witwa Thomas Sander.
Ibikorwa na siyanse
Mu 1876, mu imurikagurisha ry'ubumenyi bw'isi muri Philadelphia Bell yahitanye igihangano cye mu izina "telefoni". Ku ya 7 Werurwe umwaka uwo mwaka, Alegizandere yakiriye ipatanti yo guhanga. Birashimishije kubona muri imurikagurisha, abahagarariye imiryango yubumenyi yise terefone ifite igikinisho kidafite akamaro.
Inzogera yo gutura hamwe nimyenda, yari yiteguye kugurisha ibihumbi 100. Isosiyete y'Umwerekezo Wiburengerazuba, ariko abahagarariye ubumwe bwiburengerazuba ntibatekereje kugura neza. Nyuma, ubuyobozi bwa Wu yamenye ko yakoze amakosa maze atanga ubufatanye bwa siyansi.
Birakwiye ko tumenya ko mubyiciro byambere, terefone ntabwo yari intungane - igikoresho cyatandukanijwe nijwi, kandi birashoboka ko bavugana nayo ahantu hatanu. Kubwibyo, uwahimbye yakomeje guhora atezimbere igikoresho. Muri Gashyantare 1880, inzogera, hamwe numufasha, yahimbye igikoresho cyitwa fotophone yagenewe kohereza amajwi kure yintera ifite urumuri.
Mu 1881, umuhanga yateje imbere ibyuma byashizweho mu kinyejana cya XIX gushakisha ibya Rudonic. Kugaragara kw'ibyuma byazamuwe n'ibyabaye. Mu 1901, inzogera yahimbye inzoka y'ikirere y'indege ya piramide. Yari igizwe n'impande enye za mpandeshatu. Igikoresho cyari umucyo bidasanzwe, gikomeye kandi kiraramba. Dukurikije raporo zimwe, yashoboraga guterura mu kirere cy'umuntu.
Hamwe numugore we inzogera mu 1907 yaremye "Ishyirahamwe ryindege zigerageza". Mu 1909, indege yitwa "Ifeza Dart" yubatswe. Indege ya mbere yindege yakozwe ku ya 23 Gashyantare 1909. Iyi tariki ifatwa nkimyaka isa isabukuru yindege ya Kanada.
Mu 1919, ubwato bwa HD-4 bwubatswe hakurikijwe ubushakashatsi bwa siyanse, bushyiraho inyandiko nshya. Birazwi ko ibi bikoresho byo koga ku mababa yo mumazi yateguye umuvuduko wa kilometero zigera kuri 113 kumasaha.
Ubucuruzi
Mu mpera za 1879, Union y'uburengerazuba yagejejeje amasezerano na bagenzi be bahimbye. Isosiyete ikora hamwe "inzogera" yagaragaye, igice kinini cyimigabane yacyo cya Alexandre. Izwi cyane ko igiciro cyumugabane umwe wa sosiyete cyari amadorari 1. Uyu muryango washyizeho intangiriro yiterambere rya terefone no kugaragara kw'amasosiyete mashya ya terefone. Hashize na 1900, miliyoni 1.5 zashyizwe muri Amerika, kandi mu myaka ibiri - miliyoni 13.
Inzogera yarebye ejo hazaza no gutegura amakadiri mashya yatanze inkunga y'amafaranga abanyamwuga bato. Muri 1900, bitarenze 1900, abarenga ibihumbi n'ibihumbi birenga bibiri nigice kubivumburwa bijyanye na terefone. Inzogera y'amafaranga yakiriwe n'aho ahitwa yafunguwe n'ikigo cya Firecs Firecs Alessandro Volta.
Ntiwibagiwe inzogera no kumenyekana. Usibye ibikorwa bya siyansi, ishusho ya siyanse yakoraga ubutunzi kandi yari umunyaruganda. Birazwi ko Alegizandere yagize uruhare mu gushyiraho umuryango w'igihugu mu rwego rw'umuryango w'igihugu kandi ashinze ikinyamakuru "geografiya y'igihugu", itangazwa n'ubu.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, Alexandre gray yakiriye kumenyekana ku isi hose, no ku isosiyete ye iracyahari kugeza uyu munsi umuyobozi w'isi mu gukora itumanaho, mudasobwa na elegitoroniki. Umuhanga yavuze ko avuga ko umunsi uzagera igihe umuntu yabonaga ishusho kuri terefone avuga, kandi uwo munsi ugeze igihe kirekire.
Isosiyete ishingiye ku bloss iracyakomeza kuba inyangamugayo. Tekinoroji yo guhanga udushya, nk'ururimi rwa interineti rwa C ++, Prototypes ya mbere y'imashini za ADN n'umwanya w'ikibanza cy'ikibazo cyijimye - Ibi byose byaremewe mu nzego za siyansi y'Ikigo cyacyo.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Ibyinshi mu mpapuro n'ibiro bya bella byatangajwe no kuzamura itumanaho. Bizwi kandi ko kumyaka ibiri, umuhanga yasomye ibiganiro kandi akorana nabatumva - nabanyeshuri-nabanyeshuri bashyizwe hamwe. Ndashimira aya masomo, ubuhanga bwa siyansi kandi bwujuje umwarimu wa mbere kandi wa Mabbard.
Bahuye igihe umutware wa Rurema wa terefone yari afite imyaka 15. Ku munsi w'imyaka 18 yakundwa, umusaza wabo wabaye. Kuva icyo gihe, iyi tariki yabaye ibiruhuko bidasanzwe kubakundana. Nyuma yumwaka nigice, inzogera yandukuwe amafaranga ahagije kandi yemeza ababyeyi ba Mabe ko ikibazo cye kimuha kwemerera guha umukobwa wabo nabana babo ba hamwe. Kubera iyo mpamvu, se na nyina Hubbart bemeye ku bukwe, maze Mabele na Alegizandere babaye umugabo we n'umugore we.
Mu yandi manza ya Marba hamwe na Mama, umukobwa yakunze kwandika ko buri munsi amenya Bella afite umuhigi mushya wari ufite uruhande rutigeze rubaho. Ubu buvumbuzi buke bwahaye umudamu kumva ko yahisemo neza none iruhande rwe umuntu ushobora kwizerwa.
Urukundo rutagira imipaka Hubbart yagaragajwe binyuze mu biryo, ntabwo bitangaje ko mumyaka ibiri nyuma yubukwe, uburemere bwa siyansi bwageze ku kimenyetso cyo gushaka).
Nyuma y'ubukwe, bwabaye mu 1877, abashyingiranywe batwaye ukwezi kwa buki mu mujyi wa Niagara, uherereye mu majyepfo y'intara ya Ontario (Kanada). Bell akenshi uva mu ngendo zubucuruzi. Mugihe cyo gutandukana, umuhanga arota umugore we, kugirango atababaza ubugingo, nahisemo kunyura hamwe na Maber mu ngendo zose.
Birakwiye ko tumenya ko impamvu imwe yonyine yo kubaho kw'amakimbirane mu muryango wa Alexlov yari akamenyero ko muri Alexandre yakoraga gusa nijoro. Umunsi w'akazi w'umuhanga warangiye saa yine za mu gitondo, kandi kugeza icyo gihe, Huburt atoteza umugabo we wuzuye abantu benshi, kuko atashoboraga gusinzira nta kuboneka kwe hafi.
Inshuro ebyiri, Alexandre yagerageje guhindura gahunda yumunsi wakazi kugirango ashimishe umugore we, ariko ibyo bigerageza ntibyatsinzwe. Mu myaka yashize ubuzima bwubatse, umugabo we watoranijwe afite abakobwa babiri n'abahungu babiri, ariko abahungu bombi bapfuye mubana bato. Urupfu rwabo rwakubiswe cyane abashakanye, ariko Mabe yabonaga iyi filozofiya, avuga ko abahungu be bazagumana na we ubuziraherezo, mu kwibuka.
Umwarimu n'umunyeshuri we babanaga imyaka 45 y'ubuzima bwumuryango.
Urupfu
Inzogera imyaka ibiri yarwaye indwara ikaze kandi igihe kinini iruhande rwuburiganya. Ku munsi w'urupfu, umucuruzi yije kuri we iminota mike. Alegizandere abonye Mabeli ukundwa yicaye hafi yigitanda cye aramwenyura. Umugore wasabye, yasabye kutamutererana, ariko ntibyakurikiye igisubizo kiva mu Muremyi wa Terefone. Umugabo yakubise ikiganza cy'uwo mwashakanye kandi aheza amaso ubuziraherezo.
Umuhimbyi uzwi cyane yapfuye ku ya 2 Kanama 1922 (afite imyaka 75), mu mutungo we mu ntara ya Scotland nshya, iherereye mu burasirazuba bwa Kanada. Izwi cyane ku buryo ku ya 4 Kanama 1922, amaterefone yose yazimijwe umunota. Igihugu rero cyahaye icyubahiro cyanyuma umuntu yahaye abantu amahirwe yo kuvugana, nubwo ari kure.
Izina ry'umuhanga ridapfa mu mvugo kandi rishingiye ku bipimo bishingiye ku buzima bwa sinius. Abantu bake barabizi, ariko mu 2002 Kongere ya Amerika yemeye ko terefone itazanye inzogera, ariko Ubutaliyani Antonio Meucci. Umugabo yaremye igihangano mu myaka ibiri imbere ya Alegizandere, ariko ntiyabonye ipatanti kandi apfa mu bukene. Nyuma yiyi makuru, umuryango wa siyansi wisi yose watangiye kwizera ko inzogera yifashishije gusa gutsindwa kw'abanywanyi kandi igena kwiyuhagira.
Ibintu bishimishije
- Uhimbye Terefone Alexander Bell yasabye ko indamutso ya terefone yo gukoresha ijambo "ahonya" kuva ku basaye b'Abadage. Nyuma, Edison Edison yatanze "Mwaramutse", winjiye mu kirusiya, yahindutse "muraho!".
- Alexander Bell, usibye ibyo yahimbye ibikoresho bishya, yagerageje kwigisha imbwa ye kuvuga.
- Kubera ko muri Alexander GELe, muri Alexander Grayaim Bell yizeye abikuye ku mutima ko ivumbure ye - terefone - izafasha kuvugana n'ubugingo bw'abapfuye.
- Uhimbye kuri terefone ntabwo yigeze ahamagara nyina n'umugore we: bombi batumva.
Ibintu byavumbuwe
- 1858 - Imashini
- 1874 - Imbere
- 1876 - Terefone
- 1879 - Audiometero
- 1880 - Ifoto
- 1881 - Statector, Pluum Pump
- 1901 - inzoka yo mu kirere ya piramidal
- 1909 - Indege "Dist"
- 1919 - Ubwato kumababa yamazi HD-4