Chiphunzitso
Alexander Lvovich Parvus (Israel Lazarevich Gelfand) - Wotsatira wa Gulu la Democratic, Ph.D., Wolemba Wolemba Mapepala asayansi ndi Masewera.
M'banja lachiyuda pa Seputembara 8, 1867, mwana wina dzina lake Israeli adabadwa. Zaka zidzachitika pamaso pa Israeli asanatenge dzina latsopano ndi Surname. Chifukwa chake mnyamatayo atembenukira ku Alexander Parvus. Chochitika chosangalatsa m'banja la Gelfend chinachitika ku Berezin, womwe uli pansi pa minsk. Posakhalitsa moto waukulu unawononga nyumba yomwe njira zamtsogolo zimakhalira. Mzindawu udadwala.
Ichi chinali chifukwa chosinthira banjalo ku Odessa, chaputala chake chinabadwa m'mudzi uno. Mwamunayo adapita kukagwira ntchito padoko. Israeli anali ophunzira ku masewera olimbitsa thupi, anayendera zigawo kumene anali wachinyamata wosinthira. Alexander mu 1885 imasunthira Zurich chifukwa cha maphunziro apamwamba. Apa, mzanga amakumana ndi omwe akutenga nawo mbali mwa gulu lotulutsidwa. Ndi PB. Axelrod, G.V. Plekhanov, v.i. Zasulich.
M'nyumba yovomerezeka yazotembenukira kumeneko, akuti Parous ku Yunivesite ya Basel adafufuzidwa ndi andale. Malinga ndi zotsatira za maphunziro ake, adalandira dokotala wa madokotala. Alexander anasamukira ku Germany ndipo anakhala membala wapa phwando la demokalase. Malinga ndi i. Dorvis, Parvus amalakalaka 'kukonza mzimu wopusitsa wa dziko la Germany. "
Kusintha
Alexander adabwereranso ku St. Petersburg m'masiku oyambirira a chisinthiko. Kampani ya Parvus anali Mkango Trolandky. Amuna akhazikitsa zochitika mu komiti ya Executive of the Council of Countrats. Alexander adakonzekera kukhazikitsa lingaliro la "zomwe zidasinthiratu". Chida chopangira kusintha kwa matembenuzidwe a Corvus kunawona proletaliat.
Imirirani ku ku Russia, bambo sakufuna. Malingaliro a Alexander adapita nawo padziko lonse lapansi. Pafupifupi theka la chaka cha Parvus chomwe chachitika asanagwire ntchito ndikuyitanitsa kuti apanduke ku mphamvu yapano ndikupanga demokalase yogwira ntchito.
Kusintha kwa kusintha kwa anthu. Trotsky ndi Parvus adaganiza zotha kuchita izi kudzera mu nyuzipepala ya Russia. A E-a E-a E-a E-E-a E-E-a E-a E-a E-a E-Mavioji azaka 100, ndipo pambuyo pake ndi makope 500 okwana 500. Ndi "moyo watsopano", wokhala wa bollsaviks, sakanatha.
Alekizander adayamba kuyendetsa kayendedwe ka St. Petersburg Council. Mapewa a Parvus atayika maudindo olemba zolemba ndi kulengeza, kukulitsa njira ndi njira. Kusintha kunakopeka kunakopeka ndi mabizinesi a mafakitale, ku Khope. Mphamvu yoperekedwa ndi Nyumba ya St. Petersburg inali yamphamvu, anthu amayenda kwa Alexander.
Parvus anali chitukuko masana, ndipo madzulo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga masewera. Bile baub idagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zochita. Alexander Pre-adapeza matikiti ochepa pasadakhale kuti apereke zotsutsana ndi abwenzi.
Kuchokera pansi pa cholembera chatembenukira, "chiwonetsero chachuma" chinatuluka. Chikalatacho chinali ndi chidziwitso chokhudza oyang'anira achinyengo mu boma la Russia, kusapezeka kwa ndalama mosungiramo ndalama komanso pa mawu opeka. Malinga ndi mamembala a khonsolo, anthu sayenera kulipira ngongole za banja lachifumu.
Nthawi yakwana. Akaidi oyamba anali atsogoleri a phwandolo. Kenako Parvus adafika pamalo a Trotsky, koma posachedwa ndi Revoluary adakwiya kwambiri. Alexandra adatsutsa ndipo adatumiza kale ku Turukansk, komwe munthu amayenera kukhala zaka zitatu. Koma Parvus adatha kuthamanga. Ndi ine, Alexander anali ndi zikalata zabodza ndi ndalama.
Zokhumudwitsa za ku Russia zikubwera mosayembekezereka. Parvus adaganiza zotumiza kuyang'ana ku Balkan, komwe anthu adayesa kupanga. Ulendo wopita ku Germany, Alexander amapereka "Coloune Goomist ndi kugwa kwa dongosolo lalikulu." Anthu a nthawi imeneyo anafotokozanso ntchito yokhudza Revolution.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, nthumwi zogwira ntchito za II zamayiko ena, zomwe Vedimir Ilyich Lenin idakhala. Palibe chomwe chingadziwike za moyo wa parovus ku Europe. Zidazi zidayenera kukhulupilira mphekesera.
Mu 1910, Constantinople amakhala nyumba yokhazikika. Kutembenukira kumathandiza olamulira achi Turkey pazachuma. Turkey idakhala nyumba yachiwiri ya Parvus. Kuyambira achinyamata, Alexander adalakalaka kukhala wolemera. Ku Konstantinople, kukhumba kumeneku kunakwaniritsidwa. Zolipira zomwe zidasinthidwa zidabwezeretsedwanso - ndizosakhazikika.
Kukhala kutali ndi amayi chifukwa cha Parvus kunali kovuta, kotero pambuyo pa Okutobala, omwe adapangitsa kuti athe kuthana ndi mphamvu yachifumu, Alexander anali kuyembekezera kuti v.i. Lenin adzabweza nyumba ya Revolution. Chozizwitsa sichinachitike. Zolemba za nduna zazachuma parvus sizinayembekeze. Mtsogoleri wa World Proletiariat apewe mitima ndi Myuda wonyengerera.
Popanda kuyembekezera chilolezo, Alexander adaganiza zothandizira kusintha kwa Russia kuchokera ku Europe. Chifukwa chake ku Scandinavia adawonekera nyuzipepala ya Russia, yomwe idayesa kunyansidwa ndi mphamvu, limbikitsani maziko atsopano amoyo. Poyankha ku Russia, zomwe zimamunenezera pazomwe zimatipatsa. Kuchokera pa zochitika izi Parvus afotokozedwa m'buku "mu kulimbana ndi chowonadi".
Mu 1918, Alexander Lvovich adaganiza zosiya ndale m'mbuyomu. Kusunga ndalama kunali kokwanira kwa moyo wabwino komanso zosangalatsa zomwe amakonda - kupereka. Kusintha kosatha kwa mbiri sikunagwire ntchito, chifukwa ngakhale mamiliyoni omwe ali m'mabuku sanapatse mwayi wa Parvas kuti akomane ndikulankhulana ndi anthu otchuka, andale ndi akazembe ndi akazembe. Otchuka kupewa kupewa kulumikizana ndi Alexander.
Moyo Wanu
Malinga ndi chidziwitso chovomerezeka, Alexander Parvus anali atakwatirana kawiri. Mnzanu woyamba ndi Tatiana Naumovna Berman. Mkazi amadziwa ngati tabos mpaka pano. Nzika inkawoneka ngati woimira wachikasu pa gulu la demokalase, ndipo gawo linagwira ntchito ngati wolemba mabuku ndi womasulira.
Mu mgwirizano uwu, mwana wamwamuna wa banja lachiyuda adabadwa mwana wamwamuna wa Evgeny Aleksandrovich Masewera a FAVN. Mnyamata wina yemwe anapeza msinkhu wokhwima anasankhidwa kuti akhale pabwalo la zipolowe za Soviet, koma pambuyo pake adadzakhala osokoneza, adalemba mawu.
Mkazi wachiwiri wa Parvus sanasungidwe data. Amadziwika kuti okwatirana ali ndi mwana wamwamuna yemwe amagwira ntchito ku kazembe wa USSR, ku Italy. Ndi mikhalidwe yachilendo, munthu anasowa.
Imfa
Mu 1924, Alexander Parvus anali ku Berlin. Mu likulu la Germany, matembenuzidwe a ku Germany adagwira stroko, pomwe mwamuna sangathe. Pambuyo pa kufa kokhazikika kwa nyumba yanyumba yanyumbayo kunasowa. Ndani amachititsa izi sizikudziwika.Moyo wa Alexander watsekedwa ndi zinsinsi ndi miyala yosasinthika. Biono ya kusinthika ili ndi mphatso zodziwika bwino zokhumudwitsa ndi zokhumudwitsa, nthawi zambiri zochitika zimagwiritsa ntchito mbiri ya moyo kuti ipange makanema.
Mu 2006, zolemba zolembedwa "Parvus" adawona kuwalako. Pambuyo pa zaka 9 pambuyo pake, omvera adawonetsa nthiti yatsopano - "kusintha kwa ziwanda". Dzina lachiwiri la chithunzicho ndi memorandum of Parol.
Kukumbuka
- 1895 - "Kuphatikizira ndi nkhondo yayikulu yandale"
- 1897 - "Msika Wapadziko Lonse ndi Vuto Lamalimba"
- 1906 - "Russia ndi Crestlumion"
- 1907 - "mu Russian Bastle pa Chisinthiko"
- 1908 - "Coloune Goonial ndi kuwonongeka kwa nyumba yayikulu"
- 1908 - "kupanga capitalist ndi proletaliariat"
- 1908 - "Kulimbana kwa Kalasi ya Proletiariat"
- 1908 - "M'magulu a demokalase ya Germany"
- 1909 - "Democracy Padziko Lapansi ndi Nyumba Yamalamulo"
- 1909 - "Socialism ndi kusinthana kwachikhalidwe"
- 1915 - "Dongosolo la Revolution of Russia"
- 1918 - "Polimbana ndi Choonadi"