Biography
"Ntev npaum li cov neeg muaj txiaj ntsig kev pab hluav taws xob, lawv yuav nco ntsoov lub npe ntawm Faraday," Cov kaus mom Helmolts.Michael Faraday yog ib tus kws sim ua lus Askiv kws sim, tus tsim ntawm kev tawm dag zog ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Nws qhib electromagnetic induction, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev lag luam tsim cov hluav taws xob thiab cov ntawv thov hauv cov xwm txheej niaj hnub no.Thaum yau thiab cov hluas
Michael Faraday tau yug rau lub Cuaj Hlis 22, 1791 hauv Newington Batts, tsis deb ntawm London. Txiv - James Feraday (1761-1810), Kuznets. NIAM - Margaret (1764-1838). Ntxiv rau Michael, Robert thiab cov viv ncaus Elizabeth thiab Margaret loj hlob hauv tsev neeg. Lawv tau nyob tsis zoo, yog li Michael tsis tau hais txog nws tus kheej hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab mus ua haujlwm hauv tsev muag ntawv hauv 13 xyoos.
Kev kawm ntawv tsis ua tiav. Kev nyeem ntawm cov phau ntawv hauv physics thiab chemistry tau txaus siab nrog kev paub ntawm kev paub ntawm cov phau ntawv hauv khw hauv phau ntawv khw hauv cov khw hauv phau ntawv hauv khw hauv cov phau ntawv khw hauv cov khw hauv phau ntawv. Tus txiv neej hluas mastered thawj qhov kev sim. Ua lub chaw tam sim no - "Leiden Bank". Txiv thiab tij laug txhawb Michael nyob rau hauv kev rub rau kev sim.
Xyoo 1810, tus txiv neej hluas 19-xyoo los ua ib tug mej zeej ntawm lub tuam tsev philosopical, uas cov lus qhuab qhia los ntawm physics thiab cov hnub qub nyeem. Michael koom rau hauv kev sib deev tshawb fawb. Ib tug txiv neej hluas tau nyiam nyiam cov xim ntawm cov neeg paub txog lub zej zog. Tus neeg yuav khoom ntawm lub Tsev Muag Ntawv William William ib qho khoom plig - ib daim pib ntawm cov tshuaj elevernemis g gemphemistry ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov poov tshuaj, calcium, boron, boron) Cov.
Yav tom ntej cov kws tshawb fawb, txaj muag cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm gemphri, tau ua ib tug xibfwb, nrog ib tsab ntawv mus nrhiav qee yam haujlwm ntawm Royal Institute. Davi koom nrog txoj hmoo ntawm tus tub hluas, thiab tom qab ib ntus, 22-xyoo-laus Faradays tau txais kev sim ua haujlwm hauv chav kuaj tshuaj.
Kev kawm
Kev ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshawb nrhiav, kev kawm deb tsis tau mus mloog cov lus qhuab qhia, hauv kev npaj ntawm uas tau koom. Tsis tas li, nrog txoj koob hmoov ntawm profess dav hlau, ib tug txiv neej hluas ua nws cov kev sim tshuaj. Kev ua siab zoo thiab kos duab ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog tus pab kev kuaj sim ua nws tus pab tas li.
Xyoo 1813, Davi coj Farday Secretary nyob rau hauv ob xyoos cov lus European. Thaum lub sijhawm taug kev, tus kws tshawb fawb hluas tau ntsib nrog Luminaries ntawm Ntiaj Teb Science: Andre-Marre Ampera, Josep Louis Gay-Leussak, Alessandro Volta.
Thaum rov qab mus rau London xyoo 1815, Faraday tau txais tus ncej ntawm tus pab. Nyob rau hauv parallel, nyiam tshaj plaws uas txuas ntxiv - muab nws tus kheej kev sim. Rau lub neej ntawm Faraday, muaj 30,000 kev sim. Hauv cov voj science rau pedantry thiab kev ua haujlwm nyuaj, nws tau txais cov npe ntawm "King of sim". Cov lus piav qhia ntawm txhua qhov kev paub dhau los ua kom poob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1931, cov ntaub ntawv no tau tshaj tawm.
Thawj luam tawm tsab ntawm Faraday tau luam tawm xyoo 1816. Txog 1819, 40 ua haujlwm tau luam tawm. Cov txheej txheem raug mob siab rau chemistry. Xyoo 1820, los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kev sim nrog cov alloys, tus kws tshawb fawb hluas tau pom tias cov neeg paub ntxiv ntawm cov neeg hlau nrog cov nickel tsis muab oxidation ntxiv. Tab sis cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sim dhau los ntawm cov hlau metallurgist. Qhov qhib ntawm stainless hlau tau patented ntau dua tom qab.
Xyoo 1820, Faraday tau dhau los ua lub tshuab khoom siv thev naus laus zis ntawm lub koom haum Royal. Txog 1821, nws tau hloov mus rau physics los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Chemistry. Faradays ua raws li tus kws paub txog kev sib tw, qhov hnyav kis tau hauv zej zog scientific. Ib tsab xov xwm tau luam tawm ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm hluav taws xob lub cev muaj zog, uas muab pib pib ntawm kev muaj hluav taws xob engineering.
Electromagnetic teb
Xyoo 1820, Faraday tau raug nqa mus los ntawm kev sim ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam hluav taws xob thiab cov sib nqus. Los ntawm lub sijhawm no, cov ntsiab lus ntawm "DC tau txais" (A. Volt), "electrolysis", "hluav taws xob arc", "Electromagnet" pom. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob ntawm bio, Savara, Laplace ua haujlwm nrog hluav taws xob nrog hluav taws xob thiab Magnetism tau tshaj tawm. A. AMERERE RAU HAUV POLDOMAMNETISM tau tshaj tawm.
Xyoo 1821, lub teeb pom kev ua haujlwm ntawm Faraday "ntawm qee qhov kev xav tau hluav taws xob tshiab thiab hais txog kev sib tw". Nyob rau hauv nws, tus kws tshawb fawb tau nthuav tawm cov kev sim nrog lub sib nqus xub tig ib ncig ntawm ib tus ncej, uas yog, nws nqa tawm ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob rau hauv kev siv tshuab. Qhov tseeb, nws qhia thawj zaug hauv ntiaj teb, txawm yog lub cev muaj zog, hluav taws xob qub.
Qhov kev pom zoo ntawm kev tsis txaus siab ntawm William Vollarston (qhib palladium, rhodium, tsim ib lub refractometer thiab tus gonioometer). Hauv kev tsis txaus siab mus rau Profess Dav Dav Dav Dav Dav Hlau, tus kws tshawb fawb liam Farday hauv cov tswv yim nyiag nrog lub tswv yim kev sib nqus. Zaj dab neeg tau coj kev thuam. Davy coj txoj hauj lwm ntawm Vollaston. Tsuas yog ib lub rooj sib tham ntawm tus kheej ntawm ob tus kws tshawb fawb thiab qhia meej lawv txoj haujlwm los ntawm Faraday muaj peev xwm daws teeb meem. Vollarston tau tso tseg cov neeg foob. Davy thiab Faraday kev sib raug zoo tau poob lawv txoj kev ntseeg siab qub. Txawm hais tias thawj hnub txog hnub kawg tsis yog nkees ntawm kev rov ua dua tias kev paub zoo yog qhov pom tseem ceeb tau ua rau lawv.
Nyob rau lub Ib Hlis 1824, Faraday raug xaiv los ntawm ib tus tswv cuab ntawm Royal zej zog London. Xib fwb dav hlau tau pov tawm tsam.
Xyoo 1823 nws los ua tus neeg coj tus neeg coj ntawm Paris Academy of Sciences.
Xyoo 1825, Michael Faraday tau muab qhov chaw ntawm Davi ua tus thawj coj ntawm chav kuaj thiab cov tshuaj chemistry.
Tom qab nrhiav pom ntawm 1821, tus kws tshawb fawb tsis tshaj tawm haujlwm. Xyoo 1831, nws ua xibfwb Vuljah (Tub Rog Txoj Kev Kawm), xyoo 1833, ib xibfwb ntawm Chemistry of Royal Institute. Nws ua kev lom zem science, lus qhuab qhia hauv kev sib tham science.
Rov qab rau hauv 1820, Faraday tau txaus siab rau kev paub ntawm Hansa: kev txav mus los raws tus xub hluav taws xob ua rau lub zog ntawm lub sib nqus xub. Tus hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tam sim no tshwm sim qhov tshwm sim ntawm Magnetism. Faraday qhia tias, raws li, kev sib tw yuav ua rau muaj hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Thawj cov lus hais txog kev xav tau tshwm sim hauv phau ntawv ceev xwm ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb hauv 1822. Kaum xyoo kev sim tau mus rau qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov lus zais ntawm cov indectromagnetic induction.
Txoj kev yeej tuaj rau lub Yim Hli 29, 1831. Cov cuab yeej siv, uas tso cai rau Faraday ua kom pom tseeb ci ntsa iab, muaj ntawm lub nplhaib hlau thiab txheej txheej ntawm cov kauj ntawm cov tooj liab los ntawm ob ib nrab. Nyob rau hauv txoj saw ntawm ib nrab ntawm lub nplhaib, kaw hlau, yog tus xub sib nqus. Qhov thib ob winding txuas nrog lub hwj chim roj teeb. Thaum lub sijhawm tam sim no tau muab tua, tus xub sib sib zog ua tau hloov pauv hauv ib qho kev taw qhia, thiab thaum muab rau lwm tus. Faraday xaus lus tias cov hlau nplaum muaj peev xwm hloov miberetism rau hauv lub zog hluav taws xob.
Qhov tshwm sim "qhov tshwm sim ntawm hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tam sim no hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm cov sib nqus hauv kev sib nqus dhau los ntawm nws" tau hu ua hluav taws xob induction. Kev nrhiav kom tau ntawm electromagnetic induction qhib txoj kev txoj kev tam sim no ntawm tam sim no - lub tshuab hluav taws xob tam sim no.
Qhov kev tshawb pom tau cim pib ntawm lub fristful tshiab ntawm kev sim paub txog kev paub txog lub ntiaj teb "kev tshawb fawb ntawm hluav taws xob". Faradays kev paub txog ib qho xwm txheej ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob, ywj siab ntawm tus qauv, nrog cov hluav taws xob tam sim no tshwm sim.
Xyoo 1832, physics tau txais cov khoom plig sib xyaw.
Faraday tau dhau los ua tus sau ntawm thawj transformer. Nws zwm rau lub tswvyim ntawm "dielectric tas li". Xyoo 1836, los ntawm ntau qhov kev sim, nws muaj pov thawj tias tus nqi them rau qhov tam sim no muaj qee qhov cuam tshuam rau ntawm lub plhaub kab hauv nws. Hauv kev tshawb fawb kev tshawb fawb, cov cuab yeej ua rau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tshwm sim no hu ua Faraday Cell.
Kev tshawb nrhiav thiab ua haujlwm
Qhib Michael Faraday yog mob siab rau tsis tsuas yog ua kom muaj sia. Xyoo 1824, Benzene thiab Isobutylene qhib lawv. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau coj cov duab ua kua ntawm chlorine, hydrogen sulfine, carbon dioxide, ammonia, itrogen dioxide, tau txais hexahloran synthesis.
Xyoo 1835, Faraday vim muaj tus kabmob raug yuam kom ua haujlwm ob xyoos hauv kev ua haujlwm. Qhov ua rau ntawm tus kab mob tau xav tias hu rau tus kws tshawb fawb thaum sim nrog cov Mercury cov Mercury. Txog kev mus ncig tsis ntev tom qab rov qab, xyoo 1840, xibhwb dua muaj kev tsis zoo. Perseceded tsis muaj zog, muaj ib qho kev nco ib ntus ploj. Lub sijhawm rov qab tau qeeb rau 4 xyoos. Xyoo 1841, ntawm cov kws kho mob ntsig txog tus kws kho mob, tus kws tshawb fawb tau mus taug kev los ntawm Tebchaws Europe.
Tsev neeg tau nyob hauv yuav luag tej kev txom nyem. Raws li cov lus tim khawv ntawm biograph Faraday John Tyndal, tus kws tshawb fawb tau txais cov nyiaj laus ntawm 22 phaus ib xyoos. Xyoo 1841, Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws William Lam, tus Tswv Melbourned kos npe rau Faraday ntawm lub xeev nyiaj laus ntawm 300 phaus hauv ib xyoos.
Xyoo 1845, tus kws tshawb fawb zoo tswj tau nyiam cov xim ntawm cov kev hloov pauv hauv lub dav hlau ("Faraday nyhuv") thiab Dagagnetism (magnetization ntawm cov tshuaj rau Cov kev sib nqus sab nraud ua yeeb yam ntawm nws).
Tsoomfwv Askiv tsis tau nug Michael Faraday los pab daws cov teeb meem ntsig txog cov teeb meem technical. Tus kws tshawb fawb tsim cov kev pabcuam ntawm cov cuab yeej ntawm cov cuab tam ntawm cov cuab yeej ntawm cov cuab tam ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov nkoj corrosion, ua los ntawm tus kws paub txog kev sib cav. Ua los ntawm qhov txiv neej zoo-natured thiab kev sib haum xeeb-hlub, flatly tsis kam koom nrog kev tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg nrog Russia hauv Crimean tsov rog.
Xyoo 1848, Poj huab tais Victoria tau nthuav tawm lub tsev nyob rau sab laug ntawm Theses Bank ntawm Thames ntawm Thames, Tsev Hais Plaub Hampton. Tus poj huab tais British tus nqi thiab se ncig hauv tsev. Tus kws tshawb fawb nrog nws tsev neeg tsiv mus rau nws, tawm ntawm rooj plaub xyoo 1858.
Tus Kheej Lub Neej
Michael Faraday tau sib yuav rau Sara Barnard (1800-1879). Sarah - Muam Phooj Ywg Haraday. Cov kev thov ntawm tes thiab lub siab 20-xyoo-laus ntxhais tsis tau tam sim ntawd - tus tub ntxhais hluas tus kws tshawb fawb tau vau. Ib qho chaw ua tshoob nyob rau lub Rau Hli 12, 1821. Ntau xyoo tom qab, Faraday sau:"Kuv tau sib yuav - ib qho kev tshwm sim uas ntau tshaj li lwm yam kev pab txhawb rau kuv txoj kev zoo siab hauv ntiaj teb thiab kuv lub xeev ntawm tus Ntsuj Plig."Tsev neeg Faraday, ib yam li tsev neeg ntawm nws tus poj niam, cov tswv cuab ntawm cov Protestant zej zog "Sandemian". Faraday ua txoj haujlwm ntawm London zej zog tus thawj coj ua, tau xaiv tus txwj laus.
Kev tuag
Michael Faraday tau muaj mob. Hauv lub sijhawm luv luv, thaum tus kab mob rov qab, nws ua haujlwm. Xyoo 1862, nws muab cov kev xav rau pem hauv ntej kom txog kev txav ntawm cov kab uas muaj kev sib nqus hauv thaj chaw sib nqus. Paub meej tias txoj kev xav tau tuaj yeem Peter Zeanan nyob rau xyoo 1897, rau qhov twg xyoo 1902 nws tau txais tus nqi zog Nobel. Faraday Zeadan hu tus sau ntawm lub tswv yim.
Michael Faraday tuag ntawm lub desktop thaum Lub Yim Hli 25, 1867 thaum muaj hnub nyoog 75 xyoo. Nws tau faus ib sab ntawm nws tus poj niam ntawm HighGurate toj ntxas hauv London. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau nug ua ntej nws tuag txog kev pam tuag, yog li ntawd tsuas yog cov txheeb ze tuaj. Ntawm lub ntxa, lub npe ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb thiab xyoo ntawm lub neej yog Carved.
Nthuav cov lus tseeb
- Tus kws kho mob tus kws tshawb fawb tsis hnov qab menyuam. Cov lus qhuab qhia rau cov menyuam yaus "tswm ciab keeb kwm" (1961) rov luam rau hnub no.
- Lub portrait ntawm Faraday tau muab tso rau ntawm tus nqi Askiv ntawm 20 phaus ntawm xyoo 1991-1999.
- Muaj cov lus xaiv hais tias Davy tsis teb Faraday rau kev thov ua haujlwm. Ib zaug, ploj mus pom ib ntus thaum muaj kev sim tshuaj, kws tshaj lij nco qab txog tus tub hluas pheej. Muaj ua haujlwm ua tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, tus tub hluas yog li Shook davy nrog nws txoj kev xav uas nws hais kom Michael ua haujlwm hauv chav kuaj.
- Tom qab rov qab los ntawm European ncig saib nrog tsev neeg ntawm Davie Faradays Faradays, tos tus pab pabcuam hauv lub tuam txhab Roying muaj lub tshuab ntxuav tais diav muaj.