Tari
Irmiya Bettoam ya sadaukar da rai ga ci gaban sake fasalin majalisu da inganta su. Marubucin masanin ilimin asirin turanci ya shiga labarin a matsayin mahaliccin manyan ra'ayoyin da ba ta da amfani da Hukumar utliitarim da hukuma.Yaro da matasa
Irmiya Bettam da aka haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu, 1748 a London. Shi mutum ne mai lau'uwa, ya kuma girma da ƙaramin ɗan'uwan Samuwa, wanda yake ƙiyayya. Tuni a farkon shekarun nan, tarihin tarihin Irmiya sun haɗu da bege: A shekaru 4 ya sauƙaƙe ya kware harsuna, kuma a 7 ga Holrusooso yana wasa da violin.
Ba abin mamaki bane cewa yaron ya yi karatunsa daga makarantar kafin takara kuma ya tafi karatu a kwaleji na farko, wanda yake da shekaru 18 ya kammala karatun hukunce-hukuncen muhalli. Uba ya tabbata cewa magajin gari zai ci gaba da kasuwancin dangi, yana ɗaukaka suna na ƙarshe, amma yana jiransa. Irmiya ya gamsu da dokokin Ingilishi, don haka na yanke shawarar barin aikin da kuma shiga cikin ka'idodin.
Rayuwar sirri
Game da rayuwar Falsafa. Laura lauyan Rasha Pavel Levenson a cikin zane-zanen da aka sadaukar da shi zuwa tarihin Bentina, yana bayyana sabon labari tare da Carolina Fok, wanda ya ƙare da rabuwa. Sauran rayuwarsa sun yi bachorewa.Ilmin filosofi
Aikin farko na Irmiya shine "wani yanki na gwamnati", an buga ba a sani ba. Ya ƙunshi sukar ayyukan malami na Jami'ar William Blackstone. Godiya ga m syllable syllable, ƙarfin karfin maganganun da kuma marubucin na marubucin, littafin ya kasance mai farin cikin da jama'a suka yi da shi. Gaskiya ne, bayan an san shi cewa halittar mallakar lauya ne mai kyau, darajar ta fadi.
Duk da wannan, littafin ya taimaka Bennham ya saya da haɗin haɗi a tsakanin manyan wakilan wakilan Ingilishi da Faransa. Aiki na gaba, wanda ya sake yin littafi na marubucin marubucin a cikin 1787, ana kiranta "kariya ta Lyhava" kuma dauke da zargi game da maganganun Adam Smith. Abin lura ne cewa an kirkiro aikin yayin tafiya zuwa Rasha.
Hakanan kuma ya tashi da ra'ayin "panopitikum" - aikin gidan yarin gaba daya. A ra'ayin marubucin, ta kasance ginin silili, a tsakiyar wanda shine mai kula da kai. Ya kasance ganyewa ga fursunonin da ke haifar da ra'ayi cewa suna kallon su a cikin agogo.
Mutumin da ya ciyar da shekarun da zai iya fahimtar ra'ayin, amma bai karbi goyon bayan gwamnati ba. Amma bayan shekaru da yawa bayan rasuwarsa, an yi amfani da aikin don ƙirƙirar gidajen yarin, gami da samfurin Presidio, inda aka kammala aikin Masarautar, inda aka kammala Castro Castro.
A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Irmiya ya ci gaba da haɓaka gyarawa don inganta dokokin Ingilishi. An ba da koyarwarsa da koyar da gwamnati ta Bentam don bayar da gudummawa ga yanke hukunci da dokar kasa da kasa. An dauki mutumin daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa shugabanci na shugabanci na doka, wanda daga baya suka kirkiro da yada John Austin.
Muhimmin aiki shine "Gabatarwa ga ka'idodin kyawawan dabi'u da doka", wanda ke bayyana ka'idodin dabi'u da kuma ka'idar mai amfani, wanda aka zabe shi cikin manufar utsitritarianism. A cewar sa, kimantawa na hali ko mutum ya dogara da matakin amfani ga mafi yawan mutane. Wannan tsarin kimiyyar kimiya ya kira lissafin lissafi (nishaɗi).
Irin wannan ra'ayi ya fito ne daga ra'ayoyin cewa ayyukan mutane suna motsa su ta hanyar sha'awar gujewa jin zafi da kuma samun jin daɗin cewa Bentam ya gano farin ciki. "Achithmetic na farin ciki" na falsafa mai sauki ne - ya yi imani cewa aikin gwamnati shine ci gaban dokokin guda hudu: amincin rayuwa, daidai da yalwa.
Wani samfurin mai mahimmanci na marubucin littafin ne da ake kira "ƙiyayya, ko ilimin kimiyya". Ba da daɗewa ba bayan bayyanarta, ajiyayyen maganganun da aka haɗa a cikin tushen, wanda ya haɗu da manufofin likita da ɗabi'a, da kuma masu bin doka.
Irmiya babban taimako ne na sassaucin ra'ayi. Ya ba da damar raba bauta, 'yanci da kuma kariya ga hakkin dan kishili. Ya yi gwagwarmaya da daidaici kuma ya yi kira da a ba wa mata damar zabe su, don ba da kisan aure kuma riƙe matsayi na siyasa. A lokaci guda ya jaddada cewa sun fi mutane rauni a hankali.
Babu sauran gudummawar da ba za'a iya ba da shi ga tattalin arzikin da ma a tsarin ilimi. Falsafer ya gina wata makaranta a cikin gonarsa don tabbatar da cewa daidai da ra'ayoyin da aka tsara a cikin CHRESTATIE. Ya dauke shi 'yancin ya mai da hankali kan koyar da ainihin kimiyyar kuma sanya su ke sha'awa ga yara.
Ayyukan Irmiya ya taimaka wajen ci gaba ko da tsufa. Ya rubuta abubuwa da yawa, sun bayyana kuma ya sadaukar da lokacin don yin rubutu tare da abokai, gami da Nikolai Mordvinov da Mikhail Speransky.
Mutuwa
Bentam ya mutu ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1832, ba a san ainihin dalilin mutuwa ba. Bayan mutuwarsa, bisa ga Alkawari ya kasance ƙirar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, kuma an yiwa kai mai narkewa a kashe da abin rufe fuska. A wannan hanyar, an kiyaye ragowar a matsayin mai nuna Kwalejin London na Jami'ar. Hoton Falsafar ba ya wanzu, amma a cikin tunawa da shi, hoto, hotuna da maganganun da aka liƙa.Faɗa
- "Doka tana haifar da hakkin, ƙirƙirar laifi."
- "Mafi kyawun tsarin mulki ga mutane shine wanda aka yi amfani da shi."
- "Masu coatists sune kawai rukuni na mutanen da ba sa fuskantar jahilci."
- "Yaki shine masifa a kan sikelin."
Littafi daya
- 1780 - "Gabatarwa ga Kafuwar Halitta da Dokokin"
- 1787 - "Kare Lyhava"
- 1791 - 'dabaru na Majalisar dokoki "
- 1805 - "Kamfanin kan ka'idodi da ka'idojin laifi"
- 1811 - "ka'idar azabtarwa da lambarta"
- 1834 - "Rashin tausayi, ko ilimin kimiyya"
- 1860 - "A kan hukuncin shari'a"
- 1876 - "A kan shaidar shaida"