Tari
John Meinard Keynes wani cikakken adadi ne na karni na 20, wanda ya ba da gudummawar tattalin arzikin da aka tabbatar da gaskiyar cewa allo ta bayyana a ilimin kimiyya, wanda ake kira da keynesism. Yin taƙaita ƙarni da suka gabata a 1999, mujallar lokaci ya haɗa da masanin tattalin arziki a cikin mahimman mutane na ƙarni. A karkashin tasirin ra'ayoyin na Birtaniya, cibiyoyin kamar Asusun Kula da Kuɗin Kasancewa na Duniya da kuma Bankin don sake ginawa da ci gaba sun bayyana.Yaro da matasa
Tarihin rayuwar tattalin arziƙi yana da alaƙa da Cambridge, inda aka haife shi ranar 5 ga Yuni, 1883 kuma ya rayu har mutuwarsa. Uba Yahaya nevil sutnes ne ya rinjayi yadda aka zabi na gaba na gaba, wanda aka koyar a cikin Jami'ar Cambridge kuma ya ji kwararre a fagen tattalin arziki, Falsafa da dabaru. Mahaifiyar Jahannama ta launin ruwan kasa ba ta cikin ƙaƙƙarfan yara: Mace ta rubuta littafi, da ya shiga cikin matsalolin jama'a kuma ƙarshe ya zama magajin gari. Aiki bai tsoma baki tare da ita ba don tara yara uku - ɗan'uwan, ɗan'uwan nan Jobrey da 'yar'uwa Margaret sun girma a cikin iyali.
An kawo shi cikin muhalli mai koyarwa da ilimi a cikin babban kwalejin Iton, keynes ya riga ya nuna hankali da ikon kimiyya. Yin karatu a makaranta, saurayi kuma ya yi aiki a cikin ɗakin karatu, inda, ban da karanta littattafai, yana son shirye-shiryen pedigree. Samun wani ilimi mai zurfi a fagen lissafi, Latin da Helreek, ya zama dalibi na kwaleji na sarauta a Cambridge.
Ta kasance ne daga hikimar iyawar da ta dace, inda matasa matasa ke, masana kimiyya, marubuta da masu fasahar juyawa. Saurayin wani bangare ne na Cambridkungiyoyin Cambrides, inda aka raba ta farkon takaddun kimiyya na farko. Mutane da yawa "manzannin" da'awar Bloomsbury - Elitungiyar Wolitand na Tarihi, ta haɗe da Belland Russell, Virginia Wolfe, Virginia Wolfe, Virginia Wolfe, George Moore da sauran manyan wakilan zamanin zamanin.
A Kwalejin Soyayya na Cambridge, Keynes sun yi karatu a kananan masanin Turanci na Ingilishi Alfred Marshall, wanda ya kirkiro da shugabanci a kimiyyar tattalin arziki. A cikin 1908, John ya kammala karatunsa daga karatu, kare batun sa a kan hanyoyin da aka bayar da lissafi da ka'idar yiwuwar. A wancan lokacin, ya riga ya fara aiki a hukumar kudi na sarauta da kuma kudin Indiya.
Rayuwar sirri
Kasancewa wakilin kyauta da slut-off ERA, Keynes bai yarda da kansa ba. Dangantakar sa ta farko an samo asali ne a cikin shekarun ɗaliban, kuma abin da ta kasance mai bayar da Scottish na Scottish Artist. Matasa ba su ɓoye dangantakar ba kuma ba su tsoron yarda, amma littafinsu ya ƙare a cikin 1909, bayan da rayuwar Yahaya ta shiga wata al'ada ta al'ada.A shekarar 1918, a London, Sergey Dyagilev's Tier-a London, masanin tattalin arziki ya san shi da Lady Ballet Ballet Lazukhova. Ita ce 'yar balleti marset na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Marisky, kuma duka gidan yarinyar da ta daure rayuwa tare da rawa. Abokanta ya fara ne a shekarar 1921, kuma bayan shekaru 4, ma'auratan sun yi aure. A lokacin, matar ta sami damar juya tare da yawon shakatawa Turai, zaune a Amurka, rawa da wurin da manajan dyagilev - Italiyanci baroque.
Lopukhova ya shiga cikin da'irar Keynes ta abokai, duk da cewa bai mallaki masu illa da snobbry muhimmi a cikin masana Turanci na Ingilishi. Tana da sha'awar mutane da sauƙi, budewa da rashin daidaituwa kuma ta zama mace ta gari don Yahaya. Hoton hadin gwiwa na biyu an kiyaye shi. Aurensu ya juya ya zama mai farin ciki, kodayake ma'aurata ba su da yara: abin da aka yi kawai da aka yi a shekarar 1927 ya ƙare da mugunta.
Auren Lydia, masanin tattalin arziki ya saba ziyarci Soviet Russia. Amma balleria bai taba komawa zuwa ga asalinsu ba, kodayake an tsayar da dukkan rayuwarsa na fasahar Rasha da adalai tare da shirye-shirye game da litattafan da ke cikin rediyo da kuma raba manyan abubuwan hada-hadar. Lopukhova ya tsira daga mijinta tsawon shekaru 35 ya mutu a 1981 a gabas da Shusex.
Aikin kimiyya
Har zuwa 1915, Keynes ya yi aiki a hukumar Royal a kan kudin Indiya da kudin Indiya kuma ya koyar a Kwalejin Royal. A wannan lokacin, ya buga rubutun farko da littattafan farko kuma ya fara shirya Jaridar Tattalin Arziki, inda ya yi aiki kusan har ya mutu. Daga nan sai mutumin ya gayyaci mutumin ya zama ma'aikatar kuɗi, inda Birtaniyya ta sami damar bayyana ƙwarewar masanin masanin kimiyya da aiki.
Bayar da shirin maido da Turai bayan yakin duniya na farko, Yahaya ya ci karo da abin da ya haifar da gudummawar tattalin arzikinta kuma, a sakamakon haka, sabuwar yakin duniya. Keynes ya bayyana tunaninsa a cikin aikin "sakamakon tattalin arziki na duniya", wanda aka saki a cikin 1919.
A cikin 1920s, mutumin yana hasashen tafiyar matakai na tattalin arziƙin duniya, adadin kuɗi da kuma ma'aunin zinare, yana taƙaita tunani a cikin "Tarurrai game da kuɗi". Babban bacin rai, wanda ya rufe Amurka bayan rikicin ya zama abin karantarwa na masanin masanin kimiyya da manufofin kudi don rage mummunan sakamakon koma bayan tattalin arziki.
Sakamakon shekaru da yawa na ci gaba shi ne babban aikin Keynes "Gabaɗaya Ka'idar Aiki mafi Girma na karni na 20 tare da fari, Harry Dexter Fari da Milton Friedman. Quotes daga littafin ya shiga cikin litattafan almara a cikin tattalin arziƙi, kuma marubucin nasa ya zama wanda ya kafa na Macroeconomics a matsayin kimiya mai zaman kansa.
Dan asalin Ingilishi ba kawai ya ba da kawai a matakin Kuɗin Kasancewa na Duniya ba, har ma ya tsunduma cikin karuwar babban birninta ta hanyar zuba jari. Bayan samun wannan hanyar, John da wuya ya rasa komai yayin rushewar kasuwar hannun jari a cikin 1929, amma a ƙarshen rayuwarsa, an kiyasta dukiyarsa, dukiyar an kiyasta kusan a £ 500 dubu.
Mutuwa
Keyny yayi aiki mai yawa rayuwa kuma mai karfi. Ko da fuskantar matsalolin kiwon lafiya, wani mutum bai yi watsi da tafiye-tafiyen kasashen waje ba, inda ya warware matsalolin duniya, wanda ya yi tambayoyi a rancen Anglo-Amurkan, wanda aka tsunduma cikin 1946. A yayin tattaunawar kwangilar a Savannah, Georgia, bugun farko ta bare ya kai wa John. Komawa Ingila, masanin tattalin arziki sake jin matsalolin da zuciya.A watan Afrilu 21, 1946, a cikin gidan gona a karkashin FIR, gabas Susex, Keynes ba su yi ba. Sanadin mutuwa ya zama bugun zuciya. Manzan dan kasar ɗan shekara 62 ya rayu ba kawai matar ba, amma kuma duka iyayen da suka watsar da ƙurarsa a kan dangi Tilton.
Faɗa
- "Ina aiki ne don jihar da ke raina. Raina don manufofin da na yi la'akari da hukuncin. "
- "Tunani na dogon lokaci" mummunan shawara ne a cikin harkokin yanzu. A cikin dogon lokaci, mun mutu. "
- "Buƙatar yana haifar da wadata."
- "Ah, idan masu tattalin arziki za su iya yi saboda sun ga sun ga masu tawali'u masu ban tsoro, ba muni da haƙorai, - kamar yadda zai yi kyau!"
- "Babu wani abin da ba daidai ba tare da wannan wani lokacin ba daidai ba ne, babban abin shine a fahimci shi akan lokaci."
Littafi daya
- 1913 - "Capage Circulation da Kudi a Indiya"
- 1919 - "Sakamakon tattalin arziki na duniya"
- 1921 - "Yin magani kan yiwuwa"
- 1923 - "rubuce a kan sake fasalin kuɗi"
- 1926 - "Endrearshen tsararren tsararraki"
- 1930 - "Chaey bita"
- 1930 - Endarshen ma'aunin zinare "
- 1936 - "Gabaɗaya ka'idar aiki, kashi da kuɗi"