Tari
Mikhail Khodorkovsky ne dan kasuwa ne kuma tsohon maigidan kamfanin mai Rasha Yukos. A cewar jihar 2003, an dauki shi daya daga cikin mafi arziki da karfi a cikin shirin kudi na 'yan kasar Rasha, babban birnin kasar da ya zama muhimmin bayani game da babban laifin mai laifi Case a kan Yukos kuma aka zargi da yaudara da kuma karban haraji.Yaro da matasa
Khodorkovsky Mikhail Borisovich an haife shi ne a ranar 20 ga Yuni, 1963 a cikin gidan aikin metropolitan. Iyayensa Marina Filinina Filippovna da Boris Moiseevich sune injiniyan chemist a masana'antar Kalibr da ke samar da ingantattun kayan aiki. A cewar Mikhail, danginsa kan mahaifinsa Yahudawa ne, amma shi da kansa ya ji Rasha ta ƙasa.
Iyalin petrooleum na gaba suna da girma a rayuwa cikin wani yanki har zuwa 1971, bayan da iyayen suka karɓi gidajensu. A cikin yara, khodrortovsky ne son gwaje-gwajen da ilmin sunadarai, suna nuna son sani a cikin wannan shugabanci.
Fatan don haɓaka ƙwarewar ƙirar sinadarai na halitta, iyaye sun yanke shawarar bayar da Mikhail zuwa makarantar musamman da zurfin karatun sunadarai na Moscow sunadarai. D. I. Mendeleev. A jami'a, khodorkovsky ne aka dauki mafi kyawun dalibi na ƙungiyar, duk da cewa m jihar sa a matsayin masanin haɗin kai. A cikin 1986 ya kammala karatun jami'a tare da girmamawa da kuma karbar dan kwantar da injin fasaha.
A cikin ƙeta, Mikhail, tare da mutane masu kama da juna, waɗanda aka kirkira cibiyar don halittar kimiyya, wanda ya zama aikin sa na kasuwanci na farko, tare da taimakon abin da ya sami babban kudi na farko. A cikin layi daya tare da ayyukan a NTTM, Tykon mai na gaba ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki na Kasa. G. V. Belekhanov, inda ya sadu da dangi na jami'ai a bankin jihar Ussr Alexei Golovich.
Banki "menatep"
Godiya ga na farko "hutu", Mikhail Khodorkovsky ya dauki sel mai karfi a cikin duniyar ci gaba da kuma a cikin 1989 ya kirkiro da binciken kasuwanci da fasaha da fasaha, zama shugaban kwamitin samar da kayayyakin. Khodorkovsky Bank ya kasance daya daga cikin farkon karbar lasisin banki na kasar Sin, wanda ya ba shi damar aiwatar da ayyukan kuɗi na haraji, ma'aikatar kuɗi da rasuwar kuɗi da rosvooruchi.A cikin 1992, kwararren tarihin kwararru na Khodorkovsky ya sami wata hanya kuma ya fara tsage kasuwancin mai. Da farko ya samu wata alƙawari don shugaban shugaban kasuwar jari na masana'antar da EEC. An ba da sabon matsayi ga Mikhail duk haƙƙoƙi da iko na mataimaki da makamashi. Bayan 'yan watanni, ya zama cikakken mataimakin ministan da aka liƙa. Don aiki a cikin aikin gwamnati, ya wajaba don saki matsayin sakin babi a banki "Mentatp", amma duk masu Birdun sun kasance a hannunsa.
A wannan lokacin, dan wasan Olig ya yanke shawarar canza dabarun Bankin Menatep. Kungiyar kudi a sakamakon fara ta fara mayar da hankali kan manyan abokan cinikin da, tare da taimakonta, da za'ayi ma'amala ta kudi da kuma karbar ayyukan kudi da ake bukatar batutuwan al'amura a jikin Gwamnonin. A tsawon lokaci, Menatep ya zama mafi girman damar zuwa masana'antar saka hannun jari. Hanyoyin fifiko sune masana'antu da metrachgy da metrochiciistan da kayan gini, da abinci da masana'antar sunadarai.
Yukos
A shekarar 1995, Khodorkovsky ya daukaka kara ga Firayim Ministan Rasha Olla Soskovtsu tare da gabatar da hannun jari na jihar Yukos, na farko a allon mai .
Bayan huntabi, menatep ya zama mai mallakar wata kararsa ta 45% a Yukos, sannan Bank Khodorkovsky sun sami wani kashi 33% na hannun jari na mai, daga baya ga wasu gwanonin kudi. Daga baya kan gwanjojin monate Sake ya zama mai mallakar mai ban sha'awa na amintar da kanta ta hanyar kasuwancin mai na Rasha da kuma sarrafa sama da 90% na hannun jari na Yukos.
Zama mai shi na Yukos, Khodorkovsky ya kammala ƙarshen kamfanin mai mai daga rikicin, dukiyar Menatet ba ta da wannan. Poligar ya dauki shekaru 6 da saka hannun jari na bankunan jam'iyyar jam'iyyar-na uku, don kawo Yukos daga rikicin da ya yi aiki da kasuwar makamashi ta duniya da sama da dala miliyan 40.
Matsaloli a cikin kasuwanci bai hana Mikhail Borisovich a cikin 2001 ta hanyar hadin gwiwar samar da tushen Intertrasia a cikin US Ambasador na USSR Arthur Hartman. Daga baya a kan tushensa, da kungiyar ta Rasha ta Rasha "bude Russia" aka kirkiri Rasha, wanda aka tsananta a yankin Rasha Tarayyar Turai. Bayan 'yantar da Khodorkovsky, bikin ya ci gaba da aikinsa a karkashin shugabancinsa.
Kasuwancin Yukos
A cikin Oktoba na 2003, a wancan lokacin, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, wanda ya zama daya daga cikin mafi arziki a cikin Rasha da duniya, ya dauki karkashin filin jirgin saman jihar da kuma karban halarta. Bayan haka, ofishin Yukos ya gudanar, da duk hannun jari da kuma ofishin mai gabatar da kara na Rasha sun kama shi.Dangane da masu binciken, kotun daga baya ya amince da shi, mai rahoti a 1994 ya kirkiro gungumen mai laifi, wanda ayyukansu suka samu ba bisa doka ba a kan farashin kasuwar. A sakamakon haka, kamfanin mai na Rasha Yukos ya fara faɗuwa, tunda fitar da mai ya dakatar, da kuma duk kudin daga kadarorin kasuwancin ya tafi don biyan bashin zuwa jihar.
Dangane da sakamakon shari'ar ta farko a watan Mayu 2005, Khodrortoovsky ne ya yanke wa shekaru 8 a kurkuku tare da yin hidima a cikin mulkin mallaka na gaba daya. Kuma batun Yukos dangane da sauran manajoji na kamfanin da aka kara ci gaba.
A shekara ta 2006, dangane da Khodorkovsky da abokin kasuwancinta, shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na Menatel Plato Lebedev ya fara shari'ar mai, da laifin wanda ya kunshi ya kunnawa 14. Khodorkovsky da ake kira wani m laifi ne wanda aka azabtar dashi. Dan kasuwa ya tambaya: idan ya saci man Yukos, kuma wannan tan miliyan 350 ne, to, me yasa aka biya albashin ma'aikata a cikin adadin $ 40 miliyan da rijiyoyin ajiya, haɓaka sabbin ajiya?
A watan Disamba 2010, kotun sun yarda da Khodorkovsky da Lobedev Godty, sun yanke hukuncin shekaru 14 a kurkuku don tara hukuncin jumla, daga baya aka rage ajalin kammala.
Takeadd da hankali suna cikin mulkin mallaka a cikin garin Segezha, da kuma magana game da ayyukan da laifin game da Khodorkovsky ya zama Rasha. Fayilolin jama'a Boris Akunin, an ba da sanarwar jama'a a baince ta ba a fili cewa shari'ar ta 'yar siyasa Boris Nemtsov, wani memba na Magajin Adam Lyudmila Alekshkeeva da sauransu wanda yi imani da cewa an keta dokar "mugunta da hanya mai ƙarfi". Ya ba da sanarwar hukuncin Khodorkovsky da yamma - Amurka ta soki dokokin Rasha, 'yancin jirgin ruwa, manufofin haraji a Rasha da rashin daidaituwa na dukiya.
A cikin zanga-zangar da kuma amincewa da cajin, Khodorkovsky yayin bauta wa hukunci sau 4 ya ayyana wani yajin fama da yunwa. Bugu da kari, sai ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin yankin da daban-daban "Kasada". Bayan jumla ta farko a cikin Cikin Cikin Cikin Cikin Cikin Cikin, da ya yi wahayi zuwa ga umarnin Ma'aikatar Faridar, wanda, bisa ga gwamnatin, an haramta shi bisa ga hakkokin fursunoni, wanda, bisa ga gwamnatin, an haramta shi ta hanyar doka. A wannan wuri, a cikin CITA, fursunoni Khodrortovsky ya kuma zama "hadaya" Alexandashin Kuchargar Kuchargar ta zama "Hadaya" Alexander Kuciyar. A cewar Kuchma, mutane ba a sani ba sun tura shi ga laifin, wanda a zahiri a zahiri ya "buga" daga gare shi a kan Mikhail. The fursuna ya gaya masa cewa shi ma ya ba da alama a gaban kyamarar da aka yanke shi ta fuskar Khodorkovsky ta hanyar ƙarshen na jima'i na na jima'i.
A watan Disamba 2013, shugaban Rasha Vladimir Putin sun sanya hannu kan wata doka a cikin gafara da 'yanci na Khodorkovsky. An sake fitar da tsohon shugaban Yukos ne daga yankin 'yanci, har ma ya mika Pulkovo Filin jirgin sama mai zaman kanta wani jirgin sama mai zaman kansa ya tashi zuwa Berlin.
Bayan isowa a babban birnin Jamus, Khodorkovsky ya yi magana ne a wani taron manema labarai kuma ya bayyana cewa bayan 'yan' yan adawa ba su yi niyyar shiga cikin siyasa ba, da wasu 'yan adawa ba su yi niyyar shiga cikin siyasa ba, da kuma yin kasuwanci. Tsarin mabuɗin shine aikin jama'a da nufin yan 'yan fursunoni na siyasa a Rasha.
Sabunta ayyukan siyasa
A tsawon shekaru, ra'ayin tsohon titcoon ya canza a cikin kisan gilla - a gaban zaben shugaban kasa ya yi godiya a matsayin mai sha'awar karya ta zuwa saman iko. Khodorkovsky da kansa ya bayyana cewa a shirye yake ya zama shugaban hukumar Rasha da kuma sake fasalin ikon shugaban kasa a cikin goyon bayan jama'a, majalisar da kotu.
Hakanan a cikin Mai Fidenan Mikerian a cikin 2014, bayan juyin mulkin jihar, Mikhail Khodorkovsky ya bayyana cewa ya shirya ya zama dan neman salama a lamarin Yukren. Bayan haka, magana a kan mataki a gaban jama'ar Ukrainian, ya soki hukumomin Rasha, kuma 'yan tawayen Ukraine sun kira mutane masu kaifi, da gaskiya kare' yanci.
Komawa cikin Kurkuku, Mikhail Borisovich ayyukan. Ayyukansa sun kasance masu bincike. A cikin tsakiyar-2000s, littattafan "rikicin rikice-rikice" ya bayyana, "batun juyawa", "Gabatarwa ga makomar. Salama a 2020. "
Daga baya aka buga "labarai. Maganganu. Tattaunawa: tarin marubucin "da" kurkukun da za ". Amma Littafin ɗan kasuwa "mutanen gidan taliki", wanda marubucin ya sadaukar da shi domin ƙirarsa shine mafi mashahuri. Khodorkovsky khodrortovsky da ake kira rayuwar ɗan adam kadai a cikin kurkuku. A cikin kwalaye, an ɗauke shi a cikin kowane yanayi don zuwa ƙarshen, duk da matsoraci, ko da kun kasance tare da rayuwa.
Abinda Mikhail da kansa ya ɓace, don haka yana sadarwa tare da abokai, dangi, yara da dama don duba sararin samaniya. Da farko dai, bayan sun shiga 'yanci, dan dandan ya koma bahar, ya yi tsalle tare da parachute kuma ya karye a kan dutsen. A cewar Mikhail Borisovich, jin adrenaline a cikin jini ya dawo da shi zuwa rai.
Akai-akai a cikin hirar da Khodorkovsky ya shafi batun dangantakar da ke tsakanin Shugaba ga Shugaban Rasha. A cikin tattaunawa tare da 'yan jaridu, ya yi magana game da Vladimir Putin a matsayin manufofin da ba ta da dabarun tashi daga gidan shugaban kasa. A cewar dan kasuwan, lokacin mulkin Shugaban kasar ya nuna cewa akwai wasu halaye na alumma kamar yadda mutane da ba za su iya rayuwa ba tare da karfi a cikin al'umma ba. Irin wannan nau'in dangantakar Khodorkovsky da ake kira "nau'i na wariyar launin fata".
A shekara ta 2018, bude kungiyar Rasha ta gabatar da kungiyar Unitungiyar Democrat na Unitersburg a St. Petersburg, manufar wacce ita ce ta samar da 'yan takarar da ke samar da kan karagar kai a zabukan yanki, wanda aka shirya a shekarar 2019. Kamar yadda kuka sani, yanzu samar da kudade Asusun kai tsaye ta Mikhail Khodorkovsky.
A wannan shekarar, an kafa ƙungiyar don bincika ƙungiyar da za ta bincika abin da ke barazanar cin hanci da rashawa "Dossier". A watan Nuwamba, shafin yanar gizon an ƙaddamar da shi, inda kayan ayyukan jaridar suka bayyana a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, fallasa ayyukan jami'ai. A cewar Mikhail Borisovich, duk shaidar da aka samu za a turawa zuwa dokar aikata laifi.
Rayuwar sirri
Rayuwar mutum na Mikhail Khodorkovsky ba hadara bane kamar yadda aikinsa da sakamakon sa. Mai tycain ya yi aure sau biyu. Tare da matar farko, Khodorkovsky sun hadu yayin karatu a jami'a, ita ce abokin karatun sa. Mace ta farko da Elena Dobrovolskaya a cikin 1985 ta haifi mai game da Pavel, wanda ke zaune a cikin Amurka, ya riga ya gabatar da sunan mahaifinsa Diana.A cewar Mikhail Borisovich, Aikinsa na farko ya kasance abin takaici, a sakamakon haka, sun yanke shawarar sakin sa, amma har yau sun ci gaba da dangantakar abokantaka.
A karo na biyu khodorkovsky aure a 1991. Matarsa ta biyu ta zama ma'aikaci na banki "Menatep" Inna, wanda ya sami ƙauna, fahimtar juna da walwala. Bayan bikin auren, Inna da Mikhail aka haifa 'yar da aka haife ta Anastia, kuma a cikin 1999 tsohon Yukos ya zama mahaifin tagwayen da Gleb. Yara suna zaune kuma koya a Switzerland.
Bayan 'yanci daga Kurkuku, Mikhail Khodorkovsky shima ya koma ga al'ummar Switran a cikin Canten. Don 11.5 dubu na Francs a wata, yana ba da karfin jijiyoyin kasar Zurizerland a Switzerland. Amma ga karɓar 'yan ƙasa na Switzersibiri, yana buƙatar zama a cikin ƙasar aƙalla shekaru 12.
Dan kasuwa ya zira kwallaye a nauyi bayan da ya shiga 'yanci, wanda yake bayyane bisa ga hotonsa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai (177 cm) riƙe da adadi mai tsayayye.
Mikhail khodorkovsky yanzu
Yanzu Mikhail Khodorkovsky ne tallafin 'yancin ɗan adam da ayyukan kafofin watsa labarai a Rasha. Daga cikinsu, "Mai jarida na Mbh" da "Buɗe kafofin watsa labarai". An kuma danganta shi da bayyanar inuwa ta nuna "awet", wanda ke kaiwa Yuri Dery. Koyaya, dan wasan ya musanta waɗannan jita-jita. Shi ne kuma babban darektan kungiyar Sinawa.
A watan Fabrairu 2020, dan kasuwa ya ba da sabon aikin rubutu - Manifesto da ake kira "New Rasha, ko Garbi". A cikin littafin, marubucin ya tayar da tambayoyi da yawa da suka danganci ƙasarsa ta asali: Me ya sa ba zai yiwu a rabu da siyasa ba; Me ya sa Rasha, da dukiyar taskar mai, har yanzu cikin lalacewa, har da wasu.
A Switzerland, Khodrorovsky ya gabatar da batun "Shin Russia tana da makoma." An gudanar da bikin a Cibiyar Turai ta Jami'ar Zurih. Misali mutane 800 suka zo don sauraron dan kasuwa.
A watan Afrilu, ma'aurata na jama'a sun ba da hira a gidan rediyon "ECOCO Moscow" a cikin tsarin shirin "ba tukuna maraice." Yawancin jigogi da aka tattauna a cikin iska, gami da rikicin coronavirus, low farashin mai, sojojin Posturcline a fagen siyasar Rasha.
A watan Disamba, Mikhail Khodorkovsky ya ba da babbar hira da Dmitry Gordon, wanda ya fito akan YouTube. A yayin tattaunawar, dan wasan ya ba da haske ga yawancin al'amuran siyasa, sannan ya kuma yi magana game da ayyukan sa da aiki.
A lokacin hirar, Mikhail Borisovich ya fada game da yadda ya karbi KGB na USSR, yayin da yake a kurkuku kuma abin da dangantaka ta sami fursunoni.
Khodorkovsky ya bayyana halinsa ga shugaban Rasha Tarayya. Bugu da kari, Khodorkovsky ya ce mulkin shugaban Ukraine Vladimir Zelensky ya taba jin fatatso shi.
Ya taɓa ɗan kasuwa da yanayin kuɗi. Ya raba gaskiyar cewa bayan ya halicci yana da kuɗi, don haka yanzu shi mai tsaro ne. Khodorkovsky bai bayyana ko biliyan shi ne. Amma ya lura cewa ya samu sau 10 fiye da yadda yake bukata.
Zuwa ga tambayar Gordon game da abin da dan kasuwa ya kashe kudi, Mikhail Borisovich ya ce da cewa bai son siyayya kuma ya fi son cin kasuwa. Yana ciyar da kuɗi akan kayan aikin zamani:
"Ni mai kyamaren daji ne na na'urori. Dukkanin sabbin na'urori da kwamfyutocin da suka fito, na saya da gwaji. Sai na ba mutane. Gaskiya ban yi nadama da kudin ba. "A kan hanyar Yutiub-Channel, da kuma a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa "Twitter", "Facebook", ɗan kasuwa ya tattauna dangantakar da ke tsakanin al'umma ta Rasha tare da hukumomi. Ciki har da a cikin shafin yanar gizon a YouTube, ya akai-akai damuwa da batun da ya shafi guba na Alexei Navalny, zanga-zangar taro a Belarus.
Littafi daya
- 2004 - "rikicin sassaucin ra'ayi"
- 2005 - "hagu na hagu"
- 2006 - "Gabatarwa ga nan gaba. Duniya a cikin 2020 "
- 2007 - "Gabatar"
- 2010 - "Labarai. Maganganu. Tattaunawa: Tarin marubucin "
- 2012 - "fursuna da Volia"
- 2014 - "gidan yarin"