Tari
Yuri Gagarin wani matukin jirgi na Soviet ne, wanda bidicography mutum kowa ya sani daga makaranta. Gagarin - wani mutum wanda ya sadaukar da jirgin farko zuwa sararin samaniya. Pilen Makamin Cosmonouut ya zama samfuri da almara ba kawai don mazauna na USSR ba, ɗan ƙasa ne mai girma ɗan biranen kasashen waje da adadi na jama'a. Yuri Alekseevich ya bude sabon shafin a cikin binciken sarari kuma ya zama alama ta ci gaban kimiyyar Soviet da jirgin sama.Yarantaka
An haifi Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin a ranar 9 ga Maris, 1934 a ƙauyen Uwalino, a cikin Yammacin Oblast na USSR, a cikin gidan masu iko. Yaron shine na uku daga cikin 'ya'ya huɗu. Yaro na Yurra ya wuce cikin nutsuwa da murna, Uba da mahaifiyar mahaifiya sun biya da hankali sosai. Alexey Ivanovich, shugaban iyali, ya kasance cikin da yawa bishiyoyi daga bishiya kuma ya yi farin ciki ga wannan yaran.
A shekaru 6, Yura ya tafi makaranta, amma ya sami nasarar gama kawai aji na farko kafin babban yakin da ya fara. Sojojin na Jamus sun dauke wani bangare na yankin na USSR, sun isa Esthohino, don haka aikin hukumomin gwamnati da yawa, gami da makarantu, sun tsaya. Kasancewa sanannen abu, Yuri ya fi so ba zai tuna da lokacin zama na wuta ba. An san cewa sojoji na Jamus sun fitar da dangin Gagagall iyali daga gidan kuma, ya kama su tare da samari kamar fursunoni na yaƙi. Don haka ya kori ɗan'uwansa da 'yar'uwa.
A shekara ta 1943, UBARINO ya 'yan tawaye, ba da daɗewa ba bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, Gagarinins ya koma Gzletsk, inda yaran ya ci gaba da karatunsa. Yuri mai matukar wayewa da matasan maza, sun tsunduma cikin nau'ikan ayyuka, jere daga kiɗa da ƙarewa tare da hoto.
Bayan Gagarin ya gama maki 6, ya yanke shawarar komawa Moscow, kamar yadda ya ji kunya a ƙaramin gari. Iyaye sun yi ƙoƙarin hana saurayi mai ban tsoro, amma bai iya yin hakan ba. Don haka, a cikin 1949, Yuri Gagarin ya koma babban birnin.
Matashi ya zauna a dangi, a cikin makarantar sana'a, yayin da a lokaci guda ke wucewa shirin na aji na bakwai a makarantar matasa masu aiki. A lokaci guda, an kwashe matasa ta kwando kuma ba da jimawa ba ta zama kyaftin kungiyar. A cikin 1951, saurayin ya tafi Sassatov, inda ya fara horar da shi a makarantar fasaha ta masana'antu. A lokacin karatunsa, sanin farkon Yuri ya faru.
A shekara ta 1954, Gagarin ta samu ga kulob din jirgin sama, wanda ya karanta rahotannin da suka kafa ubanninsu na cosmonutout. Bayan sauraren lissafin Tsiolkovsky, saurayin ya ƙaunaci ra'ayin tashi daga waje, kodayake ya iya yin tunanin to, yadda sha'awar ta zama. A shekara mai zuwa, Gagarin da aka saki daga makarantar fasaha, a daidaici ga saurayin ya ci gaba da yin tsere da jirgin sama da kansa a kan karamar jirgin sama.
Bayan 'yan watanni bayan da makomar ta fara karatu ta nan gaba ta karantawa, ana kiranta shi da nassi na rundunar hidimar jiragen sama zuwa Chkalov. A nan, Gagarin yana da rikici mai matukar rikici, da kyar bai cancanci saurayi na rayuwa ba. Gagarin, wanda ya nada shi ya sanya kwamandan kwamandan, ya cika sosai cikin sharuddan horo, wanda, ba shakka, bai dace da 'yan uwansa ba. Wata rana, ya cika da dukan tsiya, wanda saurayi ya sa a asibiti wata daya kafin ya iya komawa sabis. Abin lura ne cewa wannan abin da ya faru ba a karya ƙiyayya da ta ƙiyayya ba, bai canza ra'ayi ga aikin ba.
Cadet Gagarin da saukake da kowane ɗawainiya, ban da dasa jirgin sama. Na'urar ta kasance koyaushe tana lalata hanci, kuma saboda gaskiyar cewa buƙatun ga ɗalibin sun kasance mai tsauri sosai, an yanke shawarar cire gagarin.
Wani saurayi wanda bai yi tunanin rayuwarsa ba tare da sama ta shirya don saka gicciye a aikinsa ba, amma a wannan lokacin shugaban iyakar dalibi, ya jawo hankali ga Ubangiji Smallaramin girma na mutumin ya ba da shawarar saboda wannan saboda wannan yana da matsaloli tare da kallon kusurwa yayin saukowa. Gagarina an ba shi wata dama, yayin da aka sa linda a cikin jirgin, karuwa a cikin wurin zama. Zato ya juya ya zama gaskiya.
A shekarar 1957, Yuri Gagarin da aka kammala daga makarantar kuma ya fara yin aiki a yankin Murmansk.
Cosmonautics
A cikin 1959, Gagarin sallama zuwa ga matsayin babban labarin Lifeverenant, tunda ya karɓi taken matukin jirgi na 1 na soja. A lokaci guda, a matakin jihohi, hukunci a kan binciken da kuma zaba na 'yan takarar da ke ragargaza iyaka na ƙasa ya fito. Da matukin jirgi ya rubuta rahoto ga jagoranci, wanda ya nemi ya yi masa rajista cikin 'yan takarar.
Zaɓin zabin ba ta hanyar ƙwarewa ko yabo, da aka kula da Korolev kuma da farko suna kallon bayanan ta zahiri na masu nema. An iyakance rokoki na farko a cikin girma dabam da kuma ɗaukar ƙarfi. Girma, kusan darajan matukin jirgin sama, wannan lokacin ya zama tikiti mai farin ciki da Yuri. Matashi girma ya kasance 165 cm (bisa ga wasu bayanai a duk 157), da nauyin cosmonut na gaba shine 68 kilogiram - ba zai iya dacewa a cikin sararin samaniya ba.
Bayan an amince da bincike da yawa, an amince da Gagarin a matsayin daya daga cikin kayan kwalliyar 20 na gaba. A cikin Maris 1960, matukin jirgin ya fara horo.
Duk da gasa mai wuya, Gagarin ya sami nasarar cinyatar da tausayin ko da abokan sa. Wani saurayi mai ƙarfi ne kuma saurayi mai aminci bai ji hassada ba, bai ɗauki wani abu da ya fi muni ba, kuma an bayyane shi akan halayensa da yanayin magana. Cosmona ya ɗauki salo, ya yi aiki tuƙuru da jin daɗi.
Gagarin yaƙar sararin sama ya ba da kansa gaba ɗaya, kawai ba shi da lokacin hutawarsa. A sakamakon haka, a kan tambaya mara amfani, an gudanar a cikin 'yan takarar don' yan takarar yau, mafi yawansu da ake kira Gagarin a matsayin wanda ya fi dacewa da jirgin farko zuwa sarari. Duk da cewa matukan jirgin ba jagoran ba ne a cikin kowane filin horo ba, a hade da dabaru, halayen halaye, shi ne wanda aka gane shi wanda ya dace da tafiya zuwa sararin samaniya.
Zabi dan takarar
A shekarar 1961, saboda kishi da Amurka, ya zama dole a yanke hukunci a ƙarshe kan takara da jirgin sama matsakaicin shekaru goma na biyu na Afrilu. Sannan bayanin ya bayyana cewa a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, an ƙaddamar da rike rike tare da wani mutum a kan jirgin. Daga cikin shugabannin ukun da aka bayar a matsayin farkon Cosmonout ya zabi Gagarin, hakan ya faru a lokacin da ya gabata, kasa da wata daya kafin jirgin. Hermann titova ya yarda da shi.
Tambayar ita ce dalilin da ya sa gagarin ya zama mutum na farko a sarari, kuma ba titov, ya damu da asirin tarihi har wa yau. A cikin bayanan, Sarauniya ta bayyana alama ce ta shirya da gagarin fiye da Gagarin, amma har yanzu ana zãɓar lokacin yanke hukunci na biyu. Ka'idar guda ta ce wani lamari na siyasa ya fada a cikin zabi. Dan sararin samaniya ta farko dole ne ta zama alama: Yuri, wanda ya mallaki bayyanar da misalin da ke faruwa da kuma zabin tarihin da wakilai na Soviet.
Wani ka'idar da'awar da'awar cewa Titov ya fi mahimmanci ga aikin, don haka ba su son haɗarin a jirgin farko na farko. Tuni a wancan lokacin, an yarda da shi na biyu. A cikin layi daya, an aiwatar da aikin a kan dogon zaman cikin sarari. Hermann Titov da alama ga sarauniya ta dace da aiwatar da dukan yini.
Wani kuma ka'idar ta ce Gagarin da za a zaɓa cikin mutum da kaina. Kafofin watsa labarai sun yi jayayya cewa Yuri ya fi so hukumar ta fi so bayan da daya daga cikin kungiyar suka fara mayar da martani a cikin jirgin ruwa na "Gabas" lokacin da jirgin ya fara jigilar jirgin.
A cewar mahaifiyar Cosmonout, Yuri ya wuce wani sabon binciken da ba a tayar da Sarauniya.
Mai zanen zai iya zaba daga matukan jirgi guda biyar. Maza suna da kusan girma iri daya da nauyin sojoji. Duk, sai kyaftin Komarov, ya zama tsofaffin karin magana. Korolev ya ciyar da tattaunawar sirri tare da 'yan takarar, yana neman batun masifa game da Centrifuge. Gagarin da gaske ya bayyana cewa yana jin mummunar a cikin wannan gwajin har ma yana ƙin centrifuguguge. An ba da rahoton cewa shirye-shiryen cikakke ne. Don haka Yuri ya kasance jarabawa ce ga gaskiya. Don sarauniya da kuma umurnin ginin, ya kasance mai ma'ana ga cosonutly su faɗi game da duk matsalolin da kurakurai a cikin jirgin sama, kuma bai inganta ta rufe fuska ba.
Journalisterssan jaridu da masu binciken kuma sun yarda cewa tambayar kanta ita ce, me yasa gagarin ya zama mutum na farko a sarari, ba daidai ba ne, ba daidai ba ne. A cikin 1993, M. Rudenko da N. Varvarov sun buga sunayen matukan jirgi uku a cikin "jigilar iska" jaridar. A cewar 'yan jaridu, a cikin 1957, matukin jirgi na kankara, a cikin 1958 - ShaBorobirin, kuma a cikin 1959, ya mutu yayin jirgin sama mai dakuna. Gwaje-gwajen sun kasance an rarraba su, kuma a cikin 1960, zaɓin matukan jirgi a cikin shirin horarwa da aka shude. Wani labarin a cikin wata jarida na yau da kullun bai ƙayyade kowane ma'aikaci na masana'antar sararin samaniya ba.
Jirgin farko zuwa sarari
Flying a kan jirgin "vostok" da aka danganta da manyan haɗarin rayuwa don rayuwar gagarin. Saboda tashin hankali, an sanya wasu muhimman tsarin, jirgin ba a sanye da tsarin dasa shuki ba, ba a kirkiro tsarin tsarin ceto ba, ba a kirkiro tsarin tsarin ceto ba yayin da ake fara matsala yayin fara. Wannan damar cewa cosmonut na farko zai mutu kuma baya hawa cikin iska yayi yawa.A Afrilu 12, 1961, ya tashi daga Baikonur Cosmodrome. Saboda gaskiyar cewa akwai malfunctions tare da kayan aiki, gagarin fure kilomita 100 fiye da yadda aka tsara. Idan akwai matsaloli tare da shigarwa na birki, dole ne ya koma duniya fiye da wata ɗaya, yayin da aka tsara ruwa da abinci na kwanaki 10 kawai.
Duk da matsaloli da yawa, Yuri Gagarin sun amince da gangara daga sararin samaniya. Aikinsa ya sauka daga inda aka shirya. An kawo akwatunan cosmonas ga ƙauyen mafi kusa, kuma daga can na da ake kira da hukumomin da ke cikin saukowa da nasara da rashin raunin da ya samu. Tunda jirgin ya kasance sirri, har ma da kafofin watsa labarai na Soviet sun yi koyi game da nasarar fasaha na asalin jihar kawai gobe.
Duniyar Duniya
Da zaran bayanin ya samu, gagarin ya zama tauraron duniya. Wannan ya kasance mai yawa khrushchev, ya nace a kan gwarzo mai kyau. A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1961, an gudanar da wani babban biki saboda girmama cosmona.
Wata daya daga baya, Gagarin an aika a waje tare da manufa ta duniya, inda dole ne ya ziyarci kasashe sama da 20, aiki, gami da a cikin diflomasiyya jijiya. A cikin duk waɗannan tafkunan, gagarin ya tabbatar da kansa a matsayin saurayi mai ban dariya da kuma mata mai ban dariya. Kyakkyawar Charisa Yuri da Lutu ya ba da gudummawa don ƙarfafa kyakkyawan hoton na USSR.
Shekaru masu zuwa Yuri Gagarin ya kasance cikin ayyukan jama'a, kusan ba a tsunduma cikin sabis na jirgin. Shahararren Cosmonutawon Cosmonut ya yi ƙoƙari da yawa don shahararren 'yan wasan' yan wasa, ya zama memba na matattarar garin Lunar Cosmic. Hakanan, Manjo Gagarin ya shiga makarantar jirgin sama na Injiniya, wanda aka kammala wata daya kafin rasuwar.
Rayuwar sirri
A cikin 1957, Yuri Gagarin ya auri Valentina Goryacheva, ma'aikacin likita na sashen a cibiyar manajan jirgin.
A wannan aure, ma'auratan sun sami 'ya'ya mata biyu: Lena - a cikin 1959, kuma Galia ta bayyana wata daya kafin jirgin Fagen nan a watan Maris 1961. Yuri koyaushe ya sami lokacin yara. Cosmonut da 'ya'yansa mata da aka kera dabbobi, don haka ducks, kaji, sunadarai, sunadarai, sunadarai da lan sun zauna a gidan gagares. Matar matukin jirgin ta tsayayya da sha'awa na Zoo, amma daga baya ya yi murabus.
Bayan mutuwar matar, Valentina Goryacheva ya yi aure bai fito ba.
Tuni bayan mutuwar matukin jirgi a cikin dangin Gagabari na dangin Gagagari da jikoki yana da 'yar Catherine, da Galina - dan Yuri. Jeryarbar Cosmonout da aka yanke shawarar zama ɗan tarihi, kuma jikan - don yin shiryar da gwamnatin.
Mutuwa
A ranar 27 ga Maris, 1968, Gagarin ya yi jirgin da ba a san shi ba kuma saboda dalilan da ba a sani ba su yi rawar gani daga inda ba zai iya fita ba. Jirgin saman ya fadi a cikin ƙasa, Gagarin da malamin sa Vladimir seerin ya mutu. An rufe jikin matukan jirgi, Urs da ƙura an binne su a bangon Kremlin.
Ofaya daga cikin abubuwan da zasu iya yiwuwa ga bala'i ana kiranta rapprochement da kaifi daga wani jirgin sama, sakamakon wanda Mig-15uti Gagarin ya tafi Corkscrew. Saboda bayanan da ba daidai ba a kan yanayin yanayi da kayan aiki kawai ba su da lokacin cire jirgin daga fall. Shekaru da yawa, gaskiya ba a sani ba.
Rashin bayanin hukuma na siriri ya haifar da faruwa da ka'idar game da dalilin mutuwar cosmona na farko. Shahararren masifar da aka samu. An yi jita-jita cewa Gagarin yana da rikici da jagoranci, bayan da cosonutout an cire "matukin jirgi, ko Gagarin da kansa ya mutu. Garoran ya ce Gagarin ya mutu yayin gwajin sabon roka, kuma an samar da jirgin horo na wani m gwajin na shirin sararin samaniya.
A cikin 2013, Cosonutout Alexei Leonov ya raba bayanan da aka bayyana a Gagarin na karshe tare da latsa. An tabbatar da sigar da ke sama. Ba da dacewar ba, kusa da jirgin saman Gagarin da Sergey, mity, mitan Su-15, wanda Mig-15uti ya kore shi, wanda Mig-15uti ya kore shi. Matukan jirgi sun mutu, ba shi da lokaci don cire jirgin daga faɗuwar.