Tari
Leonid Brezhnev wani sanannen shugaban siyasa ne wanda ya aiwatar da aikinta na yau da aiki a cikin Soviet. Ya kusan shekara 20 ne a hukumomin Soviet Union, da farko a matsayin Sakatare Jama'ar kwamitin kwamitin CPSU, kuma bayan shugaban USSR.
"Kakakin Brezhneva" ya karbi canjin kasarjama, tunda an lalata tattalin arzikin kasar saboda rashin daidaito na kungiyar, wanda daga baya ya haifar da rushewar kungiyar. An kiyasta Hukumar Brezhnev a cikin Rasha ta zamani ta zamani a cikin jama'a - wasu kuma da mafi kyawun mulkin "kalmomin Greit" don rushewar ƙasar, wa zai zagayo wa kasar nan. Kada ku kasance makawa a ƙarshen kwamitin Leonid Ilyich.
Yaro da matasa
An haifi Breenid Ilyich a watan Disamba 19 ga Disamba, 1906 a ƙauyen Kolomna a cikin lardin Yekprodzerzhinky a cikin yankin Dnipropetrovsk. Iyayensa, Ilya Yakovlevich da Natalia Denisovna, sune aikin talakawa. Shugaban USSR shine ɗan fari a cikin dangi, daga baya ya ɗan ƙaramin 'yar Vera da ɗan'uwana Yakov. Iyalin Brezhnev sun rayu cikin wani yanayi mai ƙasƙanci a cikin ƙaramin gida, amma a lokaci guda yara sun kewaye yara da ƙaunar da suka sa su fa'idodin kayan da suka sa su da hankalinsu.
Karatun Leonid Ilyich da gaske ba ya bambanta da yara sun bambanta da yara na wannan lokacin, ya yi kama da yadudduka yadudduka waɗanda suke ƙaunar fitar da pigeons. A cikin 1915, dan siyasar dan zaman gaba ya shiga dakin motsa jiki na gargajiya, nan da nan bayan ta ta ƙare a cikin 1921 ya tafi aiki a kan abin ban mamaki. Bayan shekaru biyu na aiki, Brezhnev ya shiga cikin matsayi na Komsomol sannan ya tafi ya koya daga makarantar fasaha ta gida a matsayin mai binciken kasar. A shekarar 1927, ya karɓi difloma na Amparis, wanda ya ba shi izinin yin aiki tare da na farko da farko a lardin Kursk, kuma bayan a cikin misalin farko na mulkin yankin ƙasa na gundumar.
A cikin 1930, Leonid Ilyich ta motsa zuwa Moscow, inda ya shiga cibiyar aikin gona na gida na injiniyan injiniya, kuma a cikin wata shekara injiniyan injiniya a cikin kwalejin muni a cikin kwalejin dneprodzerzhink. A yayin karɓar ilimi mafi girma, mai siyasa na nan gaba yana aiki a layi daya tare da injin kocin a cikin Metewar Metuwa. Sannan ya shiga jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kwaminis ta Bolshevikak.
Bayan kammala karatu daga Cibiyar a 1935 da karbar injin difloma, Leonid Brezhnev ya tafi sojojin, inda babban jami'in farko na Leami yake samu. Bayan ya ba da bashi, shugaban na USSR ya koma ga asalin DNEProdzerzhinzuhink kuma ya zama darektan makarantar fasaha. A shekara ta 1937, Leonid Brezhnev tarihin tarihin rayuwa cikin cikakken juyawa ga manufar da ya farka kafin ƙarshen kwanakinsa.
Ayyukan Jam'iyya
Leonid Brezhnev na siyasa aiki ya fara ne tare da post na shugaban kwamitin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Kwaminis ta Kwaminisanci a Dnepropetrovsk. Lokacin ayyukan Brezhnev ya faɗi a kan shekarun babban yakin mai ɗorewa. Sannan ya dauki bangare mai aiki a cikin tattara Sojojin Red Armas kuma ya shiga kwantar da masana'antar kasar. Daga nan sai ya yi aiki a matsayi na siyasa a cikin matsayi na sojoji, wanda aka ba shi lambar taken Babban Janar.
A cikin shekaru postwar, an sake dawo da shugaban na USSR na gaba da kamfanonin Amurka yayin yakin, yayin da aka nada post na jam'iyyar Gwamnatin zaporizhia, wanda aka nada a kan shawarar Daga cikin Sakataren farko na Kwamitin CPSU Nikita Khrushchev, wanda yake da dangantakar sirri. Abota da Khrushchev kuma ya zama "tikiti na wucewa" don Brezhnev a kan hanyar zuwa iko.
Kasancewa a fi na jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kwaminis ta, Leonid Brezhnvev ya hadu da kan Ussr ta ce, wanda a cikin 1950 ya nada sadaukar da kwaminisanci a post na farko Sakatare na Babban Kwamitin CPSU MoDova. A lokaci guda, siyasa ta zama memba na shugaban majalisar da jam'iyyar da shugaban babbar hanyar siyasa da Sojojin Soviet.
Bayan mutuwar Stalin, Brezhnev ya rasa aikinsa, amma a cikin 1954, sake, a cikin Kashakhstan, wanda yake tsunduma cikin Ci gaban budurwa ƙasashe kuma yana da himma a cikin shiri don gina baikonur cosmodrome. Hakanan, shugaban na USSR ya cika da ci gaban fasahar fasahar a cikin kasar kuma ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen farkon jirgin sama, wanda Yuri Gagarin.
Jikin mai mulki
Hanyar da za ta yi ƙarfi Leonid Brezhnev ya ƙare tare da ƙaddamar da Nikita Khrushchev, wanda aka cire shi daga posts posts. Sannan post na farkon sakataren kwamitin tsakiya na The CPSU ya tafi Leonid Ilyich, wanda, a hanyarsa, da ya kawar da dukkan abokan adawar sa da saka dukkan abokan adawar sa da saka a kan abokan adawarsa, a inda yuri Androvov, Konstantin Chernenenov, Semen Zvigong , Nikolai Ltookov.
Tun daga 1964, abubuwan ra'ayin mazan jiya suka dawo kasar da isowar Brezhnev kuma sannu-sannu kara da kyau a cikin tattalin arzikin na USSR da kuma rayuwar ruhaniya - ruhaniya-ruhaniya na al'umma. Official Party Ofparatus ya gani a madawwamin karewa guda na tsarin, don haka aka ƙi kowane sake fasalin a cikin gwamnati don kiyaye tsohuwar mulkin iko, tare da babban gatan. Kasar da aka samu a fili zuwa ga "Leeninsky" ka'idodin hada kai, jam'iyyar jam'iyyar da aka gabatar kan hukuncin jam'iyya, da shugabannin jam'iyyar da ba su dauka a cikin jagoranci.
Biyayar Bukuwar Bureaucracacy da ke yi mulki, cin hanci da rashawa da dukiyoyi sun zama mabuɗan da ke nuna ikon gargajiya yayin shekarun gwamnatin Brezhnev. Ci gaban hadadden masana'antu ta kasance ta musamman ta nuna damuwa game da sabon mai mulki, tunda bai sami mafita na rikicin na ciki ba a cikin al'umma kuma an yi niyya gaba daya a manufofin kasashen waje. A lokaci guda, kungiyar ta fara sake amfani da matakai masu tsauri don "ba da rashin hankali" ba, suna kokarin kare hakkokinsu ga USSR.
Dunkancin Leonid Brezhnev, yayin Hukumar, a yayin da jihar Soviet gaba daya ce za ta yanke hukunci tare da Amurka a kan ƙuntatawa na makamai. Ya kuma sayi yarjejeniyoyi Helsinki wanda ya tabbatar da amincin amincin Turai da kuma yarda da wadanda ba kurihi a kasashen waje na jihohin kasashen waje. A shekarar 1977, Brezhnev ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar sanarwar Soviet a kan rashin yadewa na makaman nukiliya.
An gabatar da duk waɗannan ayyukan da aka gabatar wa Tarayyar Soviet na Afghanistan. Hukumar ta Amurka a rikicin Afghanistan ta haifar da gabatarwar Prethet Pruet Tsariyar Tsaro Tsaron Soviet, da kuma takunkumi na West na yamma da suka shafi babban masana'antar gas. Saukar da USSR a cikin rikicin Afghanistan ya dauki kusan shekaru 10 kuma ya dauki rayuwar kusan Soviet na Soviet 40,000. Sannan Amurka ta ayyana yakin Cacar na Ussr, da kuma Afghanistan Mujahideen ya zama ya zama dan wasan anti-Soviet, ya jagorance ta hanyar Amurka Soviet.
A karkashin jagorancin Brezhnev, Ussr sun kuma halarci rikicewar Vietnam da rikice-rikice na gabas. A daidai wannan lokacin, shugaban kasar Soviet ya yarda da mamayar Czechoslovakia da kasashen suka kasance na yarjejeniyar soja a Poland, wanda ya fara bunkasa halartar al'adar duniya ga USSR.
Sakamakon mulkin Layin Leonid Brezhnev an bayyana shi a rushewar ta karshe na tattalin arzikin kasar, wanda ba shi da ikon mayar da magajinsa. A lokaci guda, da yawa a yau suna la'akari da "epoch na Brezhnev" tare da mafi kyawun lokuta don Soviet Mutane.
Rayuwar sirri
Leonid Brezhnev na rayuwar sirri ya tabbata. Ya taba yin aure ga Victoria Damnsiva, wanda ya hadu a shekarar 1925 kan rawa a cikin dakin makarantar motsa jiki. Masana tarihi sun tabbatar da cewa rayuwar iyali ta Ussr ta kwantar da hankula - matashin sa ya tsunduma cikin gida da yara, kuma ya kasance siyasa ce.
A tsawon shekaru, Victoria ta haifi mijinta na yara Yuri da Galina, wanda ya kasance ɗayan mafi yawan jarumawan Soviet. A lokaci guda, taro na almara, wanda bai sami tabbaci a cikin tarihin zamani ba, ya yi game da ƙaunar da Brezhnev.
Daga kwanakin aiki na Sakatare Jama'ar Jama'a ta murnar farauta da motoci. Brezhnev Kusan kowane karshen mako ya bar gida don cire haɗin kai daga matsalolin yau da kullun, wanda a ranakun da ya samu na musamman tare da taimakon kwayoyin cuta mai narkewa, ba tare da wanda ba zai iya rayuwa da kuma aiki ba. Har ila yau, ya yi tafiya a kai a kai a kai-daban na samar da masumaitawa da maganganun circus, wasannin wasanni suka ziyarta har ma da makiyaya ballet. Irin wannan '' aiki "ne ya ƙirƙira don Leonid Ilyich, wanda ke da tsarin siyasa na tsarin siyasa na wannan lokacin yana neman kammala sadaukar da kai daga shugaba.
Leonid Ilyichnezhnev zuwa saman iko ya tashi daga mafi yawan ma'aikata, don haka ya kasance a sarari cewa irin wannan wahala. Ba ya zama mai ɓoyewa, kowane mai gina mai da zai samu cikin littafin ajiya, kuma bukatunsa bai banbanta da "ƙaramin" mutumin. A lokaci guda, ya yi duk abin da zai yiwu domin Soviet mutane a karon farko da aka yi aiki koyaushe da kuma sanya gidaje da gida da inganta yanayin iko. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa mutane suke cikin lokutan Brezhnevsky sau da ƙasar ta fara biya da karuwa don inganta kyautatawa mutane masu sauƙi.
Mutuwa
Leonid Brezhnev ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1982 daga kwatsam dakatarwar zuciya yayin bacci. Mutuwar shugaban na Amurka ya faru ne a yankin dokokin jihar "Zarochye-6" kuma ya firgita da dukiyar Soviet, wadda aka sa shi cikin makoki da yawa. Dangane da masana tarihi, lafiyar lafiyar Brezhnev ya riga ya samu gazawa tun farkon 1970 lokacin da Sakatare janar na barci ne tsawon kwanaki saboda Prague bazara.
Tuni yayin tarurrukan, zai iya lura da cin zarafin ƙamus, wanda aka danganta shi da liyafar da ba a sarrafawa ba na magunguna masu daɗi. A karshen shekarar 1974, abokan karawar Jagorar Soviet sun fahimci cewa Leonid Ilyich "ya ƙare gaba daya mai zaman kanta a hannun Konstantin, wanda ya inganta, da ikon yin hakan, da kuma ikon Sanya manema labarai a karkashin takardun jihohi tare da sa hannu na Brezhnev.
A lokaci guda, farkon wanda ya koyi game da mutuwar Brezhnev ya zama Yuri Androvov, wanda shi ne na biyu bayan Leonid Ilyich mutumin. Nan da nan ya isa wurin mutuwar sakataren Janar kuma nan da nan dan siyakar ke kiyaye shi bisa ga dukkan mambobin siyasa. Kadai ne kawai bayan haka ya yarda ya sanar da jama'a game da mutuwar shugaban USSR.
Leonid Brezhnev an binne shi a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1982 akan murabba'in ja a bangon Kremlin a Moscow. A janar sa, shugabannin kasashe 35 daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun halarci sakataren janar na mafi girma da kuma wani bayan jana'izar Stalin. Yawancin mutane sun halarci jana'izar shugaba na Soviet, wasu daga cikinsu ba za su iya murƙushe hawaye ba kuma da gaske mutuwar Leonid Ilyich.