Tari
An ba da kuɗi kaɗan a cikin tarihin "mai sassaucin ra'ayi". Alexander Nikolaevich Romanov ya cancanci wannan girmamawa. Iskandari Ii ake kira Sarki mai iya canzawa, saboda ya sami damar barin abin da ya mutu, tsofaffin matsalolin da suka yi barazana.Yaro da matasa
An haife shi nan gaba a watan Afrilu 1818 a Moscow. Yaron an haife shi ne a ranar da Kremlin, a cikin bishop na mu'ujiza na gidan sufi. Anan, duk sunan mahaifi na sarki, ya isa taron na Ista, ya tattara a waccan safiya. A cikin girmamawa ga haihuwar yaro, shiru Moscow ta yage gaishe da igwa a cikin wasan motsa jiki.
Akbishop Moscow Augustina baftisma baby Alexander Romeova a ranar 5 ga Mayu 5 a majami'ar sufi da gidan sufi na gidan sufi. Iyayensa a lokacin ɗaukaki na thean manyan sarakuna ne. Amma lokacin da ya kammala karatun digiri ya kai shekara 7, mahaifiyarsa Alexander Fedorovna da uba Nikolai na zama yaudarar mai mulkin.
Memperor na gaba Alexander II ya karbi kyakkyawan ilimin gida. Babban mashawarcinsa, wanda ke da alhakin ba wai kawai don neman koyarwa ba, har ma don tarbiyyar, ya kasance mummunan zuhekovsky. Tarihi mai tsarki da kuma dokar Allah ta koyar da Arsimky da kansa. Coldica Colduman Coldon ya koya wa yaron ga hikimar Achithmetic, da Karl Merda ya ba da tushen harkokin soja.
Babu sanannun malamai sun kasance a Alexander Nikolayevich kuma a ƙarƙashin dokar, ƙididdiga, kuɗi da manufofin ƙasashen waje. Yaron ya yi girma sosai cikin hankali kuma da sauri ya tuna da malamai na kimiyya. Amma a lokaci guda a cikin shekaru matasa, kamar yawancin takwaransa, yana da soyayya da soyayya. Misali, yayin tafiya zuwa London, ya faɗi cikin ƙauna tare da matasa Sarauniya ta Victoria Victoria.
Abin sha'awa, a cikin 'yan shekaru goma sha biyu, ta zama ga Sarki Selperor Emperor II a cikin shugaban Turai wanda bai cancanta ba.
Hukumar kuma ta sake fasalin Alexander II
Lokacin da Alexander Nikolaevich Roma Romanov ya kai yawancin manufofin, mahaifinsa ya gabatar da shi ga manyan cibiyoyin jihohi. A shekara ta 1834, Cesarevich ya shiga cikin majalisar dattijai, shekara mai zuwa - wannan batun Sifferned Holy, kuma a cikin 1841 da 1842 Romanov ya zama memba na majalisar da kwamitocin.
A tsakiyar shekarun 1830, magajin ya yi tafiya mai kyau a kusa da ƙasar kuma ya ziyarci larduna 29. A ƙarshen 30s ya ziyarci Turai. Kuma ya kuma sami babban aikin soja kuma a shekarar 1844 ya zama janar. An danƙa shi da masu tsaron gida.
Cesarevich ta shiga cikin cibiyoyin ilimi da ilimi da za su kasance a cikin kwamitocin asiri a cikin shekarun ta 1846 da 1848. Yana da kyau sosai a cikin matsalolin majibare kuma fahimci cewa canje-canje da sake fasalin sun daɗe suna kira.
The kashe yaƙin ya yi na Crimean na 1853-56 ya zama babban jarrabawa ga makomar ikon a kan balaga da ƙarfin hali. Bayan sanarwar a cikin lardin soja St. Petersburg a cikin halin soja, Alexander Nikolaevich ya dauki dokar dukkan sojojin.
Alexander II, ya shiga cikin 1855 zuwa kursiyin, ya sami gādo mai nauyi. Mahaifinsa tsawon shekaru 30 na gwamnati sun kasa magance kowane irin batutuwan kaifi da kuma matsalolin jihar. Bugu da kari, da aka kayar da matsayin kasar da kayar da kasar a cikin yakin Crimean. Baitulmalin babu komai.
Wajibi ne a aiwatar da damuwa da sauri. Manufofin kasashen waje na Alexander II shi ne cewa tare da taimakon diflomasiyya don karya ta hanyar ringi na shinge, rufe Rasha. Mataki na farko shine ƙarshen duniyar Paris a cikin bazara na 1856. Ba za a iya kiransa Rasha da riba ba, amma yanayin da ya raunana ba zai iya faɗi nufinsa ba. Babban abu, wanda ya yi nasarar dakatar da Ingila, wanda ya so ya ci gaba da yaƙi ga kammala nasarar nasara da kuma dismements na Rasha.
Alexander II ya ziyarci Berlin a cikin bazara kuma ya sadu da Sarki Friedrich Wilhelm IV. Friedrich dole ne ya sarki Unclecle kawunsa. Tare da shi ya sami nasarar kammala sirrin "Dual Union". Tare da shingen manufofin kasashen waje na Rasha, an gama.
Manufar Cikin Gida II ba karamin nasara bane. A cikin rayuwar ƙasar, narkewar "da dadawa" ya zo. A ƙarshen bazara na 1856, a ranar Stan Satches, sarki ya yi rawa, ya cev, mahalarta a cikin tawayen Yaren mutanen Poland. Kuma don wani shekaru 3, ya dakatar da daukar matakan daukar ma'aikata da kuma kawar da ƙauyukan soja.
Akwai wasu lokuta kuma don shawarar da ta yi tambaya. Emperor Alexander II ya yanke shawarar soke singfom, wannan mummunar nesa, wanda ya tsaya kan hanyar ci gaba. Sarki ya zaɓi "ostsee" na masu kare masu rauni. A shekara ta 1858, Sarki ya yarda da shirin sake fasalin ta hanyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi ta hanyar alkawuran jama'a. Dangane da gyara, manya kuma sun sami hakkin fansar fansar kasar da su.
Babban sake fasalin Alexander II sun kasance masu juyin juya hali a lokacin. Ya tallafa wa 1864 Zemstvo da matsayin gari na 1870. An shirya Jigiliyoyin Jarida na 1864 da kuma sauye-shiryen soja na 1860-70s an karbe su. Sake fasalin ilimi a cikin ilimi ya faru. A ƙarshe, hukuncin da aka yi wa mai tasowa an soke shi.
Alexander II da tabbaci yana ci gaba da tsarin gargajiya na siyasa ta al'ada. A cikin farkon shekarun sarauta, ya lashe yakin Caucasian Caucasian. An samu nasarar ci gaba a cikin Asiya ta Tsakiya, mai da yawa rkeesan zuwa yankin jihar. A cikin 1877-78, sarki ya yanke shawarar yaƙi da turkey. Kuma ya kuma sami karfafa baitulmalin, da ya karfafa kudaden shiga na 1867 by 3%. An yi wannan ne ta hanyar sayar da Alaska zuwa Amurka.
Amma a cikin shekarun da ya gabata na zamanin mulkin Alexander II na sake fasalin "Zabuxov". A ci gaba da ya kasance mai rauni kuma ya saba. Duk manyan masu siyarwar sun kori. A karshen kwamitin, Sarki ya gabatar da karancin ofishin jama'a a Rasha a Rasha a karkashin majalisar jihar.
Wasu masana tarihi sun yi imani cewa hukumar Alexander II, tare da dukkan fabalwa, da ta gudanar da babbar diyya: manufofin Jamusawa ", wanda bai cika bukatun jihar. Sanarwar ta bayyana gaban Sarki ta Prussia - kawunsa, kuma a kowace hanya ta samar da kirkirar 'yan bindiga guda daya.
Tsariyar TARI, Shugaban kwamitin minista Peter Mecess, a cikin Diecies ya rubuta game da cuta mai ƙarfi na Mulki a cikin shekarun da ya gabata na rayuwarsa. Romanov yana kan gab da rushewar juyayi, yana da gajiya da gajiya da gajiya da tauɗe. "Curonated da ya" wannan ba-pawy epitheth, wannan sarki darajar, daidai ya bayyana yanayin sa.
"A zamanin, inda ake buƙatar ƙarfi a ciki," a fili ɗan ɗan siyasa ne, "a bayyane yake, ba shi yiwuwa a dogara da shi."Ko ta yaya, a farkon shekarun mulkin, Alexander II ya sami damar yin abubuwa da yawa don jihar. Da kuma wasikar '' 'masu sassaucin ra'ayi "da" Mai Sauti "da gaske ya cancanci.
Rayuwar sirri
Sarkin mutum ne mai son mutum. A kan asusun sa da yawa littattafai. A cikin matasa, yana da wani al'amari tare da freilinzina, wanda iyaye ke hanzarin aure. Sai wani labari, kuma tare da foda Mariya Trobetskoy. Kuma tare da Oliye Olga Kalinovsky, haɗin ya yi ƙarfi cewa Cesarevich da aka yanke don yanke hukunci tare da ita don rabuwa da kursiyin. Amma iyaye sun dage kan rata na wadannan alakar da aure a Maximilian Hessan.
Koyaya, aure tare da Maria Alexandrovna, a cikin gimbiya Maximilian-Wilhelma-sof-sophia-Maria Hassan-Darmstadt, ya yi farin ciki. 8 Yara da aka haife su, 6 daga cikinsu 'yan' ya'ya.
Emperor Alexander II don rashin lafiyar sa cutar tarin fuka, matarsa ta ce ƙasa tare da estate da 'ya'yan inabi a cikin' yan matan inabi a cikin 'yan matan poossky.
Maria Alexandrovna ya mutu a cikin Mayu 1880. Ta bar bayanin kula wanda aka fifita godiya ga matar tsawon rayuwar farin ciki.
Amma sarki ba miji ba ne. Rayuwar mutum na Alexander II ne dalili na magudi na yadi koyaushe. Wasu abubuwan da suka fi so suka haifi Muryar yara masu ban mamaki.
Dan wasan mai shekaru 18 na Ekaterina Dolgorukova ya iya dagewa in kama zuciyar sarki. Sarki ya auri ƙaunataccen da ke tsaye a wannan shekarar yayin da abokin wasa ya mutu. Aure ne da Morganatic aure, wato, fursuna da wani fuskar ba asalin sarauta ba. Yara daga wannan ƙungiyar, kuma akwai huɗu daga cikinsu, ba su iya zama magada na kursiyin ba. Abin lura ne cewa dukkan yaran an haife su ne a lokacin da Alexander II har yanzu ya auri abokin farko.
Bayan sarkin ya yi aure, yaran sun karɓi hali na halattacce da taken matsayinsa.
Mutuwa
A lokacin sarautar on Alexander II, sun halarci sau da yawa. Yunkurin farko ya faru bayan kawar da masu tayar da Jama'a a cikin 1866. An aikata shi a Rasha Dmitry Karakikozodojizodoz. Na biyu - shekara mai zuwa. Wannan lokacin a cikin Paris. Yaren mutanen Yaren mutanen Poland Anton Berezovsky na kokarin kashe sarki.
Wani sabon yunƙuri an yi shi a farkon Afrilu 1879 a St. Petersburg. A watan Agusta na wannan shekarar, kwamitin zartarwa ne ya yanke wa Alexander II hukuncin kisa. Bayan haka, mutanen da aka yi niyyar busa babban jirgin Emperor, amma kuskuren gurbata wani abun da ke ciki.
Wani sabon ƙoƙari ya fi jini: mutane da yawa sun mutu a cikin fadar hunturu bayan fashewar. Ta hanyar sa'a, sarki ya shiga cikin ɗakin daga baya.
Don kare Sarki, an kirkiro Hukumar Masarautar Babbar Jagora. Amma ba ta ceci ran Romanov ba. A cikin Maris 1881 a karkashin kafafu na Alexander II, an jefa bam ta Ignatiy Bashevitsy. Daga raunin da aka karɓa, sarki ya mutu.
Abin lura ne cewa yunƙurin ya faru ne a ranar da sarki ya yanke shawarar bayar da hannu ga aikin kundin tsarin mulki na Juyin mulki M. T. Loris -elikova, bayan wanda ya kamata ya kamata ya bi hanyar kundin tsarin mulki.