Tari
Batka Batka mai haske ne mai haske da kuma ma'ana a cikin tarihin cikin gida, wanda ya tabbatar da fararriya da kuma wani kokawa mai fantring.Yaro da bala'i
Nestor Ivanovich Makkono aka haife a ƙauyen Gulipol (yanzu - yankin Zaporiza) a Nuwamba 7, 1888. Iyayen yaran sun kasance masu ƙarancin jijiya, Uba Ivan Rodionvich ya yi aiki a Barina Kucher, mahaifiyar Evdokia Matterna ya jagoranci 'ya'ya maza biyar.
Da mutuwar Uban, dangin dangin marayu, 'ya'yan mararshe, yaran sun rasa kawai abin burodi. Iyalin 'yan'uwan su ma sun faɗi. Bayan ya kai shekara bakwai, yaron ya fara yin hayar don aiki mai dacewa: bakin shanu, don yin birgima akan masu mallakar ƙasa. Duk da wannan, gidajen gida ya sami damar yin karatun shekaru huɗu a cikin wata makaranta, inda aka bai wa aka ba shi shekara takwas.
Gidan fursuna da anicius
Tun daga 1903, saurayin ya yi aiki a cikin ciyawar shuka. A shekara ta 1906, an kama Makinho da dauke da makamai, amma an sake shi a cikin matasa. A wannan lokacin ce makomar Atamar ta gana da manufar tashin hankali, da tashin hankali ya zama kayan gidansa har abada.
Bayan sun shiga cikin "ƙungiyar 'yar Nestor Makhno ta halarci yawancin ta'addanci ayyukan da ya danganci sun ba da labari game da mallakar mallakar masu mallakar ƙasa da masu rauni. A shekara ta 1910, kotaro ya bashe membobin kungiyar. Kotun Sojojin Ekaterinoslav (yanzu dnepropetrovsk) ya yanke hukuncin ta'addanci da suka yanke wa wasu bayanan, ga hukuncin kisa).
Nestor Makino an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 20 na corics. Bayan wani lokaci, Mkhno dauke da a kurkuku Ekaterinoslav, sa'an nan kuma a tura shi zuwa Moscow Butyyrka. Anan ya sadu da Arshinov, wanda yake da tasiri mai yawa akan Yarin Masker.
A cikin Butyrka, Nestor bai rasa lokaci tare da kyautar ba: Ba wai kawai ya sha kwastomomin kan akida ba, har ma suna da yawan littattafai da tattalin arziki, tarihi, nazarin lissafi, nazarin nahammar , Littattafan Rasha. Kurkiyyar Mkhno ta fito da Arshinov a watan Maris 1917, afuwa ga girmama juyin juya halin Musulunci. Baya ga ilimi da gogewa, da fursuna ya sayo sayo daga ƙarshe da mummunan sayo - Cahoto, wanda ya kashe shi bayan shekaru.
Aikin siyasa da na soja: Fara
A tarihin rayuwar Makhno akwai rashin daidaituwa da yawa. A tsawon lokaci, an katse abokan sa, da kuma shaidar ayyukanta a Ukraine sun sabawa. Koyaya, rawar da ya taka a yakin, yakin basasa, ko da yake zai aiwatar da akida a cikin gawawwaki.
Komawa bayan kammalawa a cikin Guliapol, Nestor ta kasance a cikin mafi kayi kuri'ar abubuwan da suka faru na juyin juya hali. Ya azabtar da shi, "wanda aka azabtar da abin da ya dace ya zabi shugaban masanan harbe-harbena na biyu. Tare da halartar Makno a cikin faduwar 1917, wakilan gwamnatin ɗan lokaci an kore gwamnatin ɗan lokaci daga Alexandrovskaya Volost kuma an kafa Soviet Power. A shekarar 1918, a matsayin wakilin Gulipol Sirron, ya shiga cikin taron Rev Partons da Soviets.
Kafa sabon gwamnatin da ya hana mamayewa ta hanyar yin amfani da aiki: A lokacin bazara na 1918, sojojin Austro-Jamus sun mamaye Ukraine. Wannan lokacin za'a iya ɗaukar farkon aikin soja na Makhno, tun sannan kuma 'yan tawayen suka fara da hazi a karkashin jagorancin sa. 'Yan wasan sun yi yaƙi da Jamusawa, da kuma na Yukren' yan kishin kasa. Kamar yadda daukar fansa, an yi wa wasu hukumomi da tsohuwar Nestor, aka ƙone gidan inda mahaifiyarsa ta rayu.
A lokaci guda, a watan Mayu 1918, Nestor Makhno ya isa Moscow, inda shi da kansa ya hadu da VladKirin Lenin da sverdlov, da kuma sverdlov, da kuma shugabannin jam'iyyar. Tarurrukan da shugabancin ikon Soviet bai kawo wani abu ba kamar, amma a matakin gwagwarmaya a cikin Ukraine. Fitar da takardun karya, Makno ya koma gida don tsara sojojin 'yan tawayen.
"Batuka mara izini"
Duk rayuwar Batika Makino ba gwagwarmaya ce mara iyaka ba. Gane daidai da daidai da bolsheviks daidai, bai yarda da sha'awoyinsu don "nutsar da su ga duk duk juyin juya halin da abin yabo ba." A lokaci guda, ya gama kawo karshen masar da wani dan lokaci tare da hukumomin Soviet, suna yaƙi da fararen masu gadi da kuma mai amfani.
Nestor Makno ya zama kyakkyawan kyakkyawan da na antarbanists a duniya. Ya sami damar haifar da matsayinsa a cikin jihar, don shirya compunes a cikin biranen da ke kan shi, don kafa samarwa, ba a yin watsi da dukkan ka'idojin tashin hankali .
Sojojinsa mai nauyi ne kan taswirar siyasa na tsohon daular Rasha ta yi shekaru daular shekaru da yawa, amma kishin kasa bisa ga 'yan fashi na Armers ne kawai suka kama tsaurara, dama har zuwa kisan.
Ayyukan Batki Makhno a cikin Ukraine a lokacin yakin basasa na iya bayyana waɗannan waɗannan waɗannan abubuwan:
- A shekara ta 1918, ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Red Armas, ya yi yaƙi da sojoji a ƙarƙashin umarnin Petlyra;
- A shekara ta 1919, Kallon Batka ya sake zama tare da Bolsheviks kuma sun riga sun riga da sojojin Denikin;
- A ranar 29 ga Mayu, 1919, ya karya kwangila da Bolsheviks, wanda ya sanar da shan ruwa na "Makhnovshchina";
- A watan Yuli-Disamba 1919, wani partan ya yi yaƙi da sojojin Denikinia da aka tallafa, sannan kuma goyan bayan "ja", sun karɓi birnin Guyalipol, Nikoopol, Melitopol da Ekaterinoslav;
- A shekara ta 1920, Makhno ya sake shiga cikin rikici tare da bolshevikoki, amma ƙi da tangeled ta jirgin sama akan halittar Unionungiyar;
- A cikin Satumba 1920, an sake yin sulhu na batiki da "ja" da aka biyo baya, ci gaba - shiga cikin yakin neman yakin Crimean;
- Bayan nasara kan fararen mutane a Crimea, Makhno ta ƙi shiga da Rundunar Rundunar, wanda Bolshevobin ya lalata kusan sojojinsa;
- A karshen 1920, Batka ya tara wani sabon dubu biyar da kuma jagorantar yakin guerrilla a cikin Ukraine, amma sojojin ba su da juna biyu sun mamaye kan iyakokin da Romania.
Hijira da rayuwar sirri
Hukumomin Soviet na Romania bai ba shi ba, amma Makno tare da matarsa da abokan hamayyarsa, an sanya su a cikin sansanin taro. Daga can, Makonovtsy sun gudu zuwa Poland, to, a cikin Dzig da Faransa. A cikin Paris suka sami damar warkar da rayuwa cikin kwanciyar hankali. Masu ilimin Anarru na gida da sauran 'yan kasa masu ƙauna da suka halarci gaci na almara Athan, yana ba shi da dukkan taimakon.
Musamman sun shiga tare da Nestor Americist Berkman, wanda daga baya ya sami kudade don jana'izar juyin juya halin. Mutuwa Makino ta zama sakamakon rashin lafiyar hasken da ke da lafiyarsa tun daga Korga. Sanadin mutuwa shine char. Nestor Ivanovich ya mutu a Asibitin Paris a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 1934. Gra na M.hno yana cikin hurumi na kowane Lashiz.
Game da rayuwar Nestor Makno, almara waɗanda ke daidaitawa: Babu shakka, Amanban na dubun sojojin sun iya samun nishaɗi. Tare da ba zeɗoy ba, gwargwadon shaidar bayyanar litattafanmu (kodayake a cikin hoto yana kama da mutum mai haske), ƙarancin girma, adadi na matarsa. Suna ƙauna, suna tsoron tsoronsu, kamar sojojinsa, sun kai ga farin Batiki, sanyi, yin lissafi, da aka lissafta, mamaye.
Da matar farko, Nastya Vasetskaya, a kan wanne Nestor ya yi aure, fitowa daga kurkuku, auren bai yi aiki ba. Suna da ɗa, amma ba da daɗewa ba ya mutu, da ma'auratan sun fashe. Amma Matar ta biyu Makhno, Galina Kuzmenko ya rataya hannunsa tare da shi duka yaƙin, ƙaura da zango. Sun ce da kanta ta shiga cikin pogroms da kuma aiwatarwa, gano farin ciki na musamman a cikin irin rayuwa. A cikin Paris, sun mutu Ehena Elena, amma Galina, ba tare da shirya wani mummunan matsayi ba, ya ɗauki yarinyar ta bar mijinta.
A shekara ta 2009, an bude jerin gwanayen Makno a Gyanyapola, da yawa daga cikin fina-finai, bincike, bincike, bincike, bincike, bincike, bincike, bincike, bincike, bincike, bincike, bincike, bincike, bincike, bincike, bincike, bincike, bincike, bincike, bincike, bincike, bincike, bincike, bincike, marubucin littafin littafin tunawa. Na karshe kan allo na gida sun zo jerin "freeery Makkhhno na 'yanci" tare da Pavel dererevko a cikin jagorancin rawar.