Tari
Bitrus Ilyich Tchaikovsky an haife shi ne a ranar 7 ga Mayu, 1840 a ƙauyen Votkinsk, wanda ke kan yankin Udmurnia na zamani. Mahaifinsa ya zama Ilya Petrovich Tchaikovsky, injiniya, ya samo asali daga Cossack Choj, wanda aka sani a Ukraine. Mahaifiyar shahararren mawaki na gaba ya zama mai tsaro Andreevna Asali, wanda aka horar da shi a makarantar marayu mata jim kaɗan kafin mutuwar mahaifinsa. An horar da Alexandra Andrevna a wallafe, labarin ƙasa, ilmin lissafi, shekarun kalmomi da kuma ƙasashen waje.
A cikin misalai, dangi ya kasance saboda gaskiyar cewa Ilya Petrovich ya miƙa matsayin shugaban Kamsko-Votkinsky Karfe na Kamsko-Votkinsky Karfe na Kamsko-Votkinsky Karfe na Kamsko-Votkinsky Karfe na Kamsko-votkinsky Karfe na Kamsko-Votkinsky Karfe shuka, wanda a lokacin babban ciniki ne babba. A cikin votkinsk, tchaikovskky-SR. An karɓi wani babban gida tare da bawa har ma da rundunarsa, waɗanda suka ƙunshi kashi ɗari biyu. A cikin wannan gidan, ana yawan kallon manyan mutane, matasa daga injiniyan Ingilishi, Ingilishi da sauran mutane masu daraja.
A cikin danginsa, Bitrus ya juya ya zama yaro na biyu. Ya kuma sami ɗan uwana Nicholas, ƙaramin ɗan'uwan Hippolit da ƙaramin ɗan'uwan Iskandari. A cikin babban gidan tchaikovsky, ba kawai iyali sun rayu ba, har ma da dangi na Ilya petrovich. Don horar da yara daga St. Petersburg, da Governast-Fancaster Fanny Durbach ne ya haddasa, wanda daga baya ya zama memba na dangin Tchaikovsky.
Music ya kasance baƙon maraba a cikin gidan Bitrus Ilyich. Mahaifinsa ya san yadda ake yin rawar gani, mahaifiya - a kan piano da garaya, kuma ta kuma yi soyayya da fasaha. Ba a hana sarrafa ilimin kiɗa ba, amma ya wadatar da sha'awar kiɗa. A cikin gidan tchaikovsky akwai wani orchestrion (sashin inji) da kuma Piano. Saurayi matasa ya ɗauki darussan wasan a kan Piano a cikin sansanin soja Maryamu Fchikova, wanda ya mallaki kida da miya.
Wani kuma sha'awar matasa tchaikovsky, ban da nazarin kayan yau da kullun na wasan akan Piano, waƙoƙin ya zama. Bitrus tare da amfani da kayan aikin waƙoƙin Faransanci da yawa. Bugu da kari, ya yi kokarin koyon duk abin da zai yuwu, daga tarihin rayuwar Louis Xvii. Girmamawa game da wannan mutumin da ya ci gaba da rayuwarsa gaba daya.
A cikin 1848, Tchaikovsky ya koma Moscow, tunda Ilya Petrovich ya yi ritaya da niyyar nemo sabis na sirri. Kamar dai 'yan watanni kamar, dangi sun sake komawa, a wannan karon - zuwa St. Petersburg. A nan, an gano tsofaffi 'ya'ya a cikin fensho na shemelling.
A St. Petersburg, Peter Ilyich ya ci gaba da yin nazarin kiɗa, kuma ya kuma samu da sani da ballet, Opetera da Symphony Orchestra. A wannan wuri, saurayin ya aikata, saboda abin da ya biyo baya yana da kama lokaci-lokaci.
A cikin 1849, Nikolai Tchaikovsky, babban dan uwan Peter, an yanke shi ne ga Cibiyar ma'adinan ma'adinai, da sauran yaran tare da iyayensu, zuwa garin Alapevsk. A nan, shugaban iyali ya ɗauki post na shugaban ƙiren magada na Yakovlev. Wannan lokacin da Fanny Durbach ne, kuma wani Govertions Petrova ya yi hayar ya shirya wani saurayi Peter Ilyich don karbar karin ilimi.
A wannan shekarar, saurayin mawaƙin yana da yean brothersan uwan juna biyu: Gemini Modest da Anatoly.
Ilimi da Ayyukan Jiha
Kodayake matasa Tchaikovsky bai riga ya kara da karin sha'awar ba, ya yi farin ciki da shahararren wasan wasan kwaikwayon da kuma adawar zuwa kida gaba daya a matsayin danshi mai kyau ga dansa. Da farko, ya so ya aiko shi zuwa Cibiyar ma'adinan injiniyan injiniyan, amma babban ɗa na Nicholas, amma ya fifita makarantar sakandare, wanda aka fi son Makarantar Shari'a, wacce ke cikin St. Petersburg. Peter Ilyich ya shiga ciki a cikin 1850.
A cikin makarantar, da mawaƙa ta koya har zuwa 1859. Shekarun farko na karatu sun kasance don tchaikovsy kansu: yana da wuya mutum ya tsira da dangi wanda ba zai iya ziyartar shi ba. Kuma mai kula da abokin Fashion Vakara an rufe shi da gaskiyar cewa Tchaikovsky ta shekara goma ce da ba da daɗewa ba ta mutu da wuya ba zato ba tsammani.
A cikin 1852, lokacin da Iya Petrovich ya bar sabis, dukkan iyali ya koma St. Petersburg. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, Peter Ilyich yana sane da wasan opera na Rasha da kuma ballet, kuma kuma ya yi abokai tare da abokin aiki, wanda yake da babban tasiri akan ra'ayoyin sa.
A shekara ta 1854, mahaifiyar Tchaikovsky ta mutu bayan dogon gwagwarmaya da quallera. ILYYA PETrovich ya rarraba tsofaffi ga cibiyoyin ilimi na nau'in rufaffiyar, kuma tare da tagwaye huɗu na ɗan lokaci-ɗan'uwansa.
A cikin lokacin daga 1855 zuwa 1858, Peluich ya ɗauki darussan akan Piano a cikin sanannen Pianoist Rudolf Kündanger. Matashin nasa tchaikovsky ya dauki labarin mahaifinsa, amma a cikin bazara na 1858 darussan dole su daina kusan duk kudin sa, kuma babu wani abin da zai biya mawaƙa kasashen waje. An yi sa'a, ba da daɗewa ba aka bayar da tchainovsky-manzoen-babban labarin ya jagoranci shugabancin Cibiyar Fasaha kuma ya ba da babban gidan gwamnati inda ya koma ga yara.
Makaranta a makarantar doka, Peter Ilyich ya kammala a cikin 1859. Abin ban sha'awa, ya more mai juyayi sosai daga duka malamai da sauran ɗaliban makarantar. Ba kamar sauran kyawawan adadi na kirkirar labarai ba, wanda ya bambanta a cikin rashin jituwa, Peter Tchaikovsky ya ji da daɗewa ba kuma ya dace da kowane kamfani daidai.
Bayan kammala binciken, saurayin ya sami aiki a cikin ma'aikatar shari'a. A nan ya shiga, mafi yawan lokuta, gudanar da al'amuran masu rauni iri-iri. A lokacin kyauta, ya ci gaba da zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayon Opera da shiga cikin kiɗa. A cikin 1861, Peter Ilyich ya ziyarci iyakar, ziyarar Hamburg, Berlin, Antwerp, Brussels, Brussels, Ostend har ma da London. A wannan lokacin, ya yi daidai da Italiyanci da Faransanci, sabili da haka ya iya zuwa injin injin Pisareva V.V. (Bikin mahaifinsa) a matsayin mai fassara.
Halitta
Duk yadda abin mamaki, har ma a shekara ta 21, Peter Ilyich, wanda ya koyar, kuma wanda ya ɗauki aikin gwamnati, ba ma tunani game da siyar jama'a ba. Shi, kamar sau ɗaya iyaye, ba su tsinkaye da muhimmanci ba. Amma, sa'a, mahaifin mai mawaki Ilya Petrovich har yanzu sun ji cewa ɗansa an ƙaddara shi ya zama babban mawaƙa.
TChaikovsky-SR. Har ma ya tafi Rudolf Kündanger don gano ra'ayin sa a cikin ilimin ta. Paanist na Jamusanci da aka tabbatar da cewa babu wani damar kiɗa na musamman tare da ƙaramin tchaikovsgy-ƙaramin, da kuma shekara 21 - ba shekarun don fara aikin kirki ba. Kuma Bitrus Ilyic da kansa ya ba da shawarar uba don haɗuwa tare da karɓar ilimin kiɗa da farko a matsayin abin ba'a.
Amma lokacin da ya san cewa an buɗe sabon Conservatory a St. Petersburg, wanda zai jagoranci sanannen sanannen antton rubinclstin, duk an canza shi da aka canza. TChaikovsky ya yanke hukunci ne ta hanyar kulawa ta St. Petersburg, wanda ya yi, ya zama daya daga cikin daliban farko na wannan cibiyar cibiyoyin a cikin aji na abun da ke ciki. Kuma ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya jefa hani heligivrusence, yanke hukunci, duk da matsaloli tare da kudi, don sadaukar da kai ga kiɗa.
A matsayina na difloman nasa, Peter Ilyich ya rubuta Cantatoo "don farin ciki." An halicce shi ga fassarar da ke magana da harshen Rashanci Friedrich Schiller tare da taken guda ɗaya. Mawaƙa ta St. Petersburg Cantata ta yi mummunan ra'ayi. Cewa mai sawa Caesar Kui ya nuna sosai m, yana cewa yana da rauni sosai kamar yadda TchaikovSky ne, da kuma zargin shi ga Consvatism. Kuma wannan duk da gaskiyar cewa ga waƙar Peter Ilyich shi ne 'yanci, kuma gumaka a Borodin, Missorgsks, Balaksksy da ba su yarda da hukumomi da ka'idodi ba.
Amma irin wannan amsawar ba ta dame matasa mawaki ba kwata-kwata. Bayan ya karɓi lambar yabo ta azurfa game da nasarar Conservatory ta St. Petersburg, wanda ya kasance mai bayar da kyautar, yana da babban himma, yana da babban himma da Atart a wurin aiki. A cikin 1866, mambobi sun motsa zuwa Moscow a gayyatar ɗan'uwansa mai jagoranci. Nikolay Rubinstein ya ba shi aikin Farfesa a Conservatory Conservatory.
Kulawa yana ci gaba
A cikin Conservatory, Tchaikovsky ya nuna kansa a matsayin babban malami. Bugu da kari, ya nemi yawa kokarin don tsari mai cancanta na tsarin ilimi. Tun da sanannun litattafan daliban da suka cancanci a waccan lokacin sun kasance kadan, mai mawada da aka yi a cikin fassarar littattafan kasashen waje har ma da kirkirar kayan masarufi.
Koyaya, a cikin 1878 Bitrus Ilyich, gaji da watse tsakanin koyarwa da nasa kirkirar nasa, ya bar matsayinsa. Sergey ne ya ɗauki matsayinsa ta Sergey Taneyev, wanda ya fi sanin dalibin Tchaikovsky. Yi ƙarewa tare da ƙarshen Tchagovsky ya taimaka wa masu arziki patronage fata von mecc. Ana kiyaye shi da bazawara, ta tsare mawuyawan kuma ta fara taimaka masa a cikin adadin 6000.
Bayan ya koma Moscow ne cewa ainihin tashin kirkirar Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky ya fara zuwa Moscow kuma an sami babban ƙaruwa a cikin sa a matsayin m. A wannan lokacin, ya sadu da rubuce-rubuce waɗanda ke shiga cikin Combile Creative "Maɗaukaki". Dangane da shawarar Meria Balakirev, shugaban na Commonwealth, da Tchaikovsky a 1869 ya kirkiro wani abu na Shakespeare "Romeo da Juliet".
A shekarar 1873, Peter Ilyich ya rubuta wani sanannen aikin da ya shahararsa - hadari ", ra'ayin da ya zargi Vladimir ya ba da shawarar a wancan zamani. A kusan lokaci guda, Tchaikovsky ya fara tafiya, samun wahayi zuwa ƙasashen waje da kuma amfani da hotunan da aka kama a ƙwaƙwalwar su don kafa tushen mahalarta na gaba.
A cikin 1870s, mai m ya rubuta irin wannan ayyuka a matsayin Swan Lake ", wasan kwaikwayo na biyu, da fantasy" Eugene ", Opera" Eugene Dandalin ", Matsakaicin Piano "shekaru" da sauran mutane da yawa. A cikin 1880-1890s, Peter Tchaikovsky har sau da yawa fiye da da, ya ci gaba da ci gaba, kuma a cikin manyan cookert tafiye-tafiye.
A yayin irin wannan tafiye-tafiye, mawaƙa ta hadu da abokai da yawa daga Yammacin Turai: Gustav Maller, Edwar Nikibiya, Edwar Nagelik da sauransu. An taka mawaki da kansa a matsayin shugaba yayin kide kide kide. A farkon shekarun 1890, Tchaikovsky har ma sun yi nasarar ziyartar Amurka. An sami nasara mai ban mamaki a lokacin kide kide, inda Peter Ilyich ya gudanar da aikinsa. Rubutun a lokacin balaga mai kirkira, ba su da wata shakka a cikin baiwa mawuyacin.
Shekaru na ƙarshe, kafin rasuwarsa, Tchaikovsky ya riƙe a kusancin Birnin Bone kusa da Moscow kusa da Moscow. A wannan wuri, ya yarda ya buɗe makaranta, yana jin daɗin ingancin rayuwar masu gaftan gida, kuma ya ba da kuɗi don abin da ke cikin abin da ke ciki. A cikin 1885, ya taimaka wa wedges don ya yi yaƙi da wuta, saboda da yawa gidajen gidaje suka ƙone a cikin birni.
A wannan lokacin rayuwarsa, mai motsi ya rubuta wani ballet "Outcracker", "Opera" Peak Lady "," Opera "Peakiya. A lokaci guda, an tabbatar da amincewa da baiwa ta Peter Ilyich: a shekarar 1892 an zabe shi memba mai dacewa a Paris, kuma a shekarar 1893 - ya girmama Dr. Jami'ar a Cambridge.
TChaikovsky ya mutu a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 1893 daga Cotera. Ya fi kararraki ne a cikin Kaftin Kezhedral, ya kuma binne shi a cikin necropolis na Masters.
Rayuwar sirri
Yawancin hotuna sun kasance, inda aka kama Peter Tchaikovsky an ƙwace a cikin Bugu da ƙari, tare da abokan sa. Gabatarwa da mawaki a rayuwarsa ya zama batun Obiden: wasu sun zargi da waƙar da ya kasance luwadi. An yi zaton mutanensa (maza wadanda ya dandana Platonic Haɗin Platonic Hukumar da aka makala) shine dan kasar Jeise) har ma da Alexey da Mikhail Saftonov.
Zai yi wuya a yanke hukunci ko akwai ƙarin tabbacin cewa mawaki ƙauna maza. Dangantaka ta da aka ambata tare da abubuwan da aka ambata a sama suna iya zama abokai kawai. Kasancewa kamar yadda Mayu, mata a cikin makomar tchaikovsky ma, kodayake akwai masu binciken sun yi ƙoƙarin ɓoye cewa ya ɗan luwadi.
Don haka, Faransan Faransa Faransa Aro sha'awar ya zama matar ba na kwana na Peter Ilyich, wacce ta zabi Speaadden Marian Padilla. Kuma a cikin 1877, matar sa ta zama Antonina Milyukova, wacce ta fi karamar matatar da aka sanya ta shekaru takwas. Duk da haka, wannan aure ya dauki 'yan makonni kadan, kodayake hukuma ta antonina da Bitrus bai kashe su ba.
Yana da mahimmanci a tuna da haɗin kansa da begen bango Makka, wanda ya yi su baiwa baiwa mai rakiyar kuma tsawon shekaru da yawa ana goyan baya.