Tari
Babban Makarantar Ingila ta Renaissance, Mawakan kasa, wanda ya karbi fitowar duniya, William Shavespeare ya bayyana a garin Stratford, wanda yake arewacin London. A cikin tarihi, bayani kawai game da baptismar sa ya kiyaye su a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1564.
Iyayen yaron sun kasance John Shakespeare da Maryamu Arden. Suna cikin 'yan ƙasa masu arziki. Mahaifin yaron ban da aikin gona ya shiga cikin aikin hannu, kazalika da ƙananan riba. Aka zaɓi shi sau da yawa ga taron birnin birnin, ya zama majiyaukin.
A cewar wasu rahotanni, Yahaya sun kasance a addinin Katolika, wanda a karshen rayuwarsa aka tsananta masa, ya tilasta masa ya sayar da duk ƙasashenta. A yayin rayuwarsa, ya biya Ikilisiyar cocin Furotesta don ba da sabis ɗin. Mahaifiyar William ta bugawa, ta kasance ce ta da tsohuwar sunan mahaifi da ake girmamawa. Maryamu ta haifi yara 8, na ukun Beilliam ne.
A Stratford, Little William Shakespeare ya sami kyakkyawan ilimi a lokacin. Tunda yaro, ya shiga makarantar nahawu, inda Latin ke yi nazarin da tsohuwar Helenanci. Ga zurfafa ci gaban tsoffin harsuna, ɗalibai sun shiga cikin samar da makarantar a cikin Latin.
Dangane da wasu bayanai, ban da wannan cibiyar ilimi, William Shakespeare ya halarci makarantar sarauta, wanda kuma ya kasance a cikin asalin garinsa. A nan ya sami damar sanin kansa da tsohuwar mawaƙa ta Rome.
Rayuwar sirri
A 18, matasa yana da labari tare da ɗan shekara 26 na 'yar maƙwabcin Ann hataway, wanda zai yi aure. Dalilin auren gaggawa ya kasance cikin ciki. A wancan zamani, da kebul a Ingila an dauki Dalilin, auren sau da yawa ya wuce bayan ɗaukar ruhanin ɗan fari. Kawai yanayin irin waɗannan haɗin gwiwar wani bikin aure ne na wajibi kafin haihuwar yaro. A lokacin da cikin 1583, ma'aurata aka haifi 'yar Susan, William ya yi farin ciki. Duk rayuwarsa, ya kasance musamman a gare ta, ko da bayan haihuwar twines ɗan Hemnta da 'yar Baba ta biyu.
Babu sauran yara a cikin dangin mawaƙi, wataƙila saboda haihuwa ta biyu da haihuwa na matarsa Ann. A cikin 1596, Che Shauna za su tsira daga bala'i na sirri: a lokacin cutarwar, magajinsu kawai zai mutu. Bayan motsawar William a London, danginsa ya kasance cikin ɗan ƙasar haihuwarsa. A zahiri, amma a kai a kai william ya ziyarci danginsa.
Game da rayuwar kansa a Landan na masana tarihi suna gina yawancin ruddai. Zai yuwu cewa wasan kwaikwayo ya ci gaba shi kaɗai. Wasu masu binciken tarihin rayuwar mawaƙa sanannu a gare shi, ciki har da tare da benaye na maza. Amma wannan bayanin yana ba da kariya.
Ba a sani ba shekaru bakwai
William Shakespeare yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan marubuta, game da abin da aka tattara bayanan a zahiri a cikin hatsi a cikin hatsi. Akwai 'yan kalilan ne da aka tabbatar da kai tsaye na rayuwarsa. Ainihin, duk bayani game da William Shakespeare an cire shi daga kafofin sakandare, kamar maganganun zamani ko bayanan gudanarwa. Saboda haka, kimanin shekara bakwai bayan haihuwarsa da zuwa farkon ambaton aikinsa a London, masu bincike suna gina rudani.
Shakespeare an danganta shi ne ga sabis tare da maigidan mai aiki a matsayin malami, kuma aiki a wasan kwaikwayon London ta hanyar sufne, wani aiki mai aiki da kuma ko da mai shayarwa. Amma da gaske abin dogara ne game da wannan lokacin rayuwa babu wani mawaki.
Lokacin London
A cikin 1592, 'Yan jaridar ta bayyana a cikin latsa Turanci na Turanci Robert kore game da aikin matasa William. Wannan shi ne farkon ambaton Shakespeare a matsayin marubucin. Atherocrat a ƙasida ya yi ƙoƙarin yin ba'a da yaran wasan, yayin da ya ga wani mai gasa mai ƙarfi a gare shi, amma wanda, ba a rarrabe ta da ilimi mai kyau da ilimi. A lokaci guda, an ambaci game da farkon samarwa na wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayon "Heinrich VI" a wasan kwaikwayo na London Rosa.
An rubuta wannan aikin a cikin ruhun mashahurin Ingilishi na Tarihi. An rarraba wannan ra'ayoyin a cikin Renaissance Era a cikin Ingila, ya sa yanayin almara na ruwayar, al'amuran da shimfiɗawa ba su da alaƙa da juna. Tarihi an kira su ne don kawo wa Matakin Ingila a cikin kamuwa da kariyar mai taurin kai da yaƙe-yaƙe na Internecine.
An san cewa William daga 1594 ya shiga manyan al'ummar "bayin Yahweh majalisa" kuma ya zama mai hadin gwiwa. Abubuwan da ke samar da samar da nasara, da kuma Troupe a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci yana da arziki sosai, wanda ya ba da izinin gina sanannen gidan wasan kwaikwayon Globus a cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa. Kuma da 1608, Maatattu, suka samo kansu kuma da rufe wuraren zama, waɗanda ake kira "blackfree".
A cikin hanyoyin da yawa, ana samun nasarar nasarar da sarakunan Ingila: Elizabeth I da Heir Yakov I, wanda ke da kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo da aka samu izinin canjin matsayi. Daga 1603, ana kiransa Troupe "bawan sarki". Shakespeare ba kawai ya shiga wasa ba, ya kuma dauki wani bangare a cikin samar da ayyukansa. Musamman, ana kiyaye bayani wanda William ya taka rawar da ya taka a dukkan wasanninsa.
Jiha
Dangane da wasu shaida, musamman, game da siyan Garkashin Gine William Shakespeare, ya samu isasshen nasara kuma ya sami nasara a harkokin kuɗi. An danganta wasika ta hanyar yin riba.
Godiya ga tanadi a cikin 1597, William ya iya samun damar siyan furci mai sarari a Stratford. Bugu da kari, Shamspeare bayan da aka binne mutuwa nan da nan a bagaden Ikklisiyar Trinity Mai Tsarki na asalin garin. An ba shi irin wannan darajar ba ta hanyar binne ta musamman ba, har wa ya biya kuɗin don binne jana'izarsa saboda jana'izar ..
Lokaci na kirkira
Babban playwright ya haifar da wani baitulmali mara lalacewa wanda yake ciyar da al'adun duniya fiye da ƙarni sama da biyar a jere. Shirye-shiryen wasan sa sun zama wahayi ba kawai ga masu fasahar masu ban dariya ba, har ma ga masu kunnawa da yawa, har ma da kundin adireshi. Ga dukkan rayuwar kirki, Shakespeare ya akai-akai canza yanayin rubuta ayyukansa.
A wurare na farko a cikin tsarinsu ana kwafe manyan abubuwan da ke sanannun nau'ikan da mãkirci, kamar Tarihi ("Taken Shrewnance"), "tit Andronicon"). Waɗannan suna aiki tare da babban gwarzo da na dabi'a don tsinkaye ta hanyar siye. A kan siffofin gargajiya na matasa shakepeare sun fahimci wasan kwaikwayon Aza.
Rabin na biyu na 90s na karni na XVI ya nuna alama ta hanyar bayyanar da ban mamaki dangane da tsari da abun ciki na maganganun gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Mawaki yana neman sabon tsari ba tare da tashi daga tsarin da aka ƙayyade ba mai ban sha'awa da bala'i. Yana cika tsohon siffofin tare da sabon abun ciki. Don haka bala'i na "romeo da juliet" ya bayyana a kan haske, barci mai ban dariya a cikin dare "," Mulkin na zamani ". Sankar ayar a cikin sabon rubuce-rubucen Shakespeare an haɗa shi da wani sabon shiri da abin da ba a sani ba, wanda ke sa waɗannan ke nuna fifikon jama'a.
A lokaci guda, Shakespeare yana haifar da zagayowar seannet ya haifar da zagaye na sonnet, sanannen a lokacin nau'in mawallafin ƙauna. Kusan ƙarni biyu, an manta da waɗannan maganganu na uban, amma fitowar ƙauna, sun sake samun ɗaukaka. A karni na XIX, salo ya bayyana akan ambaton layin da aka rubuta akan sakamakon Renaissance Hausa Genius.
Shin wauta ne na ƙauna ga saurayi da ba a san shi ba, kuma 'ya'yan ashirin da ba su da kyau kawai ga uwargidan da ba ta da fata. Yawancin masu bincike sun gani a cikin wannan fasalin fasalin, abubuwan da ba a saba dasu ba na wasan kwaikwayo na Playwright. Amma wasu masana tarihi suna son yin tunanin cewa a cikin waɗannan sonan, William Shaveseare ga majibinta da kuma ga abokinsa Southampton a cikin tsari na jama'a ake amfani da shi.
A ƙarshen ƙarni a cikin ayyukan William Shakespare, ayyuka wanda ya sa sunansa da mutuwa a tarihin adabin duniya da wasan kwaikwayo suna bayyana. A zahiri an gudanar da shi, nasara masana'antu da ke haifar da haifar da yawancin abubuwan da suka kawo shi ba su a Ingila kawai. Waɗannan su ne wasan kwaikwayon "Hamlet", "sarki makaranta", "Othello". Waɗannan ayyuka sun ɗaga hankalin shahararrun gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Globus zuwa ga iyakar ɗayan cibiyoyin nishaɗi a London. A lokaci guda, yanayin masu mallakarta, gami da girgiza kai, ya sauƙaƙe ƙara yawan ɗan gajeren lokaci.
A faɗuwar rana na aikinsa, Shakespeare ya kunle da dama na rashin mutuwa wanda ya yi mamakin zamani da ke da sabon salo. A cikinsu, bala'i an hada shi da ban dariya, kuma an saka makwabta masu ban sha'awa a cikin bayanin zane daga rayuwar yau da kullun. Da farko dai, wadannan sune fantasy suna wasa "hadari", "in ji nairan wasan kwaikwayon hunturu," coriolian "," Anthony da Cleopatra ". A cikin waɗannan ayyukan, Shakespeare ya yi aiki a matsayin babban connoisseur na dokokin wasan kwaikwayo, wanda yake sauƙaƙe kuma fasali da fasali na fasali da kuma magana ta faɗakarwa da kuma magana ta faɗi.
Na dabam, da yawa daga cikin ayyukan ban mamaki na Shakespeare an buga shi a rayuwarsa. Amma cikakken tarin ayyuka, wanda kusan dukkanin wasan canonical wasa na PlayWight ya bayyana, ya bayyana ne kawai a cikin 1623. An buga tarin a kan shirin Abokan Shakespeare William john Heming da Henry Kondee, wanda ya yi aiki a cikin Troup na Wompe. Littattafai ne, wanda ya ƙunshi na 36 yana wasa na marubucin Turanci, ya ga hasken da ake kira "Fario Farko".
A cikin karni na XVII, an buga ƙarin folio guda uku, waɗanda suka fito tare da wasu canje-canje da ƙari da ke da wasan da ba dole ba.
Mutuwa
Tun da shekarun da suka gabata na rayuwar ku, William Shakespare ya ji ciwo mai rauni, wasu daga wasan na karshe ya kirkiro tare da wani wasan kwallon kafa na dan wasa, wanda sunan ya kasance John Fletetcher.
Bayan 1613, Shakespeare a ƙarshe ya bar London, amma bai daina ba. Har yanzu yana da lokaci don shiga cikin shari'ar abokin nasa a matsayin shaida na kariya, kuma ya kuma saci wani wani mutum na farko a cikin tsohon Ikklisiya na Blackfrian. Na wani lokaci, William Shakespeare yana zaune a kashin mallakin Dokar Son-surahi John zauren.
Shekaru uku kafin mutuwar William Shaspeare ya rubuta so, wanda kusan dukkanin kayan keho wajan 'yarsa mafi girma. Marubutan Ingilishi sun mutu a ƙarshen Afrilu 1616 a gidansa. Matarsa da ta ce da ta tsira da mijinta tsawon shekaru 7.
A cikin dangin babbar 'Yara Susan, a wannan lokacin jikan mutanen Geniya Elizabeth an riga aka haife shi, amma ta mutu ba da haihuwa. A cikin dangin yarinya, girgiza Judith, wanda ya yi aure watanni biyu, amma dukansu sun mutu a ƙuruciyarsa. Saboda haka, madaidaiciya zuriya daga Shakespeare sun bar hagu.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa
- Babu wanda ya san ainihin ranar bayyanar William Shakespeare. A cikin masana tarihi, akwai littafin ikkilisiya game da baftismar jaririn, wanda aka samu ne a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 1564. Masu bincike sun nuna cewa an yi wani taron a ranar uku bayan haihuwa. Dangane da haka, hanya mai ban mamaki a ranar haihuwar da mutuwar playwright ta faɗi akan lambar ɗaya - 23 ga Afrilu.
- Babban mawaki yana da ƙwaƙwalwar mamaki, iliminsa zai iya kwatanta shi da Encyclopedic. Baya ga mallakar tsoffin harsuna biyu, ya kuma san yarukan na zamani na Faransa, Italiya da Spain, duk da cewa shi ba ya taɓa barin iyakar jihar Turanci ba. Shakespeare ya wargaza duka batutuwan tarihi da kuma yanayin yanayin siyasa na yanzu. Saninsa ya shafi kiɗan kiɗa da zane, ya yi karatun gaba ɗaya duk ƙwayoyin botany.
- Yawancin masana tarihi suna yin tunani game da madadin mawuyaci na mawaka, suna nufin gaskiyar wani rukunin waka daga cikin dangin, wanda ya saba da miya a cikin tufafin mata kuma amfani da babban adadin fenti a fuskarta. Amma babu shaida kai tsaye ga wannan.
- Addinin Shawarwar Furotesta na Furotesta na Furotesta na Furotesta kuma ya kasance a hankali. Akwai ingantacciyar hujja game da na mahaifinsa ga yaren Katolika. Amma a lokacin mulkin Elizabeth na bude wa Katolika, yawancin mabiyar wannan reshe kawai an rufe su da masu gyara da ziyartar Ra'ayin Katolika a asirce.
- Marchungiyar marubuci kawai wanda ya zo wurin wannan rana ita ce sanarwa. A ciki, ya lissafa duk kayansa ga mafi ƙarancin daki-daki, amma ba ku ambaci game da tarihinsa ya rubuta.
- Domin rai, mai yiwuwa, Shakespeare ya canza kimanin sana'a 10. Ya kasance mai tsaro a cikin barcin gidan wasan kwaikwayo, dan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya kafa kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da Daraktan Ayyuka. A cikin layi daya tare da ayyukan, ayyukan William Lamunin labarai, kuma a karshen rayuwarsa ya kasance yana jan jini da mika kan gidaje.
- Masana tarihi na zamani suna tallafawa marubucin da ba a san shi ba, wanda ya yi Shakespeare tare da fuskarsa. Hatta encyclopedia na Burtaniya baya ƙin sigar da ta girgiza da ke ƙarƙashin wasan da ke ƙarƙashin magana, ƙidaya Edwary De Ver. Fiye da yawa na cin zarafin zai iya zama Ubangijin kere shi Francis naman alade, Sarauniya Elizabeth na kuma duka gungun mutane na aristocratic.
- 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo na Shakespeare suna da babban tasiri kan cigaban Turanci, kafa tushen kalan'amaki na zamani tare da sabbin jumlolin da aka yi amfani da su. Shakespeare ya bar gado zuwa ga masu hada-hadar da abubuwa sama da 1,700.
Sanannen zango Shakespeare
Shahararrun jumloli na gargajiya sau da yawa sun ƙunshi tunanin falsafa waɗanda aka nuna sosai daidai da kuma rakaitse. Babban adadin abubuwan lura da aka sadaukar da su ga yanayin soyayya. Ga wasu daga cikinsu:
"Zunuban wasu sun yi hukunci da ku sosai - suna fara da namu kuma ba su isa ga wasu ba." Suna? Rosa ƙanshin fure, har ya tashi ya kirace ta, ko da yake babu ";" Loveauna tana gudana daga waɗanda suke bin su, amma waɗanda suke gudu, jefa a wuya. "