Tari
Fyodor Mikhaivovich Dostovsky ya bayyana a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1821 a Moscow. Mahaifinsa Mikhail Andreevich ya faru ne daga irin na Gentoevsky mayafin makamai rad. Ya sami ilimin likita da aiki a cikin dan wasan Borodino na Borodin, Asibitin Sojojin Moscow, da kuma a asibiti Mariskaya a kan matalauta. Mahaifiyar sanannen marubucin, Nechaeva Maria Fedorovna, 'yar ƙungiyar Moscow ce.Iyayen Fedor ba su da wadatar mutane, amma sun yi aiki tukuru don samar da dangi kuma suna baiwa yara ilimi mai kyau. Bayan haka, an fahimci dostoevsky sosai da cewa ya kasance mai godiya ga Uba da mahaifiya don kyakkyawan ilimi da ilimi, wanda ya cancanci hakan yayi wuya.
Yaron ya koyi karanta mahaifiyar, ta yi amfani da littafin "104 masu tsarki labaru na Tsohon Alkawari da Sabon Alkawari." A bangare, sabili da haka, a cikin sanannen littafin Dostoevsky "'yan uwan na Karamazov", Halin Zosima a ɗaya daga cikin maganganun da ya ce a cikin ƙuruciyar da ya koya don karanta wannan littafin.
Kwarewar karatu 'yan wasan Fedor na Fedor na Ayuba Ayuba Ayuba, wanda marubucin yayi amfani da shi a kan wannan littafin lokacin ƙirƙirar sanannen littafin "saurayi". Uba kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ilimin Sonan, yana koyar da Latin.
A cikin duka, yara bakwai an haife su a cikin dangin dostoevsky iyali. Saboda haka, Fedor shi ne babban ɗan'uwan Mikhail, wanda ya kasance kusa da shi musamman 'yar'uwar Varavara. Bugu da kari, yana da ƙaramin brothersan'uwana da Nikolai, da kuma 'yan matan Vera da Alexander.
A cikin matasa, Mikhail da Fedor ya koyar N.I. Darrus, malamin Alexandrovsky da Catherine Makaranta. Tare da taimakonta, mafi girma 'ya'yan Dostoevskyky nazarin Faransanci, da kuma' ya'yan malamin, A.n. Dramusov da V.N. Drashus, ya koyar da yara maza a cikin ilimin lissafi da wallafe-wallafe, bi da bi. A cikin lokacin daga 1834 zuwa 1837, Fedor da Mikhail ci gaba da karatun su a cikin guraben gurbi L.i. CRAM, wanda ya kasance cibiyar ilimi sosai.
A cikin 1837, mummunan ya faru: Maria Fedorovna dostoevskaya ya mutu daga Chakhoto. Fyodor a lokacin mutuwar mahaifiyar ta kasance dan shekara 16 kawai. Sauran ba tare da matar aure ba, dostoevsky-SR. An yanke shawarar aika Fedor da Mikhail zuwa St. Petersburg, ga fansho K.F. Kosomarova. Mahaifin yana so yaran da za su shigar da makarantar babban makarantar injiniya. Abin ban sha'awa, duka sun girmi 'ya'yan Dostoevsky a wancan lokacin sun fi son adabi kuma suna son sadaukar da rayuwarsu da kyau, amma Uba bai yarda da sha'awar su ba.
Matsar da nufin Uban yara maza ba su da laifi. Fedor Mikhaihovich ta yi nasarar horar da horo a cikin gidan baƙo, ya shiga makarantar kuma ya kammala karatunsa na kyauta. Shakespeare, Hoffman, Goethe, Schiller, Ranin, Mallaka, Burskin - Ma'asar dukkanin sanannen marubutan da ya hadiye kimiyya na Aza.
A cikin 1838, dostovsky, tare da abokai, har ma ya shirya nasu da'irar rubutu a babban makarantar injiniya, ban da Fedor Mikhailovich, Berezhenksky, aka shiga. Tuni marubucin ya fara ƙirƙirar ayyukansa na farko, amma har yanzu bai ragu zuwa ƙarshe tsaya kan hanyar marubucin ba. Bayan kammala horo a cikin 1843, ya sami post of Injiniyan-Sahabi a St. Petersburg Injiniya Injiniya, amma ya hau kan hidimar. A shekara ta 1844, ya yanke shawarar yin saitocin da ke na musamman kuma yana murabus.
Rayuwar sirri
Mace ta farko da Dostoevsky ta zama Maria Estaev, tare da wanda ya sadu da jimawa bayan ya dawo daga dagewa. Gabaɗaya, Fedor da Aikin Maryor sun fara shekaru bakwai, kafin ran mutuwar matar marubucin mai dorewa a cikin 1864.
A lokacin daya daga cikin tafiye-tafiye na farko a ƙasashen waje a farkon shekarun 1860s na Dostoevsky, mai fitowar Afolinaria ta sayi. Daga gare ta ce da aka rubuta a cikin "dan wasan Polina", naviya Filippovna a cikin idi da sauran haruffa mata.
Kodayake a cikin Hauwa'u shekaru na hudu a bayan marubucin, akwai a kalla dangantakar abokantaka da Isa da kuma ta sayi, a wancan lokacin mahaifansa ba su gabatar masa da wannan farin ciki ba. Wannan hakkin mace mace ta marubuci - Anna Dnikkin. Ta zama Mata ne kawai mai aminci, amma ma mataimaki ne ga marubucin marubutan Dostoevsky, da za a magance dukkan batutuwan kudade, wanda aka shirya tunaninsa na ƙwararrun miji don littafin. 'Yan uwan Karamazozomazozozomazozozomazozozozomazozozomazazomazazomazazomazazomazaza
Anna Grigorievna haifi mata na yara hudu: 'ya'ya mata Sophia da soyayya, da' ya'ya maza na Fyodor da Alexey. Alas, Sophia, wanda ya zama dole ya zama ɗan farkon masu aure, ya mutu 'yan watanni bayan haihuwa. Daga cikin dukkan yaran Fyaodor Mikhailovich, daya kawai Fedor ya zama magajin marubucin marubucin.
Fara wani kirkirar kirkira
Ko da yake dangi ba su yarda da shawarar samarin 'yan wasan ba, ya fara fara gabatar da abubuwa a baya da kuma inganta ra'ayoyin sababbi. 1844 aka yiwa alama don wani novice marubuci tare da sakin littafin sa na farko - "talakawa." Nasarar aikin ya wuce duk tsammanin marubucin. Masu sukar da marubuta suna yaba wa Romeovsky, tashe a cikin littafin batutuwan sun sami amsa a cikin zuciyar daga masu karatu da yawa. Foyor Mikhaihaivich ya dauki abin da ake kira "da'irar Belinsk", ya fara kiran "sabon Gogol".Nasara ta dadewa. A kusan shekara guda bayan haka, Dostovsky ya gabatar ga jama'a littafin "sau biyu", amma ya juya ya zama ba shi da matsala ga mafi kyawun ƙwararrun baiwa na matasa na matasa na matasa. Ja farin cikin kuma yabo ne ya zargi marubucin, rashin gamsuwa, rashin jin daɗi da sarcasm. Bayan haka, marubutan sun kiyasta bibiyar wannan aikin, ba a ƙi da shi a kan littattafan waɗancan shekarun, amma a lokacin sakin littafin da bai ji kusan ba.
Ba da daɗewa ba Dostoevsky ya yi jayayya da turgenev kuma an kora daga "Belinsky da'ira", kuma ya yi jayayya da N.A. Nekrasov, edita na "gidan". Koyaya, buga ayyukansa nan da nan ya yarda da buga "bayanan jama'a" da Andrei Kraevsky.
Koyaya, shahararrun shahararrun da ke Fedor Mikhailovich ya kawo shi farkon Dating a cikin da'irar St. Petersburg. Da yawa daga cikin sabon abubuwan da suka san sa a sashi ya zama jigon wasu haruffa daban-daban na marubucin.
Kama da Katorga
Mai Girmama ga marubucin ya zama sananne tare da M.V. Petrashhevsky a 1846. Ganewa ya gamsu da abin da ake kira da abin da ake kira "Juma'a", lokacin da yanayin Serfom, ya sami cigaba a cikin tsarin ci gaba da sauran batutuwan wannan shirin.
A yayin tarurruka, ko ta yaya ya haɗu da Petalhevs, Dostoevsy ya sadu da mai jinsi da sauri. A cikin 1848, a cikin 1848 sun shirya wani sirri na sirri daga mutane 8 (ciki har da fedor mikhailovich), wanda ke kallon juyin mulkin a kasar kuma domin ƙirƙirar tsarin al'ada. A tarurrukan jama'a, dostovsky ya akai-akai karanta "harafin Belinsky gog", wanda a haramta.
A cikin wannan 1848, Roman Fyodor Mikhailovich "white dare", amma, wauta, ba zai iya more ɗaukaka da ya cancanta ba. Manyanta iri ɗaya tare da matasa masu son su a kan marubucin, kuma a Afrilu 23, 1849 wasu sun kama shi, kamar sauran petalhevtsev. Dostoevsyky ya hana laifinsa, amma harafin "" na Belinsonk ne, a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1849 ya yanke masa hukunci ga marubucin. Kafin hakan, ya yi rashin ƙarshe a cikin sansanin soja na soja na watanni takwas.
An cika sa'a saboda wallafe-wallafen Rashanci, jumla mai ɓarna ga Fedor Mikhaihovic ba ya cika. A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, Jagoran masu sauraro sun ɗauke shi ba daidai ba ya dace da laifin dostoevsky ba, don haka cautar da ta mutu ta maye gurbinsa. Kuma a ƙarshen watan, sarki Nicholas na yiwa azaba da aka yi wa marubucin: marubucin an kira marubucin a Siberia tsawon shekaru hudu maimakon takwas. A lokaci guda, an hana shi daga daraja matsayi da kuma a karshen wani dandamali, a cikin talakawa sojoji.
Duk da dukkanin task.manniyoyi da kuma hana, wanda ya ba da shawarar irin wannan jumla, wanda ya shiga soja yana nufin cikakken dawowar bishiyarsa. Shine lamari na farko da ke cikin Rasha, tunda yawanci waɗannan mutanen da suka yanke wa hakkin al'ummai, ko da ƙarshen rayuwar ya rasa shekaru da yawa ɗaurin kurkuku kuma ya dawo cikin rayuwa ta kyauta. Emperor Nicholas Na yi nadama da samari kuma baya son lalata baiwa ta.
Shekarun da Fedor Mikhaihovich ta kashe akan Katorga, ya zama mai ban sha'awa a kansa. Marubucin ya ƙuduri wahalar da wahala mara kyau da kaɗaita. Bugu da kari, yana da lokaci mai yawa don kafa sadarwa na al'ada tare da wasu fursunoni: Wadanda na dogon lokaci ba su dauke shi ba saboda taken mai daraja.
A cikin 1856, sabon sarki Alexander II ya ba da gafara ga duk PetTheshevs, kuma a cikin 1857 An yafe ne, wato, ya dawo da cikakken afuwa kuma an sake dawo da shi a matsayin internationungiyar ayyukansa. Kuma idan, a cikin ƙuruciyarsa Fedor Mikhaihovich, wanda ba a tantance shi ba, yana ƙoƙarin nemo gaskiyar ka'idodi, to, a ƙarshen ƙarfe na rayuwa, to, a ƙarshen shekarun ya yi girma. Shekaru masu nauyi a Kata na Katero ya yi wani mutum mai addini da ke cikinsa, wanda ya kasance har mutuwa ta mutu.
Kwayar halitta
A cikin 1860, marubucin ya buga taron ƙara ɗaya biyu da "ƙauye Steptchikovo da mazaunanta" da "kawun" suna barci ". Hakan ya faru game da wannan labarin kamar yadda "biyu" - kodayake ana ba da ayyukan ƙarshe sosai, da zamani da ba su fada ɗanɗano ba. Koyaya, buga "bayanin kula daga gidan da aka mutu" ya taimaka wajan rayuwar masu yanke hukunci kuma an rubuta shi a mafi yawansu yayin kammalawa.Ga mazauna garin da ba su ga wannan tsoratarwa ba a kansu, aikin ya kusan firgita. Waɗanda aka faɗa wa mutane masu ban mamaki da abin da marubucin marubucin suka faɗa, musamman da gaskiyar cewa a farkon jigon marubutan Rasha ta kasance wani abu kamar taboo. Bayan haka, Herzen ya fara kiran doszsky "Dante Dante".
Sanarwa ga marubucin ya zama 1861. A wannan shekara, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da ɗan'uwan Mikhail, ya ɗauki gidan bugu na Littafi Mai-Tsarki da ake kira "lokaci". A cikin 1863, an rufe littafin, kuma a maimakon shi, 'yan'uwa dosoevsky sun fara buga wani mujallar - da ake kira "epoch".
Wadannan mujallu, da farko, sun arfafa matsayin 'yan'uwa a cikin yanayin rubutu. Kuma abu na biyu, shi ne a kan su shafukan "ƙasƙanta, kuma fushi", "bayanin kula daga cikin karkashin kasa", "Notes daga Matattu House", "Nice magana," da kuma wasu ayyukan Fyodor Mikhailovich. Mikhail Dostovsky ba da daɗewa ba: Ya bar rayuwarsa a 1864.
A cikin 1860s, marubucin ya fara tafiya kasashen waje, gano a cikin sabbin wurare da kuma wahayi mai sanyin gwiwa ga sabon littattafansa. Ciki har da, daidai a wancan lokacin, dostovsy ya samo asali kuma manufar aikin "mai '' '' 'ya fara aiwatarwa.
A cikin 1865, littafin littafin mujallar "okol", wanda masu rajistar suna raguwa, dole ne a rufe. Haka kuma: Ko da bayan rufe littafin, marubucin ya fuskanci yawan bashin. Ko ta yaya zai iya fita daga yanayin masarufi, ya kammala yarjejeniya da ba ta da amfani game da taron ayyukan da ke tare da mukamin nasa, laifi da hukuncinsa ". Tsarin falsafa ga dalilan zamantakewa an yadu sosai a tsakanin masu karatu, da Roman Grorited Dostovsky yayin rayuwa.
Babban littafi mai zuwa na Fedor Mikhailovich ya zama "wawa", da aka buga a 1868. Tunanin nuna kyakkyawan kyakkyawan mutum wanda yake ƙoƙarin yin wasu haruffa, amma ba zai iya shawo kan abokan gaba kuma ba, a sakamakon haka, ya zama da sauƙi ga zaman cikin kalmomi kawai. A zahiri, dostovsky da ake kira "wawa" ɗayan da wuya a rubuta littafi, kodayake Yarima Myshkin kuma ya zama halin da ya fi so.
Bayan sun gama aiki a kan wannan labari, marubucin ya yanke shawarar rubuta almara da ake kira "Athiism" ko "Rayuwar Babban Zun". Ba zai iya gane ra'ayin sa ba, duk da haka, wasu ra'ayoyi da aka tattara don Epic littattafan littattafan Dostoe: da rubuce a cikin 1871-1872, kammala ayyukan "matasa", kammala a 1875, Kuma sabon labari "brothersan uwan Karamaziv", aiki wanda Dostoevsky ya gama a 1879-1880.
Abin sha'awa, "Aljanu" wanda marubucin da aka fara bincika shi don bayyana halinsa na rashin yarda da hanyoyin juyawa a Rasha, a hankali ya canza yayin rubutun. Da farko, marubucin ba zai sa Pavroina ba, wanda daga baya ya zama ɗayan shahararrun haruffa, mabuɗin gwarzo na labari. Amma kamonsa yana da iko sosai wanda FYODOR Mikhaihaihovich ta yanke shawarar canza ra'ayin kuma ƙara yawan wasan kwaikwayo na ainihi zuwa aikin siyasa.
Idan cikin "Bernes", jigo na wasu abubuwa, jigon na gaba - marubutan na gaba - "Marubucin ya kawo gaba batun rikicewar yaron da ya girma.
Wani sakamakon da aka kirkiro na hanyar kirkirar Fyaodor Mikhatthavich, kwatancen kwatancen maimaitawa, "'yan uwan Karizov" ya zama kwatancen rubutu. Yawancin Episodes, layin mãkirci, haruffan wannan aikin sun kasance wani bangare ne bisa litattafan marubucin da aka rubuta a baya "mutane da yawa."
Mutuwa
Dostoevsky ya mutu a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 1881, sanadin mutuwa yana da mashahuri na na ciki, huhu tarin fuka da emphemyma. Mutuwar marubucin a cikin shekara ta shida na rayuwa.
A ce wani ban kwana ga marubucin taron mutane sun zo taron masu sha'awar baiwa ɗan adam ba, amma littattafan da maras lokaci na Mikhails da kuma ambatonsa mai hikima har yanzu suna bayan mutuwar marubucin.