Tarihi
Littafin Daniyel bayyana a cikin murza ido ya zama mashahuri kuma alama farkon littafin Ingilishi. Aiwatar da marubucin ya ba da shawarar don sabon shugabanci da kuma sinima, da sunan Robinson Cruzo ya zama mai tsari. Duk da gaskiyar cewa rubutun defo daga ɓawon burodi a cikin ɓoyayyen tunani, kodayake masu son Robinson masoya na makircin nontsrovial sune Shirye don sauke zuwa cikin kasada da ba a taba amfani dashi ba a tsibirin da ba wanda ba a taɓa ganin tare da babban gwarzo ba.Tarihin halitta
Marubucin Daniel Dulco ya fahimci sunan nasa, ya ba da labarin adalai "Robinson Kruzo" a cikin 1719. Kodayake marubucin ya rubuta nesa da wani littafi, aikin da matafiyi mai ban sha'awa ne wanda ya faɗi da tabbaci a cikin sanin duniyar rubutu. 'Yan mutane kaɗan sun san cewa Daniyel bai kawai yarda da masu tsara littafin littafin ba, har ma sun gabatar da mazaunan Misira tare da irin wannan rubutun kamar labari kamar labari kamar labari kamar labari kamar labari kamar labari kamar labari kamar labari kamar labari kamar labari kamar labari kamar labari kamar labari kamar labari yake kamar labari kamar labari kamar labari kamar labari yake.
Marubucin ya kira tambayoyinsa ga rubuce-rubucensa, suna ɗaukar koyarwar ilimin falsafa, ra'ayoyi na mutane da kuma labarai masu ban mamaki azaman tushen. Don haka, mai karatu bai lura da wahala ba kawai da ikon son Ramin Robinsonson, jefa a gefen rayuwa, har ma ga mutumin da yake da halin kirki da aka haifa cikin sadarwa tare da yanayi.
Defo ya zo da wannan aikin na yau da kullun don rashin haɗari; Gaskiyar ita ce, MentT Masters kalmar game da kalmar hurarrun labaran Alexander Selkirk, wanda ya ciyar shekara huɗu a tsibirin Mas-a-Tierra a cikin Tekun Pacific.
Sa'ad da kuma sai mai tsaron gidan jirgin ya yi shekara 27, sai ya tafi yakinsu a bakin teku na Isra'ila a matsayin sashi na jirgin ruwa. Selkirk wani mutum ne ya makale: jingina da kasada bai san bakinsa ba, don haka 'yar sa na sha'awar, saboda haka wani hadari ya fashe da rauni. Wata rana, Alexander ta nemi ya daina jirgin ya ba shi ƙasar.
Wataƙila Bowatswain ya so ya busa maigidansa, amma nan da nan ya gamsu da bukatun hawaye. Lokacin da jirgin ya fara kusantar da tsibirin da ba wanda yake zaune ba, sai ya sumbace hankalinsa nan da nan ya canza tunaninsa, amma ya yi rauni ya juya ya zama ba zai yiwu ba. A jirgin ruwa, wanda ya biya don kaifi, wanda ya shafe shekaru hudu a cikin "ware yankin, lokacin da ya fara komawa zuwa rayayyu a cikin gida, ya fara bugawa a kan sanduna a cikin Seva na cikin gida.
Alexander ya juya ya kasance a tsibirin tare da karamin gefe na abubuwa, ya kasance foda, gatari, bindiga da sauran kayan haɗi. Da farko, jirgin ruwa ya sha wahala daga kadaici, amma a tsawon lokaci ya sami damar daidaita da halayen kasancewa. Ana yayatawa cewa, komawa kan titunan cocin cike da dutse tare da dutse, lover na girgiza da aka rasa a kan ƙasar da ba a dauwanta ba. Tsarin 'yar jaridar Richard Richard, wanda ya yi ador don sauraron labulen matafiyi, ya jagoranci kalmomin selkirka:
"Ina da fam 800, amma ba zan taɓa yin farin ciki ba, ta yaya ba ni da maɓuɓɓugar rai ga rai."Tsarin Richard ya buga alexander na labaran Alexander a Ingila, a kaikaicely gabatar da United Kingus tare da wani mutum wanda za a kira shi bear a lokacinmu. Amma yana yiwuwa jaridar ta ɗauki magana daga kansa, saboda haka wannan littafin ya kasance mai tsabta ko almara - ya rage kawai don tsammani.
Daniel Doko bai taba bayyana asirin noot din nasa ga jama'a ba, don haka hasashe a cikin marubutan suna ci gaba da bunkasa har zuwa yanzu. Tun da yake Alexander mai maye ne wanda ba shi da tabbas ba, ya kasance ba kamar littafinsa ba ne a fuskar Ramin Ramin Robinson Cruzo. Saboda haka, wasu masu binciken suna ganin cewa matukan Henry sun yi aiki a matsayin Prototype.
An aika da wannan likita zuwa hanyar haɗi zuwa Yammacin India, amma bai yarda da makomarsa ba, tare da abokan aikinsa, wanda aka tsere. Zai yi wuya a faɗi ko sa'a a gefen Henry ya kasance. Bayan jirgin ruwan, ya tarar da kansa a tsibirin Gishirin, kodayake a kowane hali komai zai iya kawo ƙarshen mafi muni.
Sauran masoya na litattafai suna da gaskiyar cewa an gujewa marubucin daga rayuwar wani kyaftin na Richard Nex, wanda ya rayu cikin bauta tsawon shekaru 20 a Sri Lanka. Ba lallai ba ne a ware abin da Defo Reincarnated a Robinson yi da kansa. Kalmar mai zaman lafiya tana da mai arziki rayuwa, ba kawai m pen a cikin inkwlell, amma kuma tsunduma cikin aikin jarida har ma da fridadder.
Tari
Robinson Cruzo shi ne na uku a cikin iyali kuma tun daga farkon yaro yayi mafarki na marine kasada. Iyayen saurayin na so ya buge gaba da farin ciki kuma baya son rayuwarsa ta zama mai kama da tarihin Amerigo, iyalan Galilisi ko Galilli Galilisi. Bugu da kari, dan uwan Dattiel ya mutu a cikin yaƙin a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe a cikin flanders, tsakiya ya bace.
Saboda haka Uba ya gani a babban gwarzon babban goyon baya a nan gaba. Ya roki zuriyar da ya yi tsawaita zuriyar da za su karba kuma ya yi ƙoƙari da rayuwar da aka auna da kuma kwanciyar hankali na hukuma. Amma yaron bai shirya wa kowane irin dabara ba, amma ya ciyar da ranakun mudle, mafarkin ya ci nasara da sararin samaniya.
Umarnin shugaban sittin ya cire ƙurar ƙurarsa, lokacin da saurayin ya juya shekara 18, sai ya yaudare shi da wata hanya da aka samu, wanda abokinsa aka ba shi. Tuni ranar farko ta yi a kan jirgin ruwa ya zalunci gwaji na gaba: hadari hadadden farkawa a cikin ran rensonson tuba, wanda aka wuce tare da ruwan sha.
Yana da kyau a ce ba bangarori baƙi ba ne a rayuwar Ramin Robinson Cruzo. Saurayin ya sami 'yan sasannin bawan bakin jarumawa bayan da aka ziyarci Brazil bayan Sassan Portuguese ya cece shi. Gaskiya ne, yanayin ceto ya kasance mai tsauri: Kyaftin ya yi alkawarin ɗan farin 'yanci bayan shekaru 10.
A Brazil, Robinson Crososoe ya yi aiki ya juya hannaye a kan taba da tsire-tsire na sukari. Babban halin da ake aiki ya ci gaba da rusa umarnin mahaifinsa, amma sha'awar da kasada ta kasance hanyar kwanciyar hankali, don haka sai murkushi ya shiga cikin Kasadar. Abokan aikin Robinson a kan bita sun ji labarun sa game da tafiya Guinea, don haka ba abin mamaki bane cewa masu ba da mamaki sun yanke shawarar gina jirgi domin a asirce jigilar bayi zuwa Brazil.
Samun bayi daga Afirka an danganta shi da hatsarori na canji na marine da matsaloli daga bangaren doka. Robinson ya halarci wannan balaguron doka a matsayin magatakarda jirgin ruwa. Jirgin ya yi tafiya a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1659, wato, shekaru takwas da ke bayan tserewa daga gidan.
The Prodigal ɗan ba ya ba da ma'anar hanyar wucewa, da banza: ƙungiyar sun tsira daga matsanancin haduwa, kuma jirgin ya ba da gudummawa. Daga qarshe, sauran masu halartar jirgin halitta sun hau jirgin ruwa, wanda ya runtumi saboda babbar hanyar tsaunin. Ramin Ramin Ramin ya zama ya zama ƙungiyar da ke kewaye da ita: Babban halin ya sami damar zuwa ƙasa, inda shekarunmu da yawa suka fara.
Fegi
Lokacin da Raminson Cruzo ya fahimci cewa ya kasance a tsibirin da ba wanda ba ya naka ba, yanke ƙauna da baƙin ciki ga abokan aikin da suka mutu an cire su. Bugu da kari, Haye Haye sun jefa a bakin tudu, iyakoki da kuma takalma sun tunatar da abubuwan da suka gabata. Endarshen bacin rai, mai ɗaukar magana ya fara tunani a kan hanyar rayuwa a cikin wannan hatsi ta mance da mantawa da Allah Ma'agewa. Jarumi ya sami kayan abinci da kayan aiki a cikin jirgin, kuma suna aiki a cikin takardar Shala da pasicoz a kusa da shi.
Abu mafi mahimmanci don Ramin Ramin ya zama akwatin Carbonton, wanda a wancan lokacin ba zai musanya dukan jirgin cike da zinari ba. CREzo ya fahimci cewa dole ne ya kasance cikin tsibirin da ba'aabasa ba. Dole ne ya yi nisa da wata ɗaya, don haka ya fara ba da filayen: awakin daji, da kuma awaki na daji ya zama tushen nama da madara.
Wannan matafiyi mara kyau ya ji kansa da kansa mutum na ƙimar. Jarumin gwarzo daga wayewa dole ne ya yi amfani da cakuda da aiki tuƙuru: ya koyi yin burodi, yi tufafi da ƙona rigar abinci daga yumɓu.
Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, Robinson Grabed fuka-fukai daga jirgin, takarda, tawada, tawada, da kare, cat da kuma ta zama ta zama ta zama. Don "a kalla 'yanci ranka," protagonist jagoranci wani sirri diary, inda ya aka rubuta da kuma lura, da kuma qananan events, misali: "Rain shi yau."
Binciken tsibirin, cruzo ya gano burbushi na bukatun Cabal, wanda tafiya akan ƙasa da shirya abinci, inda babban tasa shine naman ɗan adam. Wata rana, Robinson ya ceci tasha ta Plaage, wanda ya kamata ya isa cannads akan tebur. Cruise yana koyar da sabon masaniya a cikin Ingilishi kuma kira shi Juma'a, tunda masaniyarsu ta faru a wannan ranar.
A ƙarshen cannibal na gaba, jirgin ruwa, tare da Juma'a, hari da Savages da kuma adana ƙarin fursunoni biyu: Uba Jumma'a da Spaniar, wanda Sigabansa ya fadi.
A ƙarshe, Robinson ya kama sa'a don wutsiya: Jirgin ya shiga cikin tsibirin 'yan tawayen da' yan tawayen suka kama. Jarumi na aikin ya 'yantar da kyaftin din kuma ya taimake shi mayar da iko a kan jirgin ruwa. Don haka, Robinson Cruzo (Robinson Cruzo bayan shekaru 28 na rayuwa a tsibirin hamada ya dawo zuwa ga duniyar da ke cikin al'umma zuwa ga dangin da suka ɗaukisa. Lissafin Daniyel yana da ƙarshen farin ciki: A Lisbon cruzoo ya samu riba daga dasa shuki na Brazil, wanda ya sa ya zama mai kyau.
Robinson ba ya son yin balaguro da ya fi Tekun, don haka jigilar arzikinta zuwa Ingila a ƙasa. A can yana jira shi da Jumma'a: tare da shiga cikin pyrenees, jarumai sun toshe hanyar bearfin mai fama da kuma garken kyarkecin da dole su yi yaƙi.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa
- Littafin labari game da matafiyin, wanda ya ƙone a cikin tsibirin da ba a taɓa yinsa ba, yana ci gaba. Littafin "An kara da cigaba na Robinson Cruzo" an buga shi a shekarar 1719 tare da kashi na farko na aikin. Gaskiya ne, ba ta sami fitarwa da ɗaukaka ba a cikin karatun jama'a. A Rasha, ba a buga wannan sabon labari ba a Rashanci daga 1935 zuwa 1992. Littafi na uku "Tunani tunani na Robinson Cruzo" har yanzu ba a fassara shi zuwa Rashan Rasha ba.
- A cikin fim "rayuwa da kuma ban mamaki na Robinson Cruzo" (1972), Leonid Kuronov, Alexey Zulonov, Valadimir Marronov da Valentin Kulik. Wannan hoton a cikin USSR ya kalli masu kallo miliyan 26.3.
- Cikakken sunan aikin Defo kamar wannan: "Life, Kasadar Maraice na Robinson Cruzo, wanda ya rayu shekara 28 cikin yankin da ba a rufe ta Amurka kusa da bakin Kogin OrinoCo, inda aka jefa shi ta hanyar jirgin ruwa, a lokacin da dukan matatun jirgin ruwa gaba daya ya kara ƙari da shi, ya mutu, tare da gabatar da hannun 'yanci da kansa. "
- Robinsononada wani sabon salo ne na kayan aiki da kuma sinima da kuma, wanda ya bayyana da rayuwar mutum ko gungun mutane akan tsibirin da ba a taɓa ba. Yawan aiki da aka yi fim kuma an rubuta shi a cikin irin wannan salon, amma ana iya rarrabe shi da shahararrun talabijin, kamar "zauna a raye, bishara da kuma wasu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo.
- Babban halin daga aikin Defo ya koma ba kawai a cikin fim ba, amma kuma aikin mai rai. A shekarar 2016, masu sauraro sun ga dangin ban dariya "Robinson Cruzo: Tsibirin da ke zaune a ciki."