Tari
George Bernard Shaw - Babban Playwright na asalin Irish, dauki daga cikin Iriby Prize A cikin Fiptoming of Sango da litattafai da yawa.Yaro da matasa
An haifi playwight mai zuwa na Dublin, babban birnin Ireland, a cikin 1856. Uba John Shaw Traded hatsi, amma ba da daɗewa ba ya ƙone a hankali ya kamu da shan giya. Mahaifiyar Luconi show ta kasance mawaƙa mai ban tsoro. Baya ga Bernard a cikin dangi, karin yara biyu sun girma, Lucinda Frances da Ellinor Agnes.
Tunanin yaro, yaron ya ziyarci Notle Wesley, kuma daga shekaru goma sha ɗaya - Makarantar Furotesta, amma ci gaban mutane na ruhaniya. A lokaci guda, makiyayan ba su da azabtansu na jiki kuma sun zuba yaran da sanduna, wanda, kamar yadda ake tunani, ya tafi kawai kawai.
Matasa Bernard ba zai iya jure wa makaranta da tsarin ilimi ba, wanda ta gan shi daga bencin makaranta. Bayan haka, ya tuna cewa ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi munin, idan ba dalibi na ƙarshe a cikin aji ba.
Yana da shekara goma sha biyar, wasan ya sami magatakarda a cikin ofishin, wanda ya tsunduma cikin siyar da dukiya. Iyayen ba su da kuɗi don biyan ɗan za su yi karatu a kwaleji, amma dangi sun taimaka wa saurayin ya ɗauki kyakkyawan matsayi a lokacin. A cikin aikinsa, gami da tarin kudi don gidaje daga matalauta. Tunawa da wannan mawuyacin lokacin da aka nuna a ɗayan "wasa mara kyau" da ake kira "gidan gwauruwa".
Sa'ad da saurayi ya goma sha shida, mahaifiyarsa, tana ɗaukar mahaifinta duka, ya bar London. Bernard ya kasance tare da Ubansa a Dublin, ci gaba da aikinsa a cikin dukiya. Bayan wani shekaru hudu, a cikin 1876, wasan kwaikwayon har yanzu ya je wurin mahaifiyar London, inda ya shiga cikin ilimin kai ya sami aiki a daya daga cikin jaridu na metroolitan.
Halitta
Da farko, lokacin da suka isa London, Bernard Shaw ya ziyarci Libres da Gidajen tarihi, cike gibba a cikin samuwarsu. Mahaifiyar Playwight da rayuwa, tana ba da darussan raira waƙa, da kuma kansa sun tafi matsalolin siyasa.
A cikin 1884, nunin ya shiga cikin Fabian Society, wanda aka sa masa suna don girmama kwamandan Roman Fabia. Fabiy ya lashe makiya saboda jinkirin, hankali da kuma ikon jira. Babban ra'ayin Fabians shi ne cewa zamantakewa shine kawai nau'in ƙarin ci gaba na Burtaniya, amma kasar ya zo masa sati-da kuma tawaye.
A daidai wannan lokacin a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya, Bernard Shaw ya hadu da marubucin, da kuma bayan sadarwa wanda makomar wasa ta yanke shawarar gwada kansa a aikin jarida. Da farko ya yi aiki a matsayin wakili na 'yanci, sannan ta yi aiki har tsawon shekaru shida a matsayin dan kasar musical a cikin mujallar London a cikin "Sate Reeve".
Lokaci guda tare da aikin jarida, wasan ya fara rubuta litattafan rubutu, wanda a wancan lokacin ba wanda aka ɗauka don bugawa. A cikin lokacin tsakanin 1879 da 1883, Bernard Shaw ya rubuta litattafai biyar, farkon wanda aka buga kawai a 1886. Bayan haka, masu sukar ne, bayan sun yi nazarin gwajin littafin na Bernard na farko, ya kai ƙarshen wannan alamuran wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo: Takaitaccen bayanin yanayi da kuma tattaunawar da aka jingina da mawuyacin hali.
Mai kiwon sukar wasan kwaikwayon na nuna sha'awar nuna sha'awar aikin marubuci na Yaren mutanen Norway Henric Ibsen. A cikin 1891, ya ba da littafin "Matsi na Ibrananci", wanda mahalan halayen wasan wasan Scandinavia suka zubar. A lokacin matasa, wasan kwaikwayon kan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya mamaye ta musamman wasan kwaikwayon na Shakespeare, da kuma m melodramas da comediies. IBSEN, a cewar wasan kwaikwayon, ya zama mai kirkirar mai magana a wasan kwaikwayo na Turai, ya kuma tattauna ta a bude rikice-rikicen rikice-rikice da tattaunawa tsakanin haruffa.
Ya yi wahayi zuwa ga wasan kwaikwayon Ibsen, a cikin 1885 Bernard Nunin ya rubuta ya rubuta cewa "wasan kwaikwayo mara kyau" da ake kira "mai binciken gidan. An yi imanin cewa wannan aikin ya fara tarihin rayuwar nuna a matsayin marubuci-playwright. Wani sabon zamani na wasan kwaikwayo na Turai, m, Topical, wanda aka gina akan rikice-rikice da tattaunawa, ba a haife su ba, kuma ba kan ayyukan aiki masu aiki ba.
An kara zuwa wasan "Volokitta" da "kwararren Mrs. Warren", a zahiri hitring na farko Ingila Ingila da rashin gaskiya. Babban gwarzo na "Kwararrun Mrs Barren" karuwa ce da ta zama mai rai da tsohuwar dabara kuma ba za ta daina wannan hanyar samun kudin shiga ba.
Akasin wannan matar siyarwa a cikin wasan shine 'yarta. Yarinyar, ta koya game da tushen abin da mahaifiyar, ya bar gidan da gaskiya sami kuɗi akan abinci. A cikin wannan aikin, wasan kwaikwayon ya bayyana ma'anar yanayin kirkirar, don tasirin gidan kwaikwayo na Turanci, kaifi da kuma siyasa, siyasa da na zamantakewa, siyasa da zamantakewa. Tsarin wasan kwaikwayo na zahiri Bernard Shaw na cikakken shuwanniyar mai tsananin zafin da satire, don kunna wasan nasa na da ban mamaki da ikon gabatarwa.
Bayan ƙirƙirar abin da ba a san shi ba ne saboda wasan kwaikwayonsa masu ban mamaki ", wasan kwaikwayon ya fito da jerin" masu daɗi "," yanke shawara - gani "," alewa - gani "," alewa - gani "," alewa - duba "," alewa ".
A nuna na ƙarni, a balagagge marubucin, mutum tare da wani kafa cikakken ganewarsu halitta irin Masterpieces kamar yadda Major Barbara, Kaisar kuma Cleopatra, "Man da kuma Superholder" da "Pygmalion".
Pygmalion yana ɗaya daga cikin guda na Bernard Shaw, mai ɗorewa, mai ɗorewa da rikitarwa, wanda aka sadaukar da littattafai da yawa. A tsakiyar labarin, ƙaddara ta mara siyar da furanni na Eliza Dulitle da masu arziki, babban malamin mutum ya ƙwace. Latterarshen yana son yin wata mace mafi girma daga farfajiyar flower, kamar yadda misalin tatsuniyoyi suka haifar da gatearnabin daga wani fata.
Canjin ban mamaki na Elza yana taimakawa bayyana halaye na ruhaniya, kyawawan kyawawan yara, na ɗan wasa mai sauƙi. Rarraba mai ban dariya na masu ladabi biyu sun yi barazanar juya bala'i ga yarinyar, kyakkyawa mai kyau wanda ba su gani ba
Samfurin samfurin na gaba na playwight ya kasance wasa "gidan da za a rubuta zukata" bayan yaƙin na farko. Nunin Nunin da aka zargi da rashin daidaitawa da Ingilishi da kuma Cream na al'umma a cikin gaskiyar cewa sun shiga cikin bunch na lalacewa da firgici. A cikin wannan aikin, da tasirin IBSEN da Chekhov a cikin kerawa na wasan kwaikwayon ana gano shi sosai. Satyric Drama ya sami siffofin Grotesque, alamu da alamomi.
Yakin ya kara da aka kara yarda da Bernard Shaw a cikin kudurinsa ga ra'ayoyin gurguzu. Har zuwa karshen zamaninsa ya ci gaba da yin imanin cewa gurguzu Rasha misali ne ga duk duniyar al'umma, da tsarin siyasa na UsSr kadai ne da gaskiya. A karshen rayuwar wasan ya zama alƙawarin al'adun Stalinist har ma ya ziyarci USSR a 1931.
Na ɗan lokaci kaɗan, wasan kwaikwayo yana jingina da ra'ayin cewa kawai mai adalci zai iya zama ikon shiga Jamus, Hitler ya ki amincewa da wannan ra'ayin.
A shekarar 1923, duniya ta ga mafi kyau, bisa ga masu sukar da magoya bayan kerawa na Bernard Shaw, wasan "da aka sadaukar da kai, daular da shahidan John Johnne d'Ar. Mai biyo baya wasan kwaikwayon "Gorky, amma da gaske", "miliyan", "Geneza" da sauransu ba su sami amincewa da jama'a a lokacin rayuwar marubucin ba.
Bayan mutuwar Bernard, an saka masu wasan kasashe daban-daban kan mutuwar Drama, suna kan mataki na atomatik kuma a yau, kuma wasu ayyuka sun sami sabon rayuwa a fina-finai. Don haka, a shekarar 1974, an saki fim din "Millieaire" a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, wanda ke da nasara ga nasara. An yi rawar da Yu. Borisov, V. Etnaev, V. etuni, Yu. Yakovlev da sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo.
Rayuwar sirri
A cikin 1898, Bernard shaw ya auri Charlotte Pein-Townzend, wanda marubucin ya hadu a Fabian jama'a. Yarinyar ta kasance magajin gari, amma Bernard bai ciyar da miliyoyin ba. A shekarar 1925, ya ki karbar kyautar Nobel, kuma kuɗin ya karbi Ambassador Arthur Duff. Bayan haka, waɗannan kudade suka ciyar da ƙirƙirar asusu ga masu fassara.
Charlotte Bernard ya yi rai ya rayu wani rai a cikin ran dan shekara biyar, ga mutuwarta. Ba su da yara. Tabbas, aure ba cikakke bane, kuma tsakanin Nuna da matarsa ma, har ma da sauran jayayya.
Don haka, sun ji jita-jita cewa marubucin ya kasance cikin sanannen Stelster Patrick Campbell, wanda ya rubuta "Pyglmalion kyakkyawa", ƙirƙira shi da kyakkyawa Eliz dulitl.
Mutuwa
Rabin na biyu na rayuwar playworght da aka kashe a cikin Hartfordshire, inda suke da Charlotte gida biyu-Stander biyu-Stagowning a cikin Gilener. Marubucin ya rayu kuma ya yi aiki a can daga 1906 zuwa 1950, har zuwa mutuwa.
A ƙarshen rayuwa, asarar ta fara bin marubucin baya bayan wani. A shekara ta 1940, Stella ta mutu, masaninsa haramtacce, wanda ya kasance yana daidaita da playwright. A shekara ta 1943, Charlotive mai aminci ya rabu da rai. An ɗaure watannin ƙarshe na rayuwar Bernard don gado. Ya kuma haduwa da mutuwa, Kasancewa da hankali har zuwa ƙarshe. Bernard Shaw bai zama Nuwamba 2 ba, 1950. Dangane da nufin marubuci, an lalata jikinsa, kuma an hana kiƙasa tare da tokar da matar aure.
Quotes da Aphorisms
- Idan kuna da apple kuma ina da apple, kuma idan muka musanya waɗannan apples, to kuna da apple guda ɗaya. Kuma idan kuna da ra'ayi kuma ina da ra'ayi, kuma ina musanya ra'ayoyi, to kowannenmu zai sami ra'ayoyi biyu.
- Siffar zunubi mafi girma dangane da maƙwabcin - ba ƙiyayya ba, amma son kai; Wannan ita ce ƙwararraki na gaskiya.
- Cikakken miji mutum ne wanda ya bada gaskiya cewa yana da matar da ta dace.
- Wanda ya san yadda ya aikata wanda bai san yadda yake ba - ya koyar da wasu.
Littafi daya
- "Rashin hankali (1879);
- "Motar da ba ta dace ba" (1880);
- "Soyayya Arong A Artistis" (1881);
- "Kwarewar Kashel Babbiyy" (1882);
- "Ba al'umma mai gurguzu" (1882).