Tari
Maria Sklodovskaya-Curie wani masanin kimiyya Yaren mutanen Poland suka bude sinadaran abubuwa na radium da polonium.
Maria aka haife 07.11.1867 a Warsaw. Shi ne na biyar da kuma ƙarami yaro na malaman Bronislava da Vladislav Sklodovsky. M 'yan'uwa Mary (wanda a cikin iyali kira Mania) - Sophia (1862-1881), Joseph (1863-1937, likita-ilimin), Bronislav (1865-1939, likita da farko-darektan "Radia Institute") da kuma Helena (1866 -1961, malami da kuma jama'a adadi). Iyalin sun rayu talauci.
Lokacin da Mary da shekaru 10 da haihuwa, ta uwarsa mutu daga tarin fuka, da kuma mahaifinsa aka sallami ga propaganic jin zuciya da aka tilasta ya dauki mafi low-biya matsayi. Uwar ta mutuwa, da kuma nan da nan, maza da mata na Sofia, shi ne dalilin da cewa yarinya ƙi Katolika da kuma zama agnostic.
A shekaru 10 da haihuwa, Maria fara halartar makarantar kwana, sa'an nan a dakin motsa jiki ga 'yan mata, wanda ta kammala karatunsa tare da wani ya samu lambar zinariya. Maria ba zai iya samun wata mafi girma ilimi, tun kawai maza yarda da Jami'o'in da Poland. Sa'an nan Maria da Sister Bronislav yanke shawarar zuwa darussa na cikin karkashin kasa maras tabbas jami'a, inda mata yarda. Maria samarwa koyi bi da bi, taimakon juna tare da kudi.
A farko da jami'a shiga Bronislav, da kuma Maria samu governess. A farkon 1890, Bronislav, wanda aure likita da himmar aiki na Casher Dluska, gayyace Maria su matsa zuwa ta zuwa Paris.
Don tara kudi domin horo a babban birnin kasar na Faransa, Sklodovskaya ake bukata a shekara daya da rabi - domin wannan Maria sake fara aiki tare da wani governess a Warsaw. A lokaci guda, da yarinya ta ci gaba da nazari a jami'a, kazalika da fara wani kimiyya horon a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, wanda aka jagorancin ta dan uwan Yuzef Boguski, Mataimakin Dmitry Mendeleev.
Kimiyya
A karshen 1891, Sklodovskaya koma Faransa. A Paris, Maria (ko Marie, kamar yadda ita za a kira daga baya) takalman cikin ɗaki ƙarƙashin marufi a gidan kusa da University of Paris, inda yarinyar karatu kimiyyar lissafi, sunadarai da kuma lissafi. Rayuwa a Paris ya ba da sauki: Maria sau da yawa rasa, bata sani daga yunwa, kuma ba su da damar da za su saya dumi hunturu tufafi da takalma.
Sito karatu da rana, da kuma da yamma ta sanar, sunã tsirfatãwa wani rai dinari. A 1893, Marie samu wani mataki a cikin kimiyyar lissafi da kuma fara aiki a masana'antu dakin gwaje-gwaje na Farfesa Gabriel Lippman.
By domin na masana'antu kungiyar, Maria fara gano da Magnetic Properties na daban-daban karafa. A wannan shekara, cikin Sklodovskaya faru tare da Pierre Curie, wanda ya zama ba kawai ta abokin aiki a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, amma kuma ya mata.
A cikin shekarar 1894, Sklodovskaya ta isa lokacin bazara a Warsaw don ganin dangi. Har yanzu tana ciyar da rashin lafiyar da aka ba ta damar yin aiki a cikin ƙasarsu, amma an hana yarinyar ne a Jami'ar Krakiw - kawai mutane suka dauki aiki. Sklodovskaya ya dawo Paris kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a kan rubutun PhD.
Rediyo
Burge biyu muhimmanci binciken Wilhelm X-ray, kuma Henri Becquer, Marie yanke hukuncin karatu uranium haskoki a matsayin yiwu topic ga dissertation. Don nazarin samfurori, matar masita ta yi amfani da ingantattun fasahar don waɗancan shekarun. Tallafin tallafin masana kimiyya da aka samu sun karɓi daga kamfanonin ƙarfe da hakar ma'adinai.
Idan ba tare da yin dakin gwaje-gwaje ba, aiki a cikin ɗakin ajiya na Cibiyar, sannan a cikin titi na Arew, har zuwa shekaru hudu masana kimiyya da aka yiwa recycle 8 na awo. A sakamakon daya gwaji tare da samfurori da tama kawo daga Jamhuriyar Czech ya zato cewa masana kimiyya magance wani rediyoaktif abu ban da uranium. Masu bincike sun bayyana wani juzu'i, da yawa rediyo, maimakon sama da tsarkakakken uranium.
A cikin 1898, Curi ya bude radium da Polonium - na da ake kira na daga girmama mahaifiyar Marie ta. Masana kimiyya sun yanke shawarar kada su gabatar da gano su - kodayake zai iya kawo mata da yawa ƙarin kudade.
Tsakanin 1898 da 1902, Curie an buga shi tare kuma daban-daban, wasu labarai na kimiyya, ciki har da sel na radium, wanda aka fallasa su ya lalace cikin sauri fiye da ƙwayoyin lafiya.
A cikin 1910, masanin kimiyyar Maryamu da Faransa Andre Debierne ta juya don haskaka tsarkakakken radium na karfe. Bayan shekaru 12 na gwaje-gwaje, masana kimiyya a ƙarshe sun sami nasarar tabbatar da cewa radium yanki ne mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa.
A lokacin bazara na 1914, an kafa Cibiyar radium a Paris, kuma Maria ta zama shugaban ƙirar amfani da rediyo a magani. A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, an ƙirƙira shigarwa na wayar hannu don lura da raunin da aka raunata, da ake kira "currit curres" ("kananan ra'ayin"). A shekara ta 1915, ma'aurata ya zo da allurai masu laushi waɗanda ke da "Emanation mai rediyo, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin Radon ƙwayoyin kyallen takarda. Fiye da sojoji miliyan da suka yi nasarar samun magani tare da aikace-aikacen waɗannan fasahohi.
Kyautar Nobel
A 1903, Royal Academy of Sciences na Sweden bayar da Chet Curie kuma Henri Beququel Nobel Prize a Physics ga nasarori a nazarin da radiation mamaki. A farko, da kwamitin nufi zuwa bikin kawai Pierre kuma Becquakel, amma daya daga cikin membobin kwamitin da kare hakkin mata masana kimiyya, Swedish lissafi Magnus Gustav Mittag Lefeforg, ya yi gargadin Pierre game da wannan halin da ake ciki. Bayan kukansa, Mary sunan da aka kara wa jerin wadanda kyautar.
Marie ne mace ta farko da suka karbi kyautar Nobel. The fee yarda da maza don su yi ijara da wani dakin gwaje-gwaje mataimakin kuma ba da dakin gwaje-gwaje da ya dace kayan aiki.
A 1911, Marie karbi Nobel Prize a Chemistry da kuma zama na farko da a duniya sau biyu, da yabon wannan premium. Maria ma aka bayar da lambar yabo 7 ga binciken kimiyya.
Rayuwar sirri
Duk da yake har yanzu a governess, Maria fadi cikin soyayya da dan da uwar gida na iyali, Kazimaj Loravsky. Iyaye na saurayi sun yi wa nufi ga aure matalauta Sklodovskaya, kuma Kazimezh iya tsayayya da nufinsa na dattawa. A rata shi ne musamman mai raɗaɗi duka biyu, da kuma Loravsky zuwa tsufa nadãma ya yanke shawara.
Babban soyayya da rayuwar Maryama bai Pierre Curie, wani likita masanin kimiyya daga Faransa.
Mutual sha'awa cikin kimiyyar yanayin halitta sõyayya matasa, kuma a watan Yuli 1895, masoya samu aure. Sun yi watsi da addini da sabis, kuma a maimakon na bikin aure dress, Sklodovskaya sa a kan wani duhu blue kwat da wando a wadda ta daga baya ya yi aiki a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.
The maza da 'ya'ya mata biyu - Irene (1897-1956), a sunadarai masanin kimiyya, da Hauwa'u (1904-2007) - a m da kuma wasan kwaikwayo sukar lamiri da kuma marubuci. Maria hayar Polish governess domin jirgin kasa 'yan mata da ƙasarsa ta harshe, da kuma ma sau da yawa ya aiko su zuwa Poland zuwa kakanta.
Curie ta maza guda biyu kowa ayukan hutu, in ban da kimiyya: tafiya kasashen waje da kuma dogon keke - kiyaye photos na maza tsaye kusa da kekuna saya don wani amarya kyauta daga dangi. A Pierre Sklodovskaya samu soyayya, kuma mafi aboki, da kuma wani abokin aikinsa. Wani ta mata (Pierre tambayi doki ƙungiya a 1906) ne dalilin da mafi wuya ciki Marie - kawai 'yan watanni baya, wata mace ya iya ci gaba da aiki.
A 1910-11, Curie kiyaye wani romantic dangantaka da Pierre ta dalibi, likita da Lanzhen, aure a lokacin. A latsa game Curie fara rubuta a matsayin "Yahudawa tattaunawa". Lokacin da abin kunya ya barke, Maria ya a wani taro a Belgium. Bayan ya sake kafin gidansa, Curie gano wani fushi taron-mace da 'ya'ya mata da su ɓuya daga ta budurwa, marubuci Camilla Marbo.
Mutuwa
A Yuli 4, 1934, shekaru 66 da haihuwa Marie ya mutu a sanatorium Sansenlemos a Passy, a gabashin Faransa. Dalilin mutuwa ya kasance a lokacin kisan kai, wanda, a cewar likitocin, wanda likitoci, ya haifar da doguwar rawar gani a jikin mace.
Gaskiyar cewa ionizing radiation yana da mummunan tasiri, ba a san shi ba a waɗancan shekarun, ba tare da gwaje-gwaje da yawa ba. Mariya Wore Tubes tare da rashin amfani da kayan rediyo a cikin aljihunsa, ya hana su tebur na tebur kuma an fallasa su ga X-haskoki daga kayan aikin da ba a daidaita ba.
Radiation ya sa mutane da yawa na kullum Curie cututtuka - a karshen rayuwa ta kasance kusan makafi da kuma sha wahala daga koda cuta, amma mace taba tunanin game da canza m aiki. Curie binne a makabartar a garin CO, kusa da kabarin Pierre.
Bayan shekara sittin, an sa ragowar ma'aurata zuwa Paris Pantheon, kabarin fitattun 'yan Faransa. Mariya ita ce mace ta farko da aka ba da ita, aka ba da shi a Pantheon don kansa (na farko ya zama Sophie Bertlo, wanda aka binne shi da mijinta, Chisico-Marist Bertoon).
Abubuwan ban sha'awa
- A cikin 1903, an gayyaci ma'auratan Chie zuwa Cibiyar Hijira mai mulkin Burtaniya don yin rahoto game da aikin rediyo. Ba a yarda mata suyi magana da jawabai ba, don haka rahoton ya ba da rahoton kawai.
- Faransanci na firstens ya sanya munafurci na munafurci, yana nuna ta Atrtisism da kuma gaskiyar cewa baƙon baƙo. Koyaya, bayan sun karbi kyautar Nobel ta farko game da Curie fara yin rubutu a matsayin gwarzo na Faransa.
- An kirkiri kalmar "rediyo" da aka kirkira ta hanyar zama.
- Curie ta zama mace mace ta Farfesa ta Jami'ar Paris.
- Duk da babbar taimako a lokacin yakin, Marie bai sami godiya ba daga gwamnatin Faransa. Bugu da kari, nan da nan bayan da farkon tashin, Maria kokarin ya yi hadaya da zinare, don tallafa wa sojojin Faransa, amma National Bank ki yarda su.
- Macie Mardita Margita ya zama mace ta farko da aka zaba zuwa makarantar kimiyya ta karni na - maimakon haka, fiye da rabin karni na (maimakon haka, fiye da na Eduar Branley, wanda ya kara da kungiyar Gulielmo Marconi aka zaɓa domin ci gaba Wireless gidan waya).
- Daga cikin almajirai curi sune kyaututtuka guda huɗu na Nobel, gami da 'yar Irene da matanta Frederick Jolio-Curie.
- The records da kuma takardun da suka yi jagorancin Maria a cikin 1890s suna dauke ma kawo hadari ga aiki saboda da babban matakin rediyoaktif samu. Ko da littafin dafa abinci na kwakwalwa. Ana adana masana kimiyya a cikin kwalaye na jagoranci, da waɗanda suke so suyi aiki tare da su dole ne su sa sutura na kariya ta musamman.
- A cikin girmamawa ga Curie, wani yanki na sunadarai - An nada Curie, jami'o'i da makarantu, daga cikin kayan onremics; Hotonta na hotonta na ado bankuna, tamburori da tsabar kudi daban-daban na duniya.