Tarihi
Halin Samuel Richardson Richardson Richardson Rongt Lovels ya bayyana a karon farko a cikin littattafan duniya don duk mai mahimmanci zai kasance da jin daɗi. " Englishman ya gaya wa masu karatu wani mummunan labari game da lalata da faduwa wata budurwa, sanya babban halin fiber da gwarzo. Duk da haka, Villain da ya fito don kada ya zama mara fata: ya fahimci zunubinsa kuma ya tuba, mafarki ya fanshe wa laifin a gaban wata yarinya mai laifi.
Sunan mai suna An ƙaddara shi ya zama ɗaya maras muhimmanci a matsayin sunayen Don Juan da Mata Seucer daga Venice na Casanov. Shekaru 250, suna kiran 'yan sanda, rataye da masu neman ƙauna da ban sha'awa.
Tarihin halitta
English Samuel Richardson, Duk rayuwarsa ta yi aiki a matsayin firinta kuma daga baya ya zama maigidan gidan buga takardu, ganniyar da ake buƙata ta hanyar da aka yi amfani da shi mai yawa. Tsararruka sun yi bikin cirewa na cirewa da sanin zurfin ilimin mutane. A wancan zamani, da ikon yin godiya ta hanyar haruffa an yaba babban harafi, saboda hanya ce kadai don kiyaye sadarwa a nesa. Da zarar abubuwan marubucin na gaba sun nemi ƙirƙirar ɗalibi, inda za a sanya shugabannin da za a shimfiɗa a kan shelves.
Tunanin a ƙarƙashin taken aiki "Jagora zuwa Nassosi na Jagora, ya juya zuwa aiki a haruffa tare da dogon suna" Pamela, ko kuma da aka samu kyawawan halaye, jerin haruffa na budurwa mai ban mamaki Ga Iyaye, don adanar samari da 'yan mata ... ". Littafin ɗabi'a ya zo ga dandano masu karatu, kuma marubucin, ana fallacin nasara, sake ɗaukar alkalami.
A cikin 1748, shekaru hudu, da labari "Clarissa Gantow, labarin wata budurwa, wacce ta ɗaukaka Mahaliccinsa haifaffe. Ranar saki na aikin da aka yiwa farkon epoch na "waƙoƙin" wallakoki na sha'awa "a Turai.
Tare da Ingilishi "mara ƙauna" yana fassara a matsayin mai 'yanci, mutumin da bai san ƙauna ba. Amma a cikin tarihin Biritaniya, takardun da ke tabbatar da cewa Lovelas shine sunan mahaifina na iyalin Ingilishi. Marubucin ya aro saboda wani hali ba kwatsam. A cikin ƙarni na 16-17, marubutan sau da yawa suna amfani da sunaye da sunayen zamaninsu.
Amma wannan hanyar aiki ta fada cikin marubutan wani fulluruwan fushi, har ma ya zo kotuna - "Prootypes" ya ga kansu a cikin littattafan kansu, kuma wani lokacin ba daga gefen daji ba. Kuma na ƙarshe na dangin Lovlasas sun mutu sakamakon shekaru goma kafin haihuwar sabon labari.
Marubucin ya zama mai kirkirar a cikin wallafe-wallafen, ƙirƙira sabon hanyar sanin gaskiyar: kuma, yana da ikon samar da ra'ayin kansa akan abin da ke faruwa . Wannan ganniyar epistolary don cimma wannan.
Hoto da shirya
A makircin labari yana da matukar tasiri. Marubucin ya gina aiki bisa tsarin ɗaukar fansa. Babban haruffan suna daukar fansa kan juna, kuma da Ricochet sun buge da Ricochet a kan halayyar da ba ta da farin ciki - yarinyar mata Clarissa. Robert Lovelands - ARISOCRAT DA MUTANE MAI KYAU, haifar da hassada na gwarzo na James Garloi. Matasa sun ruga, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin, an hana Lovelus a liyafar a Harhou.
Kasar Clasissa ta tilasta yarinyar ta auri zalunci da amincewa da Sir Roger Salms, amma jin soyayya ta fadi tsakaninta da ƙauna ta hanyar rubutu. A cikin sanannun Athercrat, ra'ayin da aka haife ra'ayin ne don ɗaukar fansa ga dangin ƙiyayya da ƙiyayya. Mai mulki a hannun jari a karkashin sunan almara kusa da ƙasa Garloi kuma kalli rayuwar wanda aka azabtar.
Sau ɗaya, yayin taro, Welace, yarinyar ta koyar da yarinyar, ta sake komawa daga kubuta daga iyayensa, kuma tana sau da ita a cikin tatta. Klaisiyawa suna iya taimaka tsayar da Clarisa, wanda aka rikice a cikin "manyan dangi" Robert. Wani lokaci, wannan mace mai rashin gaskiya ce ta fyaɗe su, iri ɗaya ne suke ba su shawara su yi da kamanin kamala.
Amma protagonist ba ya cikin sauri, don yin ɗan wasa mai wahala. Zai yi alkawarin a auri, ya ƙi Maganarsa. Jihar dakatarwar "tsakanin bege da shakku" yana fitar da budurwa mahaukaci, amma ba shi yiwuwa a canza lamarin, saboda bai yuwu a canza halin da ake ciki ba, saboda ya rasa suna a gaban jama'a.
A halin yanzu, sanannun sanannu ne a cikin haruffa ga aboki Belford waɗanda mata kansu suke da laifi da kuma amincewa da da ta rushe da zarar uwargidan za ta zama biyayya har abada. Koyaya, ba shi yiwuwa a lalata kamami da ke kamun, wanda yake daɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗar wani mutum. Bayan ya gaji da dukkan hanyoyin, Lovesalas za su raira waƙa da kwayoyin dabbobi da kuma kwantar da hankalin ta. Amma facin farensta da alfahari, da ya koya cewa ta yi ƙaunarta, ya yanke shawarar tserewa daga Triton. Lovelarks ba zato ba tsammani ya fahimci dukkan firgi game da aikin da ƙoƙarin kawar da laifin, amma ya karɓi sake gabatar da shirinsa da zukata, ya fadi kuma ya mutu.
A cikin matsananciyar soyayya, Robert Lovelas ya bar Ingila, kuma bayan wani lokaci ya mutu akan duel tare da dangi na Clorissa, gaba daya ya tuba a cikin rashin gaskiya dangane da yarinyar.
Samuel Richardson ya haifar da hadadden halaye. Yana da a yau Lovals - sunan mai ma'ana, kawai wani dimana da mata. A lokaci guda, gwarzo na sabon labari ya bayyana wani mummunan hali, daraja har ma ga wasu m. Marubucin Faransanci da Falsafa Denisro sun ba da babban ƙididdigar gwarzo a cikin aikinsa "yabo Richardson":
"Sannu mai ƙauna ya hada daraja tare da vices mai banƙyama, lowness - tare da karimci - tare da sanyi, gama gari - da hauka."Abubuwan ban sha'awa
Tatianiya ya ambaci sau da yawa a Evgenia Daya, da Sammai Ribchardson "ƙaunataccen Mahalicci". A cikin 1824, babban mawaki na Rasha, yana karanta wannan labari, ya faɗi a cikin wasiƙar ga ɗan'uwansa:
"Na karanta Clarissa: Babu fitsari, menene wawa mai ban tsoro!"Amma daga baya a cikin "tafiya daga Moscow zuwa St. Petersburg", Alexander Sergeevics ya yi gyaran kimantawa:
"Yawancin masu karatu za su yarda da ni cewa ClIssa tana da matukar kyau da ban sha'awa, amma tare da duk hanyar Richardson tana da mutunci."Clarissa Gallow yana nufin yawan mafi tsayi na adabin na Ingilishi, ba labari ne ya ƙunshi kalmomi miliyan ba.
Ayyukan rubutu na Richardson, wanda ya kunshi ya ƙunshi kunshe da sassan. Mai neman soyayya da son zuciya ya kasance haka a cikin ruhin marubucin marubucin cewa an halarci bakin tekun a cikin marubucin, domin koyan labarai yayin jiran ci gaba. Magoya bayan sun yi magana da son sani, kamar yadda makircin zai juya, kuma ya roƙon marubucin bai kashe jijirewa ba. Amma kawai babban gwarzo ne bai yi jinkiri ba.
Baƙon, amma a Cinema Solace Tsaro, amma a cikin ƙasarsa. A shekarar 1991, Robert Burman ta cire jerin "Clarissa", inda ake gudanar da babban rawar da Sean Bean. E-garkuwa dangane da labari ya ƙunshi aukuwa huɗu. Bina ya yi nasarar isar da siffofin sabani na yanayin yanayin Ingilishi, halin yana haifar da ƙiyayya, yana da juyayi da juyayi a lokaci guda.
A karni na 190s 19, mai ban dariya wanda ake kira "Clarissa Gallow" zai ƙirƙiri wani ma'aikacin composer Georges BIZET. Fuskantar kwakwalwa dangane da mutuwa tare da mutuwa ba ta kammala karatun.
Sonace a cikin siket ana kiransa da masu halaye. Kiyayar halittar mutane ba ta san iyakoki ba, kuma ana amfani da sunan Nominal a wasu lokuta dangane da mata:
"Ya yi tafiya a cikin ƙaunar rayuwarsa,Ga mata, komai shine giya da wahala.
Kuma ya yaudare duk wanda ya yi hikima
Amma ba zato ba tsammani na sami soyayya ... "