Tari
Thomas Jefferson shine shugaban na Amurka na uku, mahaifin ya da kafa kasashen Amurka, marubucin sanarwar 'yanci ne.
An haifi dan siyasa mai zuwa a ranar Afrilu 13, 1743 a cikin birnin Shadelle, a cikin Cibnia, wanda a lokacin da aka dauke mulkin mallaka, a cikin dangin masu tasiri. Annabin Bitrus na Jefferson na kakanninsu suna zuwa daga Wales Turanci County. Mahaifiyar Jane Randolph ya danganta da shugaban farko na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Shekaru biyu bayan haihuwar Thomas, dangin sun koma kan Estate Takakovo, wanda ya kasance bayan mutuwar mai - Kanal William Randolf.
Yana da shekara 9, Thomas ya fara horar da makarantar Ikklisiya na William Douglas, inda tushen Latin, tsohuwar yarukan Greek da Faransanci aka koyar. Bayan shekaru shida, yaron ya ba da shekaru biyu zuwa ga makarantar ilimi, wanda ya jagoranci firist Yames Mori. Tun daga wannan lokacin, mahaifin Tomas ya rigaya ya riga ya mutu, sai matashi ya zauna a gidan Mori. A lokacin karatunsa, yaron ya karbi ilimin da ya dace da tarihi da ingantaccen kimantawa. A cikin 1760, Thomas ya zama ɗalibin kwalejin Williamsburg na Williamsburg na Williamsburg, inda ya zabi nazarin tafarkin falsafa, da lissafi da doka.
Malami, Farfesa William Oandan ya gabatar da saurayin da ayyukan manyan masana kimiyya. Ishaku Newton, John Locke da Francis naman alade - uku na biyu, wanda ya rinjayi samuwar duniya da ra'ayoyin siyasa na makomar nan gaba. Ya yaba da matasa jefferson da kuma ayyukan kayan wasannin Allah na fari da kuma wasan kwaikwayo, ga wanda karatun ya yi karatun tsohuwar Grammar na Helenanci sosai. Baya ga manyan abubuwan, Jefferson koya don kunna violin.
Wani saurayi ya 'yantar da wani saurayi daga laccoci da mutane da aka kashe a kamfanin Sakkerenikov, yana ziyartar abubuwan da suka faru na sirri na Gwamnace Virginia Francis Fokhore. Wannan bai hana Thomas don kammala karatun tare da manyan alamomi akan batutuwan da aka yi nazari. Shekaru biyar, dan aristocrat a kan magabtaccen hukunce-hukuncen George Vita, bayan ya fara aikinsa mai zaman kanta ta hanyar lauya mai zaman kanta.
Siyasa
Shekaru biyu na aikin doka, a cikin 1769, ana ɗaukar jagoran Jefferson ta hanyar halartar garin Virginia. A cikin 1774, bayan sanya hannu kan takunkumi wanda majalisar dokokin British ta zuwa cikin kasashen Yammacin Amurka, wacce ta bayyana niyyar mallakar mulkin kasar ta gabatar da kai. Jefferson na yanke hukunci wanda ya soki ayyukan da majalisar ta Ingilishi fiye da haifar da tausayawa daga mutane.
Tun kafin farkon yakin 'yanci a cikin hunturu na 1775, Thomas ya zama memba na Majalisar Wakilan Afirka. Shekaru biyu, an shirya "sandar da 'yanci", ranar tallafin wacce ta kasance 4 ga Yuli, 1776 - ya zama ranar haihuwar al'ummar Amurka. Baya kan ra'ayoyin siyasa, ban da aiwatarwa a cikin hanyar Babban Hisa Hopee, Thomas Jefferson ya gabatar da shi a cikin Virgina na Kasuwa, a ina ne aka zaba. A cikin 1781-1782, Thomas yana aiki ne kan aikin "bayanin kula a jihar Virginia", ga rubutun da ya samu lakabin masanin likitan bincike. An buga rubutun bayan ƙarshen tashin.
Tun daga 1785, Jefferson ya zama jakadan jihar a Faransa, amma kuma ya ci gaba da gudanar da ta'addanci a Amurka. A cewar Designamarin Jefeferson, marubucin ya gyara marihin Kundin Tsarin Mulki da Lissafin Majalisar James Madison. Komawa bayan shekaru 5 zuwa ga asalinsu, dan siyasa yana karbar matsayin Sakatare na farko na Amurka da shiga cikin jerin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Demokradiyya. A majalisar wakilai, membobin jam'iyyun sun samar da ra'ayoyin 'yanci na kowane jihohi da manufofin aikin gona na jihar, yin fare kan noma da kananan hannu.
Sanarwar 'Yanci
Sanarwa ce ta 'yanci daga' yanci daga 'yanci: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman da Robert Whannon. A mataki na karshe, an mai da takaddun kwanaki 17 bayan mutum daya - Toma Jefferson, bayan wanda sauran masu haɓakawa aka sanya hannu a cikin ƙungiyoyin Gudanarwa 13.
A sashe na farko, ana ayyana daidaici na daidaikun mutane uku: 'yancin rayuwa,' yanci da dukiya. Na biyu da na ukunta an buga shi ne ta hanyar ikon mallaka da kuma manufofin rashin binne ta Burtaniya a rayuwar Amurka.
Ra'ayin Siyasa
Gidajen Jefferson sun yi zargi game da kundin tsarin mulki na farko na Amurka, wanda bai iyakance adadin lokacin da ya gabata ba don zaben mutum ɗaya don shugabancin kasar, ya sanya shugaba a asalin Mulkin ba shi da iyaka. Abubuwan da ake buƙata don tafin cutar Jefferson da aka gani a cikin ci gaban manyan masana'antu. Dan siyasa ya tabbata cewa harsashin tattalin arziki yana da al'umma mai zaman kanta kyauta.
'Yancin mutum ya shafi ba kawai ga rayuwarsa da dukiyoyinsa ba, har ma da' yancin bayyana tunani a sarari. Fadakarwa mutane sunyi amfani da kungiyoyin jama'a na kyauta. Saboda haka, kowane ɗan ƙasa yana da hakki don samun ilimi. Jefferson yayi don rabuwa da jihar da Ikilisiya. Bayan haka, masanin mulkin zai haifar da fassarar "Sabon Alkawari", wanda yake wajibi ne a cikin karantar da za a bai wa shugabannin kasar. Ba a amince da dan siyasa tare da tsarin gwamnatin tarayya ba, wanda aka yi shelar ta hanyar tsarin Mulki na 1787. Thomas ya ba da shawarar amfanin ikon ƙasa a gaban gwamnatin tsakiya.
Shugaban U.s.A
Sama da shekaru 4 kafin a zabe shi ta hanyar mataimakin shugaban kasa, sannan kuma a shekarar 1801 ya zama shugaban jihar. A post na surori, thomas yana yin canje-canje da yawa. Yana shirya tsarin jam'iyyar da aka shirya na Oolar-Oolar na Majalisa, yana rage Sojoji, Gudun zuwa Mafi ƙarancin ƙarar, rundunar motoci da kayan aiki. Yana fadada manufar tallafi na jihohi zuwa manyan masihirci guda hudu na tattalin arziki: Agrasans, yan kasuwa, masana'antu da jigilar haske.
A cikin 1803, Louisiana ta zama Louisiana karkashin kwantaragin sayarwa tare da Faransa. Kudin ma'amala a wannan lokacin ana lissafta $ 15 miliyan a ƙarshen lokacin shugaban kasa na biyu, Thomas Jefferson ya kafa dangantakar diflomasiyya daular Rasha. Don tabbatar da Amurka daga kashe kudaden da ake samu da kare 'yancin kasar, Jefferson ya sanya sharudda kan dakatar da kasuwancin kasashen waje a lokacin yaƙi a Turai tare da Bonapart' na kasashen waje a Turai tare da Bonapart 'na kasashen waje tare da Sacoleon Budi. Irin wannan motsin ya kasance kuskure kuma ya cutar da Amurka, na rage yawan ci gaban tattalin arziki na jihar.
Rayuwar sirri
Matar Thomas Kadai na Thomas Jefferson ta zama 'yar akarinta na biyu Marta Weils Skelton, wanda a nan dan siyakar siyasa ya yi aure shekara 29. An haifi Marta Jefferson a cikin gidan John da Marta Wales, amma mako guda bayan haihuwa, mahaifiyar yarinyar ta mutu. Marta ta karbi ilimi mai ban mamaki: yana da mallaki harsuna da yawa, Sango, karanta waƙoƙi, da aka kunna piano. Yarinyar ta bambanta da halin rayuwa, zuciya mai kyau da bayyanar kyakkyawa.
Amarya a lokacin bikin aure tare da Jefferson tuni ya fara yin gwaje-gwaje kuma ya taru Sonan daga cikin aure na farko. Matar ta farko ta mutu shekaru biyu bayan ƙirar alaƙar. Auren na biyu na Marhanai ya juya ya zama mafi nasara. Matar Shugaban kasa na Amurka ba kawai kyakkyawa bane da kuma farkawa mai kyau, amma kuma kyakkyawan kutse ga mai hankali THOMAS.
Jeffersons ya yi farin ciki tsawon shekaru 10 a cikin magajin gari Monticello. A wannan lokacin, suna da yara shida, hudu waɗanda aka mutu a ƙuruciya. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu: MHA, waɗanda iyaye suke ƙauna Patsy, da Maryamu.
A cikin 1782, kawai a haife shi 'yar da ta gabata, MAHHA ta mutu a hannun miji mai kyau. A kan Odra Thomas ta rantse mata da aure da ba a sake tunawa ba, kuma suka kiyaye Maganar. Don haka ya kawo karshen labarin soyayya Thomas da Marta Jefferson.
Koyaya, a Faransa, jakadan Amurka sun tashi wani sabon labari tare da Parisian Maria Cosway. Dangantaka da Aure Uwargida ya juya zuwa wani dan wasan sada zumunci, wanda Thomas da Mariya ya jagoranci har zuwa ƙarshen kwanakin rai na ƙarshe. A cikin Paris, wata dangantakar ƙaunar Shugaban Kasar Amurka ta samo asali. Kwarƙan Thomas ta zama wani saurayi, kwata-kwata na 'yar'uwar Marta ta kan mahaifinsa.
Yarinyar na iya zama cikin 'yanci Turai, amma ya zaɓi komawa Amurka, inda, yake zaune a gidan Jefferson, ya haifi' ya'ya takwas. Abokan hamayyar shugaban sun fallasa dangantakar soyayya na dan iska da bawan, wanda Jeffersson ya amsa shuru. A cewar kwarewar DNA, wanda aka riga ya kasance a karni na 21, daya daga cikin 'ya'yan Sally yaro ne da Jefferson. Sauran yaran sun haihu daga ubanninsu daban-daban.
Mutuwa
Bayan fadatowa, Thomas Jefferson ƙarshe ya zauna a cikin ƙasa Monticello, wanda aka gina akan aikin injiniyan. Toma dai Tallafi ya kasance ta cikin hanyoyi da yawa: ban da tsarin gine-ginen gine-gine, da dabara, ƙirƙirar kayan gida.
Labarin sirri Jefferson ya ƙunshi littattafan 6.5 dubu. Bayan mutuwar mai zurfin tunani, dangi ya saiti zuwa al'adun labaran majalisa. 'Yar ɗan' yan siyasa sun jagoranci rubutu tare da mafi kyawun tunanin zamani, ya tafi haruffa ɗari uku kowace rana.
Mutuwar Maharan Mahaliccin Mahaliccin "An yi wahayi zuwa ga 'yancin samun' yanci a ranar 4 ga Yuli 4, 1826, ranar murnar da al'ummar Amurkan. An binne Jefferson a Monticello. A cikin 1923, mutumin ya ƙetare jihar, yau Jaruman gidan yana da wani ɓangare na kayan gado na duniya.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa
Kyakkyawan abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa masu alaƙa da sunan da kuma tarihin THOMAS Jefferson:
- An kama ƙwaƙwalwar kudaden da aka fifita fitattun gwamnatin Amurka. A kan dala bankon, hoto na farko da shugaban kasar George Washington aka sanya; A kan dala biyu - hoton Thomas Jeffersson; A Pyddollar - hoto na Ibrahim Lincoln; Hoton ashirin da naƙasaska ya wakilci Bankuna na Andrew Jackson, da Biyar Grant.
- A cikin 1804-1806, wata tafiya zuwa yamma, an yi ƙaura zuwa tekun yamma, ta hanyar Meriezer Lewe da William Clark. Teamungiyar mutane 3 sun bude sababbin ƙasashe, sabon kogin Columbia, ya sanya hannu a fagen yarjejeniya da kabilun Indiya.
- Thomas Jefferson ba wai kawai mai tunani bane da kuma falsafa, har ma da kirkira. Misali, masanin masanin kimiyyar kwarewa ya zo tare da na'urar cewa matakan mutum ya yi la'akari da tafiya.
- Thomas Jefferson ya nuna iyawar gine-gine. Dan siyasa da aka tsara kuma kammala wani bangare na gine-ginen zuwa White House, inda dakuna biyu na gida suna. Har zuwa shugaban na uku, ma'aikatan gwamnatin Gwamnatin Amurka ya ziyarci bayan gida a kan titi.
Faɗa
Mafi shahararrun maganganun Jefferson:
- Kada ku jinkirta gobe menene za a iya yi a yau.
- Don ruhun kasuwanci na Mercenyary, babu ƙasar ƙasa, ko ji, ko ka'idodi - ɗayan yana kan ɗaya.
- Dokokin dole ne su tafi hannu tare da ci gaban rayuwar mutum.
- Daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, itaciyar 'yanci dole ne ta zubar da jinin azzalumai da kiɓuwa.
- Kawai mutanen da kullun suke a yayin abin da ke faruwa ke da damar zaɓar gwamnati.