Tari
Oliver Cromwell - Kwamandan Ingilishi da ɗan ƙasa na ƙarni na XVI-XVii. Ya zama shugaban juyin juya halin Biritaniya, ya jagoranci yunkuri ne na masu kaffun da suka rabu da Pvitan, kuma daga baya a shekaru na siyasa, ya gudanar da matsayin Ingila, da Ireland da Scotland.
Oliver Cromwell tari ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 1599 a cikin garin Huntingdon. Iyayensa ba su da kyau Turanci mai kyau - Elizabeth Steing da Robert Cromwell. Latterarancin ƙaramin ɗan saurayi ne a cikin dangi, ya zo daga Thomas Cromwell (A cikin mafi girma na sarki na Henry Vidi, da babban mataimakin a cikin aiwatar da ayyukan sau biyu). A zamanin mulkin wannan sarki, magabatan Oliver Cromwell sun ci gaba da wata jiha saboda kwacewar majami'u da filaye na kwanakin.
Ilimin farko na Oliver da aka samu a makarantar Ikklesiya ta garinsu. A cikin lokacin daga 1616 zuwa 1617, yayi karatu a Kwalejin Sydney Shusex na makarantar Sydney mallakar Jami'ar Cambridge ne. An san wannan kwaleji ga ruhun Firayim. Cromwell-Jr. Ya fara horar da doka, amma ba da daɗewa ba za a yanke shawarar barin karatunsa ya auri 'yar unguwar.
Mutuwar mahaifin a yi amfani da irin wannan matakin Oliver: dole ne ya ba da ilimi don taimakawa uwa da mata. A wannan lokacin, ya jagoranci gona, kamar yadda kuma ya kamata squire: dafa giya, an shirya cuku, sayar da gurasa da ulu.
Siyasa
A cikin 1628, Cromwell ya yi kokarin fara wasika siyasa. Har ma ya sami damar kayar da majalisar daga garin Huntingon. Jawabin farko na Oliver a cikin babban iko na ikon shugaban majalisa na Ingila ya faru a watan Fabrairu 1629. An sadaukar da shi don kare masu wa'azin Puriyawa. Amma a cikin Maris na wannan shekara, sarki Karl na yi watsi da majalisar, kuma Carlera Cromwell ya ƙare, bai da lokacin da za a fara.
A cikin shekaru goma sha ɗaya, Cromwell ya sake jawo rayuwar talakawa mai zuwa. A cikin lokacin daga 1636 zuwa 1638, ya shiga kare haƙƙin al'umma. A cikin 'yan shekaru, Oliver Cromwell ya sake bayyana kan fagen siyasa na kasarsu: A watan Afrilu da kuma a cikin Nuwamba 1640 an zabe shi zuwa wani dan takaice. Cromwell ya zama mataimaki daga Cambridge. A cikin jawabansa, ya yi, kare bukatun sabon rai da bourgeoisie.
Juyin Turanci
A cikin 16 ga Agusta 1642, juyin juya halin kasar Burtaniya ya fara (yakin basasa na Ingilishi). Babban jami'an masu adawa da ke adawa da wannan juyin sarkin Charles na yi da majalisar ni da majalisar ni. Oliver Cromwell ya yi yaƙi a gefen sojojin majalisa, wanda ya fassara shi a matsayin babban kyaftin.
Ya yanke shawarar daukar sojoji ba don tilastawa ba - maimakon haka, ya so nemo masu ba da agaji na sojan doki, don Sarki Allah zai yi gaba da gaskatawa. Oliver Cromwell ya gano irin wannan "akida" a fuskar Peasan-yomen wanda ya rayu a gabashin Ingila.
Sun kasance 'ya'yan tsarkakakkun' yan fikafai kuma sun yi hukunci da yanke hukunci a kan umarni na biyan kuɗi. Redayi na cromwell, wanda aka haɗa da waɗannan jijiyoyin, Zheleznobokim ne kawai game da koyarwarsa na kwarewa da juriya.
Tare da sojojinsa, shugaban kwamandan ya yi fada da yawa, sannu a hankali samun ƙari da mafi girma matsayi. A cikin 1644, an ba shi lakabin babban leppentant janar. Mafi mahimmancin fasahar sa yana cikin yakin Martone Moore, wanda ya faru a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 1644, da kuma a yakin Neuzbby, 1645. Wadannan yaƙin ya zama yanke hukunci a cikin tarihin juyin juya halin Ingilishi, kuma ba tare da receius da baiwa na Oliver Cromwell, za su iya wucewa in ba haka ba.
Tarihin Ingila bayan nasarar majalisar dokoki a cikin yakin basasa na farko ya tafi kan hanyar miƙa mulki ga tsarin mulkin kundin tsarin mulki. Mai mulkin sarki, mai yanke hukunci kawai yadda manufar ƙasar za ta ci gaba, ta shiga baya. A lokaci guda, shi ne ikon gudanarwa da makamashi na Oliver Cromwell, ya tabbata cewa yana yin gwagwarmaya don abin da ya dace, galibi ya haifar da nasarar majalisar yayin fuskantar sarki.
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala juyin juya halin Biritaniya, Cromwell ya nemi canji na sojojin jihar. A cikin 1645, ya ba da gudummawa ga halittar rundunar sabon samfurin dangane da dimbin yawa na Zheleznoboki. Cromwell yayi amfani da ƙwarewar da aka samu a yawancin shekaru na yaƙi don ƙirƙirar sojoji masu tasiri.
Yaƙin basasa
Kai tsaye a lokacin yakin basasa na Burtaniya, Oliver Cromwell yana wakiltar karfin dimokradiyya na juyawa. Amma bayan Majalisar ta kashe sojojin sarki, shugaban kwamitin ya yanke shawarar matsawa zuwa wani matsayi na siyasa da yawa kuma ya ƙi ra'ayoyin dimokiradiyya. Saboda wannan, yana da rikice-rikice da masu sayen, waɗanda ba su gamsu da sakamakon juyin juya halin Ingilishi kuma sun nemi ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe.
A cikin 1647, Oliver Cromwell ya zama ya karu tsakanin jami'an siyasa uku: Sarki, sojojin da wakilan Presebyneranism, waɗanda ke da ƙabilar kuri'a. A cikin irin wannan yanayin daga shugaban soja da kuma karfafa gwiwa na soja, cromwell ya juya ya zama babban abin da sojoji da kuma hadin kai da sojoji da suka gaji.
A daidai yake 1647 Sojojin suka ɗauki sarki. Oliver Cromwell yayi kokarin sasanta yanayin tare da sarkin yayi magana game da yanayin da za a kiyaye sarkin da maye. Preseplera, har yanzu yana buƙatar canje-canje na tsattsauran ra'ayi, ga cin amana a cikin wannan. Kuma ba a gwada wani ɗan siyasa ba zai hada da bikin yaƙi, don hana yakin basasa na biyu, wanda ya fara ne a 1648, ya kasa.
A cikin wannan juyin juya halin, Oliver Cromwell ya yi kokarinsa da masu sarauta da kuma karfafa sojojinsa, sun yarda da kungiyar da levellers. A lokacin Satumba da 1648, ya yi gwagwarmaya da masu sarauta a Scotland da kuma a arewacin Ingila. A farkon watan Oktoba, halarin ya shiga Aninburgh, inda aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta zaman lafiya. A cikin watanni masu zuwa, shugaban kwamandan ya zo wurin sojojinsa, ya sami tsabtatawa gidan commons daga magoya bayan Yayana.
A cikin 1649, CRomwell ya amince da kisan sarki, lalata da mulkin mallaka da shelar Ingila da Jamhuriyar. "Silk" masu kare masu karewa sun zama "siliki", wanda ke kan Oliver Cromwell. Ya nuna kansa mai tsauri mai mulki: ya soke duk wani kokarin da aka tashe shi, a cikin garin da bai samu ba game da zalunci na mawadyawar sarauta.
shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwa
Kamar yadda rayuwar Olius Crommell ta yi birgima ga faɗuwar rana, mulkinsa ya sami ƙarin fasali. Ya fara karbe shi a kan sha'awar wasu batutuwan da za su kafa dimokiradiyya, ga bukatunsu na zamantakewar su. A cikin 1650, ya zama shugaban Jamhuriyar, wanda, shugaban kwamandan, wanda aka yi nufin a yi amfani da shi wajen gano mulkin mulkin mallaka.
A cikin 1653, kwamandan sun yarda da wani sabon kundin tsarin mulki, wanda ake kira da "makami". Wannan takaddar ta ba shi matsayin "Ubangijin adanawa" a Ingila, Ireland da Scotland. Halin manufofin cikin gida na jihar ya yi wuya a gare shi: A kasar, an ba da rikicin tattalin arzikin tattalin arziki, masar matsalolin zamantakewa ba a warware matsalar ba. A lokaci guda, Cromwell ya yi nasara a cikin manufofin kasashen waje, ya kwace Jamaica, yana sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci tare da Sweden da kuma kare zaman lafiya a cikin sharuddan Ingila.
Kodayake a lokacin rayuwar Oliver Cromwell, Jamhuriyar ba a ba ta rabuwa ba, kuma ikonsa ba shakka, manufar kwamandan ta kawo kwamandan ne kawai ya kawo maido da mulkin mallaka. Bayan mutuwarsa a cikin 1658, dansa Richard ya zama magajin ikon Ubangiji, a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci da aka rasa.
Rayuwar sirri
Matar da ta yi gari Elizabeth ta fashe, wanda ya yi aure, ya bar karatunsa a jami'a.
Yara takwas aka haife su a cikin wannan aure: 'Ya'yiya Robert, Oliver, Henry da Richard, har ma da' ya'ya mata na Francis, Mariya, Elizabeth da Bridget.
Mutuwa
Oliver Cromwell ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 1658, sanadiyyar mutuwa ya zama na ciki da zazzabin cizon sauro da zazzabin cizon sauro da zazzabin cizon sauro da zazzabin cizon sauro. Jaka daga jagorar jihohi ta wuce ta da girma, amma da sannu ne tarurrukan da ke ci gaba da magajin Craomywell bai iya jimrewa ba - ɗan tsohon ɗansa Richard.
A cikin 1659, da suka dace da kursiyin Charles Ii (Karl Na ce ɗa, yarjejeniya ga kisan da aka ba), don cika aikin kwamandan. Jikin ya yi awanni kadan a cikin gallows, bayan wanda aka sanya kansa a kan gundumar kusa da fadar Westminster.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa
- Akwai wani labari cewa a cikin yara cewa ɗan Oliver Cromwell ya gana da Karren Karl I, wanda aka ƙaddara ya zama Sarkin Ingila. A yayin wasan, yaran sunzo, kuma suka yi cromwell har ma da karya hancin sa.
- A shekarar 1970, an cire fim din tarihi "cromwell", wanda ya zartar da mai jagoranci a cikin abin da Richard Harris - samu yabo daga sukar fim don kyakkyawan sifa da halayyar halayyar.
- A farkon yara, Oliver yana da 'yan'uwa biyu, amma sun mutu yayin da. A sakamakon haka, yaron ya girma kewaye da 'yan'uwa shida, wanda ya yi dangantaka mai dumi.
- Har zuwa shekara 41, cromwell bai ji sha'awar ayyukan juyin juya hali ba. Sai kawai lokacin da ya zira wani yanki na Zheleznoboki saboda nasa kudi, wannan ƙaunar ta farka da shi kuma sha'awar ta gama tarihin ƙasarsa.
- Satumba 3 ya juya ya zama wata rana mai ban sha'awa a cikin rabo daga Oliver Cromwell. A wannan rana ya ci sojojin Scottish, sojojin Charles da sojojin Charles da ranar 3 ga Satumba, Majalisar ta fara aiki, kuma daga baya a wannan ranar ta fara aiki, sannan kuma a wannan ranar ta fara aiki, sannan kuma a wannan ranar ta fara aiki, sannan kuma a wannan ranar ta fara aiki, kuma daga baya a wannan rana ta fara yin bikin a matsayin ranar Thengiving. Oliver Cromwell shi ma ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Satumba.