Tari
A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1483, wani yaro wanda aka yiwa alama a tarihi a matsayin fitaccen mutum a matsayin wanda ya kirkiro shi a cikin Jamus, Martin Luther Rudolol. Wannan mutumin kuma sanannen ne kamar mai fassarar Kiristoci mai tsarki (Littafi Mai-Tsarki), wanda ya kafa ka'idojin rubutu na al'ummomin Afirka - Martin Luther King.
Mahaifin Martin, Hans Luther, an rarrabe ta ta hanyar aiki tuƙuru, ya nemi ya ba da iyalin sa duk amfanin saƙo masu mahimmanci, wanda ya kasance mai wahala a gare shi. Da farko, shi ne yadda aka saba yi a ƙauyen Mera, amma, motsi cikin neman rayuwa mafi kyau a cikin ma'adinan ma'adinai na gida. Lokacin da mai sauƙin maimaitawar yana da watanni 6, dangi ya tafi ya zauna a Mansfeld, kuma akwai Hans sun sami matsayin burger mai arziki.
Yana da shekara 7, rashin iliminta na ƙarshe dole ne ya sami matsaloli na farko. Iyayen sun aiko da ɗanta don yin karatu a makarantar birni, wanda "aka ba da" Luther da azaba. Tsarin Ilimin Ilimi na wannan cibiyar ba ta bada izinin yaro mai fasaha ba don samun madaidaicin matakin ilimi, kuma tsawon shekaru 7 da aka yi a nan Martin, koya wa 'yan salla da dokoki goma.
Yana da shekara 14 (1497), Matashi ya shiga makarantar Fardecan a Magdeburg, amma bayan shekara guda aka fassara zuwa Eisena. Kudi bai isa ba, Martin wanda ya raira masa, tare da abokansa da ya rera a karkashin windows na wasu citizensan ƙasa, ƙoƙarin yin abinci. Sai saurayin ya fara tunani game da albashi mai zaman kansa a cikin ma'adinai, kamar mahaifinsa, amma uba ya ba da umarnin in ba haka ba.
Matashin mai ya ba da gangan ya hadu da matar wani mazaunin eisena mai arziki. Wata mace mai suna Ursula ta yanke shawarar taimakawa yaron, gayyatawar zuwa gidansa don masauki na ɗan lokaci fiye da yadda ya bude Martin hanya zuwa sabuwar rayuwa.
A cikin 1501, Luther ya yi karatun digiri a makaranta kuma ya shiga Jami'ar Erfurt (fadin falsafar). Martin ya tsaya daga cikin takobin tare da kyawawan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, wanda ya sha, kamar soso, sabon abu kayan aiki da sannu da sannu ya zama cibiyar hadaddun duniya a jami'a.
Bayan ya karɓi digiri na farko (1503), an gayyaci matasa Luther don karanta laccoci ga ɗalibai cikin falsafa. A cikin layi daya, ya yi nazarin kayan yau da kullun na tsarin doka a cikin bukatar Uba. Martin ci gaba sosai, amma ya nuna mafi kyawun sha'awa a tauhidin, karanta aikin da ayyukan manyan cocin.
Sau ɗaya, bayan wata ziyarar zuwa ɗakin karatun na jami'a, Littafi Mai-Tsarki ya shiga hannun Luther, karatun wanda ya juya duniyarsa ta ciki.
Bayan kammala karatu daga jami'a, Martin Luther yanke hukunci akan babban digiri wanda babu wanda ya sa ran daga gare shi. Falsafer ya tafi gidan bauta don bauta wa Allah, ya yi watsi da ransa ta duniya. Ofaya daga cikin dalilan shi ne kwatsam mutuwar aboki na Luther da sanannen abin da suke yi na zunubansu.
Rayuwa a gidan sufi
A cikin Wuri Mai Tsarki na matasa masana tauhidi sun shiga cikin ayyuka daban-daban: Na yi wa babba, na yi wa babbaa, na fara aikin agogo, ya gabatar da gidan da sauransu.
Ana son ceton wani mutum daga fahimtar mutum, da sannu da baya aka tura Martin zuwa City - don tattara sadaka. Luther ya zo game da kowane nuni, ana amfani da Ashssa a cikin abinci, sutura, hutawa. A cikin 1506, Martin Luther ya yarda da Monasticism, kuma a shekara - firist, ya zama ɗan'uwan Augustine.
Abincin rana, Ubangiji da matsayin firist ba ya zama iyakancewar ƙarin horo da ci gaba don Martin. A cikin 1508, Janar Vicar da aka ba da shawarar Lutherta a matsayin malamin Jami'ar Wittenberg. Anan ya horar da samarin maza diaikin, kimiyyar lissafi. Ba da daɗewa ba ya sami digiri na littafi mai tsarki na littafi mai tsarki, wanda ya sa ya koyar da koyar da tiyolojin ɗalibai. Luther yana da hakkin fassara nassosi na littafi mai tsarki, kuma don mafi kyawun bincike cikin ma'anar su, ya fara nazarin harsunan waje.
A cikin 1511, Luther ya ziyarci Rome, inda wakilan Allah ya aiko. Anan ya ci karo da sabani ga Katolika. Daga 1512 ya rike matsayin malamin tauhidi, karanta wa'azin, aikata nauyin da mai kulawa a cikin gidaje 11.
Gyara
Duk da kusancin gani ga Allah, Martin Luther koyaushe yana jin wasu halaye, la'akari da kansa zunubi da rauni a cikin ayyukansa kafin Maɗaukaki. Rikicin hankali rikicin ya fara sake tunani na Eurologica na duniya da ta hanyar gyara.
A cikin 1518, an saki Papal Bulla, wanda aka soki daga ra'ayin Martin. Luther ya ji dadin a cikin ayyukan Katolika. Masota da masana tauhidi suna shirya nasu 95 Waɗannan a cikin tushen musun postal cocin Romawa.
Dangane da kirkirar Luther, jihar kada ta dogara da malamai, kuma karshen bata wajabta yin aiki a tsakanin mutum da Ubangijin komai. Martin bai amince da ikirarin da ikirarin game da jan hankalin wakilan ruhaniya ba, sun lalata ikon Dhormance. An lura da irin waɗannan ayyukan gyara a cikin tarihi kuma a baya, amma matsayin Luther ya kasance mai saɓo da ƙarfin hali.
WANNE Martin Sheltin ya karbi shahararrun jama'a a cikin al'umma, jita-jita game da sabon koyarwar kai da gaske Paparoma, wanda nan da nan ya gayyaci rashin damar da kotu (1519). Luther ya mutu bai isa Rome ba, sannan Pontifik ya yanke shawarar yin beto da Furotesta (fihirisa daga tsarkakakkun Sacraments).
A cikin 1520, Luther ya sa Dokewa - Karkatar da jama'a na Papal Bull, ya yi kira ga mutane don yaƙar Sanajan Papal. A ranar 26 ga Mayu, a cewar Worsi Edic, Martin ya karbi caji na heresy, amma magoya bayan babban ra'ayoyin Lucency suna iya tserewa daga mahaifiyarsa, yana bayyana satar. A zahiri, an sanya Luther a cikin gidan Wartburg, inda ya shiga fassarar Littafi Mai-Tsarki a cikin Jamusanci.
A cikin 1529, Martin Luther ya karbi wani tallafi na hukuma, ya yarda ya zama daya daga cikin 'yan kwanaki, amma bayan fewan shekaru biyu: Luthebanism da calvinism.
Jean Calvin ya zama na biyu bayan Luther wani mai kira mai bugawa, babban ra'ayin wanda shi ne cikakkiyar daidaitacciya ta mulkin mutum.
Ra'ayi game da yahudawa
Ratio na Martin Luther ga yahudawa sun canza duk tsawon rayuwarsa. Da farko, ya yanke hukunci game da tsananta wa Wakilan wannan asalin, shawarar da za a bi da su da haƙuri.
Martin da gaske sun yi imanin cewa Bayahude, wanda ya ji maganarsa, tabbas zai yanke shawara game da baftisma. A cikin littafinsa "cewa an haifi Kristi ne da Bayahude" ya goyi bayan asalin mutanen Yahudawa da rashin yarda don bin "Papal PaGanism".
Bayan mai nema, ya gamsu cewa Yahudawa ba su yi niyyar bin koyarwarsa ba, kuma a wani lokaci an daidaita shi da ƙiyayya da su. Littafin Luther a cikin wannan halin yana da halayyar Yahudawa ("a kan Yahudawa da qarya", "tattaunawa", da sauransu).
Don haka, shahararren masanin Jamus ya ji daɗin jama'ar Yahudawa, waɗanda suka juya baya daga gyarawa da Luther. Bayan haka, cocin Lutheran ya zama tushen yin wahayi ga anti-seites, kuma matsayinta ya zama san farfadan farfaganda a kan Yahudawa a Jamus ma sun yi gāba da su.
Rayuwar sirri
Luther ya yi imani cewa Ubangiji ba zai iya hana kowa da kowa ba tare da kawar da mutane su rayu cikin ƙauna da kuma mika ainihinsu. A cewar hujjoji daga tarihin Martin, tsohon mai jinyar tsohon da ya haife shi cikin auren yara 6.
Katharina von Bouru wani gidan su ne a gidan sufi da manyan mutane. Lokacin da yarinyar ta yi shekara 8, ta ba da rantsuwa. Ikilisiya Ilimin Ikilisiya, horo da kuma da aka karbe Catharine Asirima ya sanya halin matar matar Futher Suroh da Tsorancin, wanda aka nuna shi a cikin dangantakar ma'aurata.
Auren Martin da ket (saboda haka ake kira yarinyar Luther) ya faru a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 1525. A lokacin, Furotesta ya yi shekara 42, kuma cute abokinsa yana da shekara 26. An yi watsi da gidan sujallar Augtentine na Augtentine na zaɓaɓɓen matsayinsa na haɗin gwiwa. Zukatan ƙauna sun rayu cikin sauki, ba tare da lahani ga kowane dukiya ba. Gidansu koyaushe ya kasance a fili ga mutanen da suke bukatar taimako.
Mutuwa
Zuwa ga mutuwar Martin Luther yayi aiki mai wahala, karantawa Karanta, wa'azin, ya rubuta littattafan. Mai kuzari ga mutum mai aiki a cikin yanayi, sau da yawa ya manta da abinci da mafarkin lafiya. A cikin shekarun, wannan ya fara bayyana kanta cikin tsananin damuwa, Fasahing kwatsam. Luther ya zama mai mallakar abin da ake kira da cutar ta dutse da ta kawo masa da yawa azaba.
Rashin tausayi mai "ƙarfafa" rikice-rikice na ruhaniya da shakku. Martin a cikin salon rayuwarsa ya yarda cewa da dare Ubangiji yakan zo wurinsa, yana neman alamun baƙon tambayoyi. Wanda ya kafa shi ne ya yi addu'a ga Allah don mutuwa, kasancewa cikin yanayin azaba mai raɗaɗi shekaru da yawa.
Luther ya mutu a watan Fabrairu 1546 ba zato ba tsammani. An binne gawarsa a farfajiyar Ikklisiyar Caka ta ce, inda aka ba da sanannun 95 da zarar an ƙeo.
A cikin 2003, a ƙwaƙwalwa na tarihi, Eric tllems, wani fim din wasan kwaikwayo na tarihin rayuwar da aka kira shi daga farkon ayyukan gyara da kuma mutuwa kanta.
Faɗa
"Kiyayya, a matsayin babban kokowar cutar kansa mai lalata mutum kuma yana ɗaukar duk mahimmancin." "Idan mutum bai gano wani abu da ya shirya ya mutu ba, ba ya da ikon rayuwa." "Ba tare da matata ba, ba shi yiwuwa a rayu, ta yaya ba za a iya yi ba tare da abinci da abin sha ba. Mata da aka haife su, muna da yawa rayuwarsu kuma ba mu da wata dama ta fice daga gare su. "Littafi daya
- Bible Beryerburg
- Laccoci akan saƙo zuwa Romawa (1515-1516)
- 95 waɗannan abubuwan game da zina (1517)
- Ga National Nobarancin Nationasar Jamus (1520)
- Game da Babila zaman talala na cocin (1520)
- Harafin Mulfpharewa (1520)
- Bude wasika pau x (1520)
- A kan 'yancin kirista
- A kan wanda ya rage maƙiyin Kristi
- Jawabin da ya nuna damuwa a ranar 18 ga Afrilu Afrilu 18, 1521
- Game da bautar (1525)
- Game da yaki da Turks (1528)
- Babba da karamin falciya (1529)
- Harafin fassara (1530)
- Yabo kiɗan (1538)
- Game da Yahudawa da karya (1543)