Tari
René Descrees - Matherper, Falsiran, Makin Halittu, da Inminiyanci da masanin ilimin lissafi, wanda ra'ayoyin Inabi, wanda ra'ayoyin Inabi da aka yi wasa da babbar rawa a ci gaban masana'antar kimiyya da dama. Ya bunkasa wata alama ta Algebra, wacce muke amfani da ita har wa yau, ta zama "uba" na kirkirar Geomlexology, samar da kayan aikin kimiyyar lissafi - kuma wannan ba dukkan nasarori bane.Yaro da matasa
Rene Descrartes ya bayyana a cikin birnin LA a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1596. Bayan haka, sunan wannan birni ya sake sake suna wa'adi. Iyayen Renan sun kasance wakilai na tsohuwar ɗorewa, waɗanda a cikin karni na XVI kawai rage ƙarewa da ƙarshen. Rena ta zama ɗan na uku a cikin iyali. Lokacin da Dalili ya kasance shekara 1 shekara, mahaifiyar ta mutu ba zato ba tsammani. Mahaifin masanin masanin kimiyyar nan gaba ya yi a matsayin alƙali a wani birni, saboda haka ba a ziyarci yara ba. Saboda haka, bayan mutuwar mahaifiyar, kakar ta ɗauki ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙarami.
Daga farkon shekarun, Rene ya nuna karin son son sani da sha'awar samun ilimi. A wannan yanayin, yana da lafiyar m. Yaron ilimi na farko da aka karɓa a Kwalejin Jesuit. Wannan cibiyar ilimi ta bambanta da tsarin karatun, amma descartde, la'akari, yin la'akari da yanayin lafiyar, ya yi a wannan yanayin shakatawa. Misali, zai iya farkawa daga baya fiye da sauran ɗalibai.
Kamar yadda a yawancin kolejoji na wannan lokacin, a La Flash, ilimi addini ne. Kuma ko da yake binciken yana nufin da yawa ga matasa da ƙyallen, irin wannan jigon tsarin ilimi ya daina kuma ya ƙarfafa shi a matsayin mahimmancin hukumomin falsafalin wannan lokacin.
Bayan kammala karatunsa a cikin kwamitin, René ya tafi waƙoo, inda ya karɓi digiri na farko a cikin shari'a. Sannan wani lokaci a cikin babban birnin Faransa, kuma a cikin 1617 ya shiga aikin soja. Matthematics sun halarci tashin hankali a yankin Holland, yayin da juyin juya halin Musulunci ya dauke shi, da kuma a takaice fada don Prague. A Holland, kayan gargajiya sun yi abokai tare da na Ishaku Bekman.
Daga nan Rena ta rayu wani ɗan lokaci a cikin Paris, kuma lokacin da mabiyan Jeis suka koya game da dabarun sa mai ƙarfin zuciya, inda ya yi shekaru 20. Duk tsawon rayuwa, an tsananta masa kuma ya kai hare-hare daga ikkilisiya don ci gaban ra'ayoyi masu ci gaba, wadanda suka lalata matakin ci gaban ƙarni na XVi-XVii.
Ilmin filosofi
Koyar da falsafa na René Desartes ya kasance mai ban mamaki ga miyya: Ya yi imani da cewa akwai kyakkyawan abu, da kayan. Kuma a sa'an nan, kuma ɗayan ya fara gane su da 'yanci. Manufar Renevartes da dattawan sun hada da karban kasancewar kasancewar nau'ikan kungiyoyi biyu a cikin duniyarmu: tunani da tsawaita. Masanin kimiyya ya yi imani cewa Allah shi ne tushen abubuwan biyun. Tana samar da su bisa ga ka'idoji iri guda, tana haifar da kwayoyin halitta a layi daya tare da zaman lafiya da motsi, kuma yana riƙe abubuwa.
Hanyar musamman na sanin René da dasuwa da gani a cikin hankali. A lokaci guda, sanin masanin kimiyya dauke da abin da ake bukata don gaskiyar cewa mutum zai mamaye sojojin yanayi. Yiwuwar dalilin da dalili a kan Desartes ana watsi da ajizancin mutum, bambance-bambance ne daga cikar Allah. A dalilin sake tunani game da sani a cikin wannan, a gaskiya, ya aza tushen hankali.
A farkon mafi yawan bincike na ren Realts a filin Falsafa ya kasance mai shakka a cikin gaskiya, kuskuren ilimin da ya shafi yarda da shi gabaɗaya. Kulawa da descrartes "Ina tsammanin - sabili da haka, na wanzu ne saboda waɗannan muhawara. Falsafer ya bayyana cewa kowane mutum zai iya shakkar wanzuwar jikinsa har ma da duniya gaba ɗaya. Amma a lokaci guda, wannan shakku ya kasance unambiguously.
Ilmin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi
Babban sakamakon falsafanci da ilmin lissafi na aikin rene shine rubutun littafin "Dalili game da hanyar". Littafin ya ƙunshi aikace-aikace da yawa. Aikace-aikacen ɗaya wanda ke kunshe da bincike game da tantanin lissafi na tantancewa. Wani aikace-aikacen da aka haɗa da ka'idodin nazarin kayan aikin gani da mamaki, nasarorin da cartarate a cikin wannan masana'antar (a karon farko daidai tattara dokar gyaran haske) da sauransu.
Masanin masanin ya gabatar da digiri a yanzu, layin da ke sama da abin da aka ɗauka a ƙarƙashin tushen ya fara nuna nuna nuna alamar "X, y, z", da haruffa "a, b, c". Hakanan ya inganta yanayin zamani na daidaitattun daidaitattun abubuwa, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin warwarewa (lokacin da sifili ke cikin ɓangaren da ya dace na daidaituwa).
Wata nasarar mallakar data kasance da dama, mahimmanci don inganta ilimin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi, shine ci gaban tsarin daidaitawa ne. Masanin kimiyya ya gabatar da shi domin ya yiwu a sanya bayanin kaddarorin gerometrics da kuma rikicewa cikin harshen Algebra. A takaice dai, ya kasance René da dasaro wanda ya ba da damar yin nazarin daidaituwa game da tsarin daidaitawa a cikin tsarin real Cartesan, wanda shine sanannen tsarin real real. Wannan sababbin sabani ya kuma yarda sosai kuma mafi daidai don fassara lambobi mara kyau.
Masana ilimin lissafi da "na yau da kullun sun gano cewa, yayin da ake jayayya cewa babu wata hanya guda don nazarin ayyukan transcedentental. Dalili suna dacewa nazarin ainihin lambobin gaske, amma ya fara yin la'akari da hadaddun. Hakan ya gabatar da manufar kwayoyin halitta mara kyau ta hanyar magance yawan lambobi.
Nazarin a fagen lissafi, Geometry, Optics da kimiyyar lissafi ya zama tushen takaddun kimiyya na Euler, Newton da da dama wasu masana kimiyya. Dukkanin ilimin kimanin ilimin lissafi na rabin karni na biyu na karni na XVII ya kafa ka'idojinsu akan ayyukan Rene.
Hanyar ado
Masanin masanin ya yi imani cewa gwaninta ya zama dole kawai don taimakawa tunanin a cikin waɗancan yanayi idan ba zai yiwu a zo da gaskiya ba. Talatin duk rayuwar kimiyya da descrees dauki manyan abubuwan da aka gyara guda hudu:- Wajibi ne a fara daga mafi fili, ba batun shakku ba. Tare da akasin abin da ba shi yiwuwa a ba da damar.
- Ya kamata a raba matsala zuwa yawancin ƙananan sassa yayin da yake buƙatar cimma maganin amfaninta.
- Ya kamata a fara da sauki, daga abin da kuke buƙata sannu a hankali motsa zuwa ƙari da ƙarin hadaddun.
- A kowane mataki, ya zama dole a sake dawo da daidaitawar da aka kirkira domin bisa sakamakon binciken, don in kasance da karfin gwiwa a cikin dalilin ilimin da aka samu.
Masu bincike suna lura da cewa waɗannan dokokin da suka karanta suna amfani da ayyukan da aka yi amfani da su, suna nuna sha'awar ƙa'idodin Turai da watsi da sabon ilimin agaji da kuma manufar ci gaba.
Rayuwar sirri
Game da rayuwar yau da kullun na Rene Masana'antu ba ta san kaɗan ba. A cikin al'umma yana da girman kai da girman kai da shiru, sun gwammace ga Dalili zuwa kamfanoni, amma a cikin da'irar da ake ƙauna na iya nuna aiki mai ban mamaki a cikin sadarwa. Matar Rena, a fili, ba.
A cikin girma, ya kasance cikin ƙauna tare da baiwa, wanda ya ba shi 'yar Franci. Yarinyar ba ta hanyar ba da izini ba, amma abubuwan da suke ƙaunar ta sosai. A shekaru biyar shekaru, Francirine ya mutu saboda slolletna. Masanin mutuwarta wanda ake kira bala'i na rayuwarsa.
Mutuwa
A tsawon shekaru, sake sabunta diyya sun sha wahala ga wani sabo a kimiyance. A cikin 1649, ya koma Stockholm, inda Sarauniyar Sweden ta gayyace shi da Sarauniyar Sarauniyar Sweden ta gayyace shi. Tare da abubuwan da suka gabata, shekaru da yawa suna sake rubutawa. Christina ta sha kashi a masanin kimiyyar kwayar halitta ya yi masa alkawarin cewa kwanciyar hankali a babban birnin kasarsa. Alas, rayuwa a Stockholm Rene ta kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci: Jim kadan bayan da motsi ya yi sanyi. A cikin sanyi ya juya cikin kumburi na huhu. Masanin kimiyya ya tafi duniya a wani na Fabrairu 11, 1650.
Akwai ra'ayi cewa kayan gargajiya bai mutu ba saboda ciwon huhu, amma saboda guba. A cikin rawar shaida, wakilai na cocin Katolika na iya aikatawa, wanda ba shine kasancewar masanin kimiyyar 'yanci kusa da sarauniyar Sweden. Cocin Katolika da ya gabata da akayi niyyar juya cikin imaninsa, wanda ya faru shekaru hudu da suka gabata bayan mutuwar Rene. Tabbatar da manufar wannan sigar a yau ba ta karba ba, amma masu bincike da yawa suna karkata da shi.
Faɗa
- Babban aikin duk sha'awar mutane shi ne cewa suna karfafa zuciyar mutum don murnar abin da wadannan sha'awar shirya jikinsa.
- A cikin mafi yawan sabani zaka iya lura da kuskure daya: yayin da gaskiya ya ta'allaka ne tsakanin ra'ayoyi biyu, kowane daga cikin nazarin ya bar shi, mai nisa da tare da babban zafi jayayya.
- Wani talakawa mai tausayawa wadanda suka kara yin gunaguni saboda yana tunanin cewa dutsen waɗanda suka yi gunaguni suna da girma, yayin da babban dalilin jin daɗin waɗanda suke jin gunaguni.
- Falsafa saboda yana amfani da duk ga ilimin mutum, daya kawai ya bambanta mu daga savages da bokare, da kowace al'umma su da ilimi, mafi kyau a falsafar; Sabili da haka, babu kyakkyawar kyau ga jihar, yadda ake samun falsafawan gaskiya.
- Neman sha'awa ne kawai don mamakinsu; M to don koya su da dakatar da mamaki.
Littafi daya
- Falsafa na Ruhu da Kwanto Rene Desarts
- Dokoki don shugabancin tunani
- Saka gaskiya ta hanyar haske
- Duniya, ko kuma rubutun haske
- Tattaunawa game da hanyar don aiwatar da hankalinka kuma ka sami gaskiya a cikin kimiyyar
- Da farko, falsafa
- Bayanin jikin mutum. A kan samuwar dabba
- Shari'a kan wani shirin da aka buga a Belgium a karshen 1647 a karkashin taken: Bayanin tunanin mutum, ko rai wanda ya bayyana cewa yana wakilta kuma abin da zai iya zama
- Mai kauri
- Tunani a farkon falsafar farko, wanda kasancewar Allah da bambanci tsakanin ran mutum da jikin an tabbatar da shi
- Abubuwan da aka yi na wasu masana kimiyyar kimiyya a kan "Tunani" tare da amsoshin marubucin
- Deep a mahaifin Dina, da lardin Abbot na Faransa
- Hira da mai ƙonewa
- Lissafi
- Cosmogony: Alƙiran biyu
- Da farko, falsafa
- Tunani a kan falsafar farko