Kazimir Malevich - Biography, hoto, rayuwar sirri, zane-zane

Tari

Ana sananniyar Casimir Malevich ga miliyoyin, amma suna da sanannu ga raka'a. Daya zane na zane na tsoratarwa da fushi da sauki, wasu suna sha'awar da ban sha'awa da zurfin ma'adinai. Namiji ya yi aiki don ɗaukar nauyin zaɓaɓɓun, amma babu ra'ayin ya bar kowa.

Idan da rai ya cika rayuwa mai cike da rai, majagaba ta Avant-garaya da aka gabatar ga zuriyar duk abin da ke zaune a yau, kuma fenti na zahiri suna kama da na zamani.

Yaro da matasa

Kazimir Severinovich Anvich ya haife shi a Kiev ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 1879. Tarihin tarihin mai zane yana da ban mamaki da cike da "farin spots". Wasu ana kiransu shekarar haihuwar Kubist na gaba 1879th, wasu - 1978. Dangane da sigar hukuma, an haifi Malevich a Kopyl Belyl, kuma mahaifin Casimropher Town Town Koppyl, kuma Uba na Casimir - mai rikitarwa na Belyl kuma da mullorograther na Malevich.

Idan ka mika wajan sigar hukuma, da iyaye suka yi masa baftisma Casimir Malevich a tsakiyar Maris 1879 a cikin Cocin St. Alexander, wanda shine shaidar shigarwar a cikin littafin Ikkles.

Mahaifin mai kunnawa na nan gaba - svaltić seventin addvic an haife shi ne a garin Turbov Podolsk na Masarautar Rasha (a yau Vinnitsa yankin Ukraine). A Turbov, Sesein Antonovich ya yi masa aiki a wurin manajan a Sahararan na Masana'antu Nikolai Tereshchenko. Mom Casimir Malevich - Ludwig Alexandrovna Galin Galifskaya - ya kawo 'ya'ya maza da yawa, an haifi' ya'ya goma sha sha goma sha sha goma sha sha goma sha sha goma sha sha goma sha sha goma sha sha goma sha sha goma sha biyar.

Kazimir shine ɗan fari na Ka'anzanci. Iyalin sun yi magana ne a Polish, amma sun san Yukrenian da Rashanci. Mawallafin nan gaba dauke kansa da kansa a gaba wanda ya ɗauka da kansa wani yanki ne, amma a lokacin gyara a Yukukin ya rubuta.

Har zuwa 12, Kazimir Malevich ya zauna a ƙauyen Moevka Yampolsky County na lardin Podolsk, amma saboda aikin Uba ya zama a ƙauyukan Kharkiv, Chernigov da Sufns.

A cikin ƙuruciya, Kazimir Malevich game da zane ya san kaɗan. Bulasewa a cikin zane da zane-zane suna da matashi tun yana da shekara 15, lokacin da Sonan tare da mahaifinsa ya ziyarci Kiev. A wannan nunin, matasa navich ya ga hoton yarinyar zaune a kan benci da tsabtace dankali. Hoton ya zama farkon farawa don sha'awar ɗaukar goga. Lura da wannan, inna a ranar haihuwarsa ta sayi launuka ɗan launuka.

Matan Casimirira ya yi matukar girma cewa dan shekara 17 ya tuntubi Uba na izinin izinin shiga makarantar Kiev Art, wanda mai zane ya kafa Nikolai Murashho. Amma Netvich yayi nazari a Kiev kawai a shekara: a cikin 1896 Iyalin sun koma Kursk.

Zane

Hoto na farko a cikin dabarar zanen mai, mallakar mallakar Mowvich, ya bayyana a Konotop. Dan shekaru 16 da haihuwa na dan shekaru 16 a gefen girman Arshin don kashi uku da aka nuna wata rana dare da kogi tare da jirgin ruwan da aka moga a bakin. Aikin da ake kira gidan hasken rana ". Ana sayar da zane na farko na Malevich don 5 rubles kuma an rasa.

Bayan matsawa zuwa Kursk, Kazimir Malevich ya sami aljihun tebur a cikin gudanar da hanyar jirgin gwamnatin Rasha. Zane ya zama kango daga aiki mai ban sha'awa da kuma ba'a so ba: A matasan matasa sun shirya da'irar da mutane masu hankali suka taru.

Shekaru biyu bayan matsawa zuwa Kursk Malevich sun shirya nunin farko na hotuna, kamar yadda ya rubuta game da "tari", amma babu wani tabbataccen shaidar. A cikin shekarar 1899 Casimir tayi aure, amma da ba da daɗewa ba, aikin iyali, aikin iyali a cikin gudanarwa da na lardin birni ya tura iyali ya canza: Ka bar dangin a Kursk, ya tafi Moscow.

A cikin watan Agusta 1905, Malevich ya ba da takarda kai a makarantar zanen zane, kimiyya da gine-gine, amma an karɓi ƙi. Kazimir bai koma wurin dangi zuwa Kursk, da kuma 7 rubles da wata daya ya dauki daki a cikin kwararrun fasaha na leftovo, inda uku ne doceds "ya rayu. Bayan watanni shida, da kuɗin ya ƙare, Kazimir Malevic ya dawo gida.

A lokacin bazara na 1906, ya yi ƙoƙari na biyu na banza don shiga makarantar babban birnin. Amma wannan lokacin mai zane ya motsa zuwa Moscow tare da iyalinsa: Nalevich tare da matarsa ​​da yaransa sun zauna a harbe mahaifiyarsa. Ludwig Alexandrovna ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗakin cin abinci akan teskkaya Street. Bayan fashi daga dakin cin abinci da lalata, dangi sun koma zuwa ɗakunan dakuna a gida kudaden shiga a Bryusov Lane.

Sha'awar koyan casted Casimir Malevich don ziyartar ɗakin studio na Rasha Arterberg Reerberg. Shekaru uku, farawa daga 1907, ɗan wasa da himma sosai. A shekara ta 1910, ya shiga cikin Nunin Nunin Al'umma "Bubnovaya Valet" - babban hadari na farkon avant-gardamin. "Bubnovytovtsy" an san shi da haushi da al'adun zane mai kyau. A cikin Tarayyar, Malevic hadu da Bitrus Konchalovsky, Ivan Mall, Aristarkh Lentulov da Mikhail Laninov. Don haka Kazimir Malevic ya ɗauki mataki na farko zuwa ga sabon shugabanci - avant-gard.

Cubism da masulmi

A cikin wannan aikin na 1910, aikin na Malevic ya halarci bikin farko na masu fasaha na Bubnoy Vault. A cikin hunturu, 1911, hoton Kazimir Severinovich da aka nuna a bikin Salin Al'umma, da kuma bazara ta halarci nunin Nunin kungiyar ta St. Petersburg ".

A shekara ta 1912, Kazimir Malevich, inda ya shiga cikin hadin gwiwar nunin ayyukan "kungiyar matasa" da kuma sakonnin matasa "blue doki". A wannan lokacin, mai zane ya shigar da gungun abokan aikin matasa don ba da izinin wutsiya, wanda ya wanzu har zuwa 1913 kuma ya buɗe Niko Pirosmanshvili.

Tsarin Artants na Avant-Garga sun tsallaka tare da aikin mawakan mawakan na masu tunatarwa na Velubiko na Velbnikov da Alexey TSchey. Casimir Malevich da rubuta littattafan rubuta kai na Khlebnikov da juya, kuma a cikin 1913 ya kirkiri ado da kuma nasara a kan rana ", matanin wanda aka rubuta juya. An gudanar da wasan din din sau biyu a cikin St. Petersburg gidan wasan kwaikwayo "Luna Park". Yanayin Malevich shine sigogi na biyu na zamani da kunshi siffofin geometric. Kazimir Malevich kira wadannan zane canvas "da gaske" da kuma "ainihin gaskiyar magana."

A cikin tunanin tarihin tarihin, Namiji ya fada cewa ra'ayin Black Square an haife shi yayin aiki a Opeger Twisted: Mawaki "ga" murabba'in sa a cikin kibiya na shimfidar wuri.

A cikin 1915, Nunin Nunin Farko na Farko na Ayuba na Farko "Tra B" a cikin Peetroggrad kuma ya rubuta wani manifesto "daga muni da kuma danshi zuwa matsalar jeri. Sabon yanayin hoto. " A cikin Manifesto, Kazimir Malevich ya tabbatar da sabon shugabanci na avant-garga - mamaye - rinjaye), wanda wanda ya kafa shi. A cewar Malevich, launi yana mamaye sauran kadarorin zane da fenti a kan gwangwani "daga rawar da ake amfani da su. A cikin manyan abubuwa, mai zane ya sanya ƙarfin ikon mutum da yanayi.

A cikin Disamba 1915 (a cewar sabon salo - Janairu 1916) A Nunin Lura "0.10" Kazimir Malevict na da United da taken "zanen fata". Daga cikin ayyukan nuna akwai wuri don sanannen aikinta "Black Square". Hoton wani bangare ne na Triptych, wanda ya hada da "baƙar fata" da "baƙar fata".

A cikin gidan kayan gargajiya na Amsterdam shine mafi kyawun yanayin Malema. Hoton kai a cikin girma biyu ", zana a 1915. Don canja wurin nasa "Ni", maigidan yayi amfani da mafi ƙarancin fenti da siffofin geometric tare da kusurwa. A cikin hoton hoton kai, Kazimir Malevich "shigar" a cikin kafirci, "kyautai" hali, taurin kai. Amma launuka masu launin ja da rawaya "tsartar" walwoyi na baƙin ciki, da ƙananan zoben a cikin tsakiyar "in ji" game da sadarwa tare da duniyar waje.

Masallaci Nosaimates Netvich Olga Rozanov, Ivan Kancov, begen Udaltsov, bev, mstislav yurkevich. Sun shiga cikin jama'a "mafi girma" da aka tsara ta Kazimir Malevich.

A lokacin rani na 1917, Kazimir Malevich na zane-zane na majalisar wakilai na soja kuma yana daga masu kawo cikas game da cibiyoyin kula da mutane na Arts. A watan Oktoba, Noubvich ya zama shugaban kungiyar "Bubnovaya Vault", kuma a watan Nuwamba, kwamitin Juyin Harkokin Wajen soja ya sanya dan wasan gaba ta hanyar kare tsoffin gumakun tsufa. Ya shiga cikin Hukumar a kan kare ƙimar fasaha, gami da dabi'un Kremlin. Sabuwar gwamnatin ta ceta masu zane-zane da suka aikata juyin juya halin Musulunci a fagen fasaha.

A shekara ta 1918, Kazimir Malevic ya koma Perrograd, inda ya kirkiro wurin sannu, inda ya kirkiri wurin da aka tsara da kuma kayayyaki don samar da Vsevolod Media-Buff a wasan Vsevir Mayakovsky. A wannan lokacin, akwai lokacin "farin masunta" Malevich. Wani misali mai bincike mai bincike suna kiran "fari akan fararen fata" zane (wani suna - "farin square").

A shekara ta 1919, Kazimir Malevich ya koma Moscow, an nada shi shugaban "bita don nazarin sabon fasahar asarci."

A cikin hunturu, 1919, a lokacin yakin basasa, avant-garaya ya koma Vitebsk, inda ya jagoranci wannan taron makarantar Artical "sabon samfurin 'yan tawaye". Ya shugabanci Mark Chagall. A wannan shekarar, almajiran maza sun shiga ƙungiyar UVIs wanda ya kirkira (sabon salo), wanda ya inganta shugabanci na masunta. Shugaban Mahalicci (Kwamitin Creative) "UVISA" ya zabi Liase da Liase Vedkedkel, wanda ya kirkiri Masana Masani. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, Kazimir Malevich yana mai da hankali ga bunkasa sabon shugabanci da kuma rubuta abubuwan falsafar falsafali.

Daga baya, a cikin tsananta da tsananta avant-garde art, dabarun masifa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet "gudana" a cikin ƙira, shimfidar wuri da gine-gine.

A cikin 1922, mai sihiri da Falsafa ya gama babban aikin "Masoyi. Duniya kamar rashin fahimta ce ko zaman lafiya ta har abada "kuma ta koma tare da ɗalibai daga Vitebsk zuwa petrograd.

Tare da aikin na maza ya gana a Berlin: An nuna wuraren shakatawa-gargajiya-lambu-lambu a farkon nune-nune art na farko na Rasha.

A cikin 1923, Kazimir Malevic ne na muni na gidan dan uwan ​​dan uwan ​​dan uwan ​​artragric. Tare da almajiran "Ulanis" ya tsunduma cikin aikin bincike.

Daga 1924 zuwa 1924 - Darakta na Cibiyar Cibiyar Art na Art, inda ya shugabanci sashen da aka tsara. Amma bayan da aka buga a kan m labarin da aka buga a watan Yuli, an rufe Cibiyar, an soke wani aiki don bugawa. Gwamnatin Soviet ta juya baya daga wakilan "tawagar" ta ".

Tsanantawa ya kara tsananta a 1927, lokacin da Kazimir Malevic ya yi ziyarar Jamus. A gaban nunin zane-zane na shekara-shekara a Berlin, mai fasaha ya ba da ɗakin wasan don aikinsa, amma ya karbi wasiƙar da hukuma ta nema, ya tashi cikin Lengerad.

Malevich a cikin jira na mafi munin ya rubuta nufin, barin zane-zanen filin, daga cikin kulawa da dangin Rizen da kuma Gugo ta Architch Hering. A lokacin yakin, 15 yana aiki ya ɓacewa, sauran ganyayyaki ana adana su ne a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya na Amsterdam. Zanen "safiya bayan Blizzard a cikin ƙauyen" Kazimir Malevich sun sayar a Berlin. Ana nuna zane a gidan kayan gargajiya na Solomon Gugenheim a New York.

Gwamnati ba ta yaftar da karfin hadin gwiwa na Malevich a Yammaci da tafiye-tafiye zuwa Jamus. A shekarar 1930, Kazimir Maikai aka kama, ana zargin shi a cikin leken asiri na kasa da kasa. A dauki na yammacin kafofin watsa labarai da abokan aiki sun sanya ikon bayar da wani ɗan wasa zuwa 'yanci a cikin watanni 2. Tsoron azabtarwa bai karya kowa ba, kuma ya ce "" ya ce "ta hanyar goga da zane a cikin zane-zanen da ke da Kubist - Manequins ba tare da mutane ba da asalin filayen. Irin wannan Kazimir Malevich yana ganin yawan ƙauyuka bayan da aka tattara su.

Rashin jituwa na iko ga mai zane ya girma: Nuni na ayyukan Netvich a Kiv, ya sake dawowa a kurkuku, yana zargin a anti-Soviet. Amma a watan Disamba, Kazimir Malevich an sake shi.

Bayan gidan kurkuku na biyu, Cubist ya halicci gidan yanar gizo na biyu "Cikin Allasanci", filin alamar "post -nessoprematism", halayyar jirgin sama wanda aka nuna. Babban misali shine hoto "akan girbi (Mawa da Vanka)".

A shekara ta 1931, mai zane-zane ya yi aiki a kan zane-zanen zanen "Gidan Baltic" (wanda ya sa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ja). SHEKARA SHEKARA, an naɗa na shugaban gwaje-gwajen gwaji na Gidan Tarihi na Rasha kuma ya halarci masana bikin "RSFSR na shekaru 15." Don wannan nunin, a cewar Biogphers, Kazimir Malevich ya rubuta na ƙarshe, juzu'in na huɗu na murabba'in baƙar fata, wanda aka adana shi a cikin Hermitage.

A cikin shekaru ukun da suka gabata, avant-garga kusantar hotunan hotuna a cikin irin gaskiyar. Yi aiki akan hoto "al'umma" Malevich bai gama ba.

A peculiarity na zanen kazimir mesvich - kayan aikin da ake amfani da zane shine daya zuwa wani. Don samun tabo mai ja, mai zane akan ƙasan Black Layer ya sanya ja. Mai kallo ya ga launi ba kawai ja ba, amma tare da taɓa duhu. Masana, Sanin asirin na Malevich, saukake fadan da aka bayyana a sauƙaƙe daga glawes.

Rayuwar sirri

A shekarar 1896, Kazimir Malevic ya koma Kurk tare da iyayensa. Shekaru uku bayan haka, an yi aure ɗan shekaru 20 da haihuwa 'yar Baker Kazimir Zgorleitz. Bikin aure ya ninka: A 'yar'uwar Cesimir Mariya ta auri dan'uwan Kazimir.

A cikin 1992, an haifi ma'auratan ɗan fari wanda aka haife shi (mutuwar Tifa a shekara 15). Kuma a cikin 1995, 'yar Galina ya bayyana.

Haɗin rayuwar ma'auratan sun ba da jakar ba da daɗewa ba bayan haihuwar yara: Matar ta ɗauki abin sha'awa ga miji ya zana sandunan. Malevich ya tafi Moscow, kuma dangantakar ma'ajin da ta tsananta.

Rayuwar sirri ba ta yi aiki ba kuma bayan haduwa da dangi a Moscow: Casimir ya ɗauki yaran kuma ya zauna a asibitin masu tabin hankali a ƙauyen Meshchertsy a cikin yankin masu hauka. Ba da daɗewa ba matar ta ƙaunaci ƙauna kuma, jefa ɗanta da 'yarta da kula da abokin aiki, ya bar tare da ƙaunataccen shugabanci da ba a san shi ba.

Kazimir Malevich ya zo zuwa Meshcherskoye yara kuma ya sadu da Sofia Rafalovich, wata mata, a kula da abin da yara suka kasance. A cikin 1909, Sophia da Kazimir sun taka a bikin aure, kuma a cikin 1920s suna da 'yar da ba a yi musu ba, mai suna bayan "Chanis".

Matar da ke tallafawa abin sha'awa daga mazan mijinta, ya ɗauki matsalolin gida da, har sai da matar ta inganta dabarar zane, samun kuɗi don dangi. A cikin 1925, Iyalin Idyll ya ƙare: Sophia ya mutu, ya bar matar da ɗan shekara 5 a cikin hannunta.

Casimir Malevich bayan shekaru 2 sun aure na uku: matarsa ​​ta zama ƙarami zuwa Natalia Manchingko tsawon shekaru 23.

Mutuwa

A shekara ta 1933, an bai wa maza mummunan ganewar asali: Ciwon Cineser. Cutar ta ci gaba: A shekara ta 1935, shugaban bai tashi daga gado ba. Talauci - Kazimir Malevich ba ta da fafatawa daga ƙungiyar masu fasaha - da cuta mai magani da sauri kawo Murra a cikin kabari: ba ya zuwa 15th.

Sanin mutuwar Yesu mai zuwa, ya tsara addinin na ƙarshe - Coffatell mai kyau, wanda jikinsa shimfiɗa da miƙa sama da kuma buɗe sama. "

Peoplealibai na Cananir Malevich, kamar yadda ya yi wa uba, ya yi akwatin gawa a kan hotunansa. Sanye da marigayin da ya mutu cikin fararen rigar, wando na baki da takalma ja. Suka ce barka da Jagora a cikin Lengrad da Moscow. An fara gawar a cikin Moscow don Craccorium kuma Mayu 21 ya binne ƙura a ƙarƙashin ƙaunataccen itacen ɗan wasa kusa da ƙauyen Nemchinovka (Odsovo gundumar yankin Moscow).

A cikin yakin, wani abin tunawa da katako mai launin fata ya rushe, kabarin ya bata.

Bayan yakin, da masu goyon baya sun sami wurin da kabarin, amma filin ƙasa ya shimfiɗa a wannan wurin. Saboda haka, an ci jana'i a kan gefen gandun daji na kilomita biyu: an sanya murhun square a gaban wani farin kankare cube. A yau, kusa da kabarin yanayin shine lambar gidan 1, titi a Nemchinovka sunan mai zane.

Filin hadin gwiwar hadin kai, wanda ya hurawa ƙurar Casimir Malevich, ta gina hadadden wurin zama "Romashkovo-2". A watan Agusta 2013, da uban dangi ya rufe ƙasa daga jana'izar situka a cikin capsules, ƙone a Romashkov, wasu sun canza zuwa ga wuraren da Kazimir Malevich ya rayu.

Abubuwan ban sha'awa

• Thearfin Cubism da Matsakaici sau biyu sun kasa yin gwaje-gwajen a makarantar zane na Moscow, mai ban tsoro da gine-gine.
• A watan Fabrairun 1914, masanin gurguzu ya halarci "zanga-zangar ta Fata", a lokacin da ya yi tafiya tare da abokan gaba a cikin Bridge Khuznetsky, makale na katako Khokhloma, makullin katako na katako.
• Canvas "Hidesarshe Red Kornia" shine kawai rikice-rikice na Malevich, wanda aka sani da tarihin tarihin Seviet ne saboda sadarwa tare da Sadarwar Oktoba. An raba aikin zuwa sassa uku: ƙasa, sama da mutane. A cikin rabo daga cikin ƙasa da sama, mai fasaha ya shafi "Sashin Golden Cross" (Sashe na 0.618). Ana adana zanen a cikin St. Petersburg Rasha kayan gargajiya na Rasha.

• Alamar ta ƙirƙira ta hanyar Kazimir Mesvich Stungiyar "Univis" shine Black Square, maniyyi a hannun riga.
• Kamar yadda Kazimir Malevich ya yi biris, an mamaye jigon jigmin a jana'izarsa. Hoton murabba'in yana kan akwatin gawa, a cikin zauren gidan taron farar hula da kuma kan motar jirgin ƙasa, da aka cire ash zuwa Moscow.
• Akwai sigar ƙirƙirar gilashin da aka ƙulla ta Kazimir Malevich. Tunanin ya je wa kansa na mai zane a cikin 1930s a lokacin kurkuku na biyu. Malevic ya raba ra'ayi tare da marubucin "ma'aikacin da kuma Kolkhoznitsa" Daidai ta bangaskiyar Mukhina, wacce ke da alaƙa kuma ta ƙaddamar da sakin gilashin samarwa.

• 'Yan uwa mata na biyu Sofia Rafalovich sun auri masu zane-zane na Evgenia Katzman da Dmitry Oporkov, wanda ke tsaye a matsayin ainihin ainihin ainihin ainihin ainihin ainihin ainihin. Malevich ta kirkiro na Socialists dauke wanda bai cancanci ba.
• Bayan mutuwar Vladimir Lenin, Kazimir Betvic ya gabatar da aikin tunawa da shugaban. Dangane da shirin mai banstracasist, dutsen kayan aikin gona yana tafiya a matsayin alama na har abada. An ƙi wannan aikin.
• A shekara ta 2008 a gwanjojin Sotherby, hoton Kazimir Malevich "Matsayi na Kazimir Malevich" Matsayi na Kazimatic "Saka wani mutum da ba a sani ba na dala miliyan 60. Canvas ta zama hoto mafi tsada da mai zane daga Russia.

Shahararrun zane-zane na Malevich

• "Black Square"
• "Farin farin"
• "Black Circle"
• "Red Square"
• "Tafiya Haɗin ja"
• "Abubuwan da ke faruwa"