Tari
Francesco Petrarrch shine mawaƙin Italiya na ƙarni na 14, wanda ya zama wanda ya kafa shi da farko ɗan adam. Lura da mai jagoranci na Monk-Monk Varlaam Kalabbicsky, ya taka rawa a cikin Pratulan Pratinan Pratinan ya zama mai bauta wa tsakiyar zamanai.
An haifi Francesco a ATHZO a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 1304. Mahaifinsa ya zama Pietro di ragwayar, lauya na Florentine wanda aka kora daga Florence a lokaci guda da Dolte, don goyon bayan jam'iyyar "fararen hula". Pareenzo yana da sunan barkwanci Pettrakko - Wataƙila saboda wannan daga baya ya samar da batun magana da mawaka. Iyalin Parenzo sun tashi daga wannan birni Tuscany zuwa wani, kuma lokacin da Francesco ya juya shekara tara, zaunar da shi a cikin Avign Frenton. Bayan haka, mahaifiyar Pelrakca ta koma garin makwabta na gabar.
A cikin Avigton, saurayin ya fara halartar makaranta, ya yi nazarin yaren Latin kuma ya fara sha'awar ayyukan wallafe-wallafenan Roma. A cikin 1319, Francesco ya sauke karatu daga makaranta, bayan haka mahaifin ya ba da shawarar yin nazarin daidai. Kodayake Hukuncin ba kusa da Francesco ba ne, mutumin ya yi nufin Uba, wanda ba da daɗewa ba - kuma Jami'ar Bologna. A cikin 1326, Pettrak na mahaifin Pettki ya mutu, kuma saurayin da kansa ya fahimci cewa marubutan gargajiya a gare shi sun fi ban sha'awa ga ayyukan majalisu.
Kadai da kadai an karbi Francesco bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa shi ne rubutun vergil. Juya da halin da ake ciki yanayin yanayin, a bangare saboda sha'awar ilimi ta ruhaniya, bayan kammala karatun daga Jami'ar Pettrarca ya yanke shawarar daukar aikin firist. Dan kasar Italiyanci ya zauna a Kotun Papal a Avignton kuma ya kasance kusa da wakilan dangin Madaukaki na shafin shafi (Jacomo na aboki daga na jami'a).
A cikin 1327, Franceko ta fara ganin Laura De Sabon, ƙaunar da ba a bayyana ta wacce aka yi la'akari da kai kan kwarewar da ke cikin yanayin 'yan kasar Italiya.
Halitta
Petrorta shine babban shahararrun shahararrun shahararrun shahararrun shahararrun shahararrun shahararrun shahararren shahararru, wanda aka rubuta a Italiyanci. Partyhelming Part ne ya sadaukar da kai ga riƙon na De sabon (duk da cewa cikakken suna har yanzu wani ɗan takarar da ya fi dacewa ne don rawar da Music). Mawãyar da kansa ya ba da rahoto kawai cewa sunanta cewa laura ce laura, wacce ta fara gani a cocin Santa Chiara, da kuma cewa Afrilu 6, 1348, wannan matar ta mutu. Bayan mutuwar Laura Francesco ya kalubalanci wannan ƙaunar shekaru goma.
Tarin Kanzon da 'ya'yan Ananda aka sadaukar da Laurea an kira Laurea "II II0Zonierere" ko "Rime Sparer". Tarin ya ƙunshi ɓangarorin biyu. Ko da yake yawancin ayyukan da suka shiga ciki suna bayyana ƙaunar Pertrarrs zuwa ga ayoyi, a cikin "Chancellier" akwai wuri don ayoyi da yawa na wani abun ciki: addini da siyasa. Ko da farkon karni na sha bakwai, wannan tarin ya sake buga sau ɗari. Reviews na sonnets da ke cikin "Chancellier" ya rubuta wa mawuyun da masana kimiyya daga kasashe daban-daban na ayyukan Italscho da na kasa.
Abin lura ne cewa Petrarruc kansa bai danganta da muhimmanci ga waƙoƙin Italiya ba. Kodayake shine waƙoƙin da suka tabbatar da jama'a, kuma da farko Partraque ya rubuta na musamman ga kansa kuma da farko kamar triples da clightelligers wanda ya taimaka masa sau da rai. Amma amincinsu da kai da kai ya fadi har zuwa dandano na duniya, kuma a sakamakon haka, wadannan ayyukan suna da tasiri ga tarihin Pertrark da kuma a kan marubutan sauran mutanen da suka biyo baya.
Waƙar da ke magana da Peltanet tana magana a ƙarƙashin sunan "nasara", wanda falsafar rayuwarsa falsafar ta sami furcinta a ko'ina. A ciki, marubucin tare da taimakon alguran ya ba da labarin sarkar nasarar nasara: Cutar soyayya - Slav, da kuma, a ƙarshe, lokacin cin nasara.
Italiyanci Sonnets, Chance, Francecho yana da tasiri ba kawai don wawallan ba, har ma da kiɗa. Kwatantawa XIV (yayin da aka sake kashe kashe), sannan kuma Xix ƙarni ya sanya waɗannan ayoyin a matsayin tushen ƙiyayya. Misali, ferenc Sheet ya rubuta "Sonnet PetTrks" don Piano a karkashin ra'ayi mai zurfi na mawaƙi da aka sadaukar da kai ga riɗa.
Littattafai akan Latin
Ga mahimman ayyukan Francesco, wanda aka rubuta a Latin ta haɗa da waɗannan littattafai:
- AutoBiography "Epistola Ad posteros" a cikin tsari na haruffa zuwa tsararraki masu zuwa. A cikin wannan halittar, Petraka tana fitar da tarihin rayuwarsa daga waje (yayi magana game da mahimman abubuwan da suka faru a kan rayuwarsa).
- AutoBiography "de mudi mudu", wanda aka fassara shi da "game da raini ga duniya." Wannan marubucin aikin ya rubuta a cikin tsarin tattaunawa tare da toka mai farin ciki. Na biyu tarihin mawaki ya ba da labari mai yawa game da tarihin rayuwarsa, nawa game da ci gaban ciki, gwagwarmayar tsakanin kyawawan dabi'un mutum, da sauransu. Tattaunawar da Augustine ta juya ta zama mai peculi na musamman tsakaninta da na addini da na addini, wanda ɗan adam ya yi nasara.
- Binciko (Magana na shakatawa) dangane da wakilan al'adu, siyasa, addini na addini. Petrarrch ya kasance ɗaya da Farko na farko na kirkirar farko da zai iya kallon maganganun, koyarwar da yanke hukunci game da zamani daga mahimmancin ra'ayi. Don haka, bincikensa game da likita, wanda ya ɗauka kimiyya yana da mahimmanci fiye da ƙara da waye-shaye. Hakanan, Francesco ya bayyana a kan da yawa daga cikin celateed da dama (wakilan makarantar Katolika), a kan atverophical karantar da karni na XIII), masanin ilimin Roman na shekarun da suka gabata, da sauransu.
- "Haruffa ba tare da adiresoshin" ba - yana aiki wanda marubucin karfin gwiwa ya soki dabi'un dabi'un Rome XIV. Petratka, yayin rayuwarsa, ya kasance mai zurriyar Katse ne mai zurfi, amma bai ji tsoron wani babbar sarkar ruhaniya ba, wanda halayensa da ba a yarda da su ba, kuma ba su jin kunya don kushe su a bayyane. "Haruffa ba tare da adiresoshin ba" ana magana da su ga waɗannan haruffan da aka ƙirƙira, to mutane na gaske. Dabarun rubutu suna aiki a cikin irin wannan tsarin francesco a cikin Cicero da SeneKI.
- "Afirka" ta sadaukar da ita ce ta almara. Hakanan yana dauke da addu'o'i da zabura masu togara.
Rayuwar sirri
Loveaunar duk rayuwar Petrarrch ita ce Laura, halin da har yanzu ba a daidaita shi ba. Bayan ganawa da wannan yarinyar, mawaƙi na tsawon shekaru uku aka kashe a cikin Avigon, na fatan kama ta bazuwar a cikin Ikilisiya. A cikin 1330, mawaƙin ya koma zuwa Lubble, kuma bayan shekaru bakwai ya sayi ƙasa a cikin tolyuse don rayuwa kusa da Laura. Bayan da ya yarda da San, Petrarrch bai da hakkin aure, amma bai sassare hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar ba tare da wasu mata ba. Labarin ya bayyana cewa Pertrak yana da yaro biyu.
Laura kanta, a fili, mace ce mai aure, da aminci ga matarsa da mahaifiyarsa na yara goma sha ɗaya. A ƙarshe lokacin da mawaƙin ya ga ƙaunataccen ranar 27, 1347, kuma a cikin 1348 Mace ta mutu.
Ba a san ainihin dalilin mutuwa ba, amma masana tarihi sun yi imani cewa zai iya zama annoba, saboda wanda mahimmancin yawan mutanen Aventon ya faru a 1348. Bugu da kari, Laura ta iya mutuwa saboda ci gaba saboda yawan kwayoyin halittar da na kwastomomi. Ba a san ko Peelcks ya faɗi game da ji ba, kuma Liaura san game da kasancewarsa.
Mawakan baya ya lura cewa idan Laura ta zama matar kirki, da wuya ya iya rubuta sonnets da yawa a cikin girmamawa. Misali, Karamin, Karamzin, da mawakiyar Soviet Igor guerman ta yi magana game da wannan. A ra'ayinsu, ne na tsaye na ƙaunataccen, rashin iya kasancewa tare da Petrarca don rubuta ayyukan da ke da babban tasiri a duk wallafe-wallafen duniya.
Mutuwa
Rayuwar PetTRArch, an tantance ayyukan da na withrair da withoshinsa ayyukansa, kuma a sakamakon haka, ya samu gayyata zuwa ga wata girgiza na adoshin naples, Paris da Rome (kusan lokaci guda). Mawayi ya zaɓi Roma, inda Vieed ya kasance Laurel Wreath a kan Capitol a Ista 1341. Har zuwa 1353, ya zauna a cikin kadarshi a kwarin, ya bar shi don tafiya ko wa'azi.
Har abada barin wannan wurin a farkon shekarun 1350, Francesco ya yanke shawarar sagewa a Milan, duk da cewa an ba shi aiki a sashen Florence. Komawa a farfajiyar Visconti, ya dauki matakin kisan diflomasiyya.
Bayan haka, mawakacin ya so ya koma zuwa asalin sa na asalin sa, amma alaƙar bishiyar Italiya ta hana shi yi. A sakamakon haka, ya koma wurin taron kuma ya zauna kusa da gidan 'yarsa ta doka.
Amma a nan Peretrka bai yi tsawo ba: ya yi tafiya akai-akai akan biranen Italiya daban-daban, kuma a cikin 'yan watannin da ya kasance a cikin ƙaramin ƙauyen Arkva. A nan mai tawagar ta mutu a daren daga 18 ga Yuli zuwa Yuli zuwa 19 ga Yuli zuwa 19 ga Yuli, 1374, lokacin da ya bar bikin tunawa da ranar 70 zuwa rayuwa kawai. Labarin ya ce Franceri sun tafi duniya sauran sauran a teburin, suna zaune a kan aikin a ranar Kaisar tare da alkalami a hannunsa. An binne shi a daruriyar yankin.
Littafi daya
- Littafin Waƙoƙi
- Ƙwayoyin cuta
- Game da raini ga duniya
- Littafin Mahalifi Maza Mazaje
- Harafin zuwa Zuriyya
- Haruffa ba tare da adireshi ba
- Waƙoƙin Bonolic
- Ba da zabura