Tari
Shafin Leo Tolstoy, Classic na Rasha da na Duniya ana kiranta Jagora na Psysticony halin ɗan adam, mahaliccin da na goron na Rome Epea, ainihin mai tunani da malamin rai. Ayyukan marubuci mai haske sune mafi girman al'adun Rasha.
A cikin watan Agusta 1828, an haifi gargajiyar littattafan Rasha a cikin ƙasa na Cinstana Polyana a cikin Tula. Mawallafin marubucin "yaƙi da duniya" ya zama ɗan huɗu a cikin gidan shahararrun manyan mutane. A cewar layin banjalin Tolstoy zane-zane wadanda ke bauta wa Ivan da farko mummunan da Bitrus. A kan layin uwa Lev nikolayevich shine zuriyar Rurikov. Abin lura da zaki Tolstoy kuma Alexander Canada shine magabata guda ɗaya - Aikin Admiral Ivan Mikhailovich Lolovin.
Mama Nikolayevich - The Nee Prince Volkonceskaya - ya mutu daga haihuwar zafi bayan haihuwar 'yarta. A lokacin, zaki ba ya ɗan shekara biyu. Shekaru bakwai bayan haka, shugaban iyali ya mutu - count nikolai tolstoy.
Kula da yara sun sa a kan kafadu na marubuci na Aunt - T. A. Ergolskaya. Daga baya sai mai kula da marayu ya zama na biyu a farkon - Co000ssess A. Mosten-Saken. Bayan mutuwarta a cikin 1840, yara sun koma Kazan, zuwa sabon mai tsaron gidan 'yar uwa mai kyau P. I. Yushkova. Aunt ya rinjayi dan dan uwanta, da kuma yara a gidanta, wanda aka dauke shi da mafi yawan farin ciki da kuma zama a cikin birni, marubucin da ake kira farin ciki. Daga baya, zaki TolstOl ya bayyana game da abubuwan rayuwa a cikin estate na Yushkov a cikin labarin "ƙuruciya".
Primary Ilimi Classic samu a gida daga Jamus da Faransa malamai. A cikin 1843, zaki Tolstoy ya shiga Jami'ar Kazan, zabar baiwa na harsuna. Ba da daɗewa ba, saboda ƙarancin aiki, ya sauya zuwa wani baiwa - doka. Amma kuma bai yi nasara ba: A cikin shekaru biyu, ya bar jami'a ba tare da samun digiri ba.
Lion Nikolayevich ya koma ga share bayyananne, yana son kafa dangantaka da masu jijiya a wata sabuwar hanya. Tunanin ya kasa, amma saurayi ya lashe bayanan Diary, yana ƙaunar nishaɗi da son rai kuma ya zama sha'awar kiɗa. Agogo na Tolstoy ya saurari Yohann Bach, Frederick Chopin da Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
Rashin damuwa da rayuwar mai ƙasa bayan da aka ciyar a ƙauyen bazara, zaki mai shekaru 20 tolstoy ya bar ƙasa kuma ya koma Moscow, kuma daga nan zuwa St. Petersburg. Wani saurayi mai gudu tsakanin shiri don jarrabawar 'yan takarar, kiɗan, kiɗa, kates da gydushin, da kuma mafarkin su zama wani jami'in, to, manunƙama na hukumomin yankin. Dabbobi da ake kira zaki "mafi karami kadan", kuma bashin da aka ba su letan shekaru dole ne su samu tsawon shekaru.
Litattafai
A cikin 1851, ɗan'uwan marubucin - jami'in Nikolai Tolstoy - Zaki ya ciza Caucasus. Shekaru uku, Lev Nikolayevich ya yi, ya zauna a ƙauyen da ke gefen bankunan Terek. Daga cikin yanayin Caucasus da rayuwar sarki Stannye sun nuna Cossack Surunnye daga baya a cikin "Cossacks" da "Haji Murat" da kuma "Logging".
A cikin Caucasus, Leo Tolstọ ya rubuta labarin "ƙuruciya" a cikin mujallar "N. Ba da daɗewa ba a farkon l. N. Ba da daɗewa ba ya rubuta ci gaba na L. N. Ba da daɗewa ba ya rubuta ci gaba na" samari "da" matasa "ta hanyar hada wani labari a cikin talla. A rubuce-rubuce na rubutu ya juya ya zama mai haske kuma ya kawo alamar Nikolaayevich na farko.
Tsarin rayuwar Leo Tolstoy yana haɓaka cikin sauri: Alkawarin zuwa Bucharestopol, fassarar da aka ajiye na ajiye, umarnin baturin ya wadatar da marubucin da abubuwan ban sha'awa. Daga ƙarƙashin gashin tsuntsu na Leo Nikolayevich, sake zagayowar "Labaran Sevastopol" an saki. Rubuce-rubucen matasa sun bugi masu sukar da masu bincike na kwararru. NIKOLAI Chernyshevsky a cikin su "yar zubar da rai", da Emperor Alexander II, da Sevastos II karanta labarin "Sevastopol a cikin baiwa na Tolstoy.
A cikin hunturu na 1855, zaki mai shekaru 28 Tolstoy ya isa St. Petersburg kuma ya shiga "da'irar" na zamani, inda aka maraba da shi, kiran "babban begen da wallafe-wallafen." Amma na shekara, rubutun muhalli tare da rigakafinta da rikice-rikice, karatun abincin rana da kayan abincin rubutu sun gaji. Daga baya a cikin "ikirarin" Tolstoy yarda:
An isar mini da wannan, ni da kaina ni kaina a ripatone. "A cikin kaka na 1856, marubucin saurayi ya tafi zuwa kaddaran na Calana, kuma a cikin Janairu 1857 - a ƙasashen waje. Rabin shekara guda, zaki Tolstoy ya yi tafiya Turai. Ziyarci Jamus, Italiya, Faransa da Switzerland. Ya koma zuwa Moscow, kuma daga can - a bayyane. A cikin Generic Estate, an shiga cikin tsarin makarantu don yara masu dadi. A cikin kusancin Polyana, cibiyoyin ilimi sun bayyana tare da shi. A cikin 1860s, marubucin ya yi tafiya da yawa: A Jamus, Switzerland, Belgium, ya yi nazarin tsarin tsarin na Turai don amfani da shi a Rasha.
Musamman da ke cikin aikin zaki Tolstoy shine tatsuniyoyi da kuma tatsuniyoyi don yara da matasa. Marubucin ya haifar da ɗaruruwan ayyuka don ƙananan masu karatu, daga cikin koyarwar talabijin na "Kitten", "brothersan'uwa biyu," 'yan'uwa biyu ","' yan'uwa biyu "," 'yan'uwa biyu ".
Jagorar Makaranta "Harafin Lion Tolstoy ya rubuta don koyar da yara rubuce-rubuce, karatu da ilmin lissafi. A rubuce-rubuce da aikin Pedagogical ya ƙunshi littattafai huɗu. Marubucin ya hada da labaran iyawa, almara, tatsuniya, kazalika da shawara mai amfani ga malamai. Littafi na uku ya shiga labarin Kuloben fursuna.
A cikin 1870, zaki Tolstoy, ci gaba da koyar da yara masu ban mamaki, ya rubuta wa littafin labari "Anna Karenina na Karenarina Lenin, tare da wanda ta shaida kansa . Magana ta farko ne kawai a duben farko ya zama kamar soyayya: Ciglic ya ɗaga matsalar ma'anar wanzuwar "Yarda", tana adawa da shi da gaskiya. "Anna Karenina" yaba da Fedor Dostovsky.
Rashin ganganci a cikin ilimin marubucin ya bayyana a cikin ayyukan da aka rubuta a cikin 1880s. Wishe na ruhaniya, canza rayuwa, ya mamaye matsayi tsakiyar a cikin labaru da lakabi. "Mutuwar Ivan Ilyich", "Chreicherova Sergius", "Mahaifa Mahaifa" da labarin "bayan Bala" ya bayyana. Classic wallafe-wallafen suna jawo hotunan rashin daidaituwa na al'umma, bashaties na zazzabi na daraja.
Binciken martani game da ma'anar game da ma'anar rayuwa, zaki Tolstoy ya daukaka kara ga cocin Orthodox na Rasha, amma kuma bai sami gamsuwa ba. Marubucin ya zo ga hukuncin cewa cocin Kirista ya lalace, kuma a karkashin jagorar addini, firistoci suna ƙarfafa koyarwar arya. A shekarar 1883, Lev Nikolayevich ta kafa "Edition", inda hukuncin ruhaniya ya faɗi tare da zargi na cocin Orthodox na Rasha. A saboda wannan, Tolstoy ya bar cocin, ɗan sirri 'yan sanda ya kalli marubucin.
A cikin 1898, zaki Tolstoy ya rubuta Roman "tashin matattu", wanda ya karɓi sake nazarin sake dubawa. Amma nasarar aikin ya kasance mai rauni ga Anna Karenina da "yaƙi da mire".
Shekaru 30 da suka gabata na zaki na zaki na zaki Tolstoy, tare da koyarwar game da rashin tashin hankali da ba na ruhaniya da addini na ruhaniya na Rasha ta ruhu.
"Yaki da zaman lafiya"
Lion Tolstoy ba a son littafin labari "yaƙi da zaman lafiya", yana kiran "Veric" Zabeght ". Aikin gargajiya ya rubuta a cikin 1860, suna zaune tare da danginsa a bayyane. Farkon babi na farko, da ake kira "1805," buga "Bullin Bulletin" a cikin 1865. Shekaru uku bayan haka, zaki Tolstoy ya rubuta wasu fota uku kuma sun kammala littafin, wanda ke haifar da rikicewar masu sukar.
Abubuwan fasalolin jarumawa da aka rubuta a cikin shekarun iyali farin ciki da kuma tunanin tunanin, da marubucin ya ɗauka daga rayuwa. A cikin gimbiya, Maryana Bologoe gane fasalin mahaifiyar zaki Nikolayevich, halinta masu hankali da ƙauna don fasaha. Callacewar mahaifin - Modery, ƙaunar karatu da farauta - marubuci ya ba Nikolai Rostov.
Lokacin rubuta wani labari, Lev Tolstoy yayi aiki a cikin kayan tarihin, ya yi nazarin littafin kauri da ƙarfin zuciya, rubutun Masonic, Masonic Manust, ya ziyarci filin Borodino. Wata budurwa ta taimake shi, sake rubuta zane-zane ya kai hari.
An karanta sabon labari wanda aka karanta, buga masu karatu tare da latitude yanar gizo yanar gizo da kuma bincike na tunani. Zaki tolstoy ya nuna aikin a matsayin ƙoƙari na "rubuta tarihin mutane."
Dangane da kimatun mai zargi zaki na zaki na zaki a lokacin da shekarun 1970 kawai a kasashen waje ne, ayyukan Rasha sun kare sau 40. Har zuwa 1980th "yaƙi da zaman lafiya" Shot-sau huɗu. Karedia na Turai, Amurka da Rasha sun harbe fina-finai 16 a kan littafin labari "Anna karenina", "inna Karenina", "inna Karenina", "
A karo na farko, "yaki da duniya" sun kare ta hanyar Darakta Peter Chardynin a 1913. Yawancin duk sanannen fim ɗin fim ɗin da Daraktan Soviet Sergey Bongarcukuk a 1965.
Rayuwar sirri
A shekaru 18 masu adawa da shekaru 18 masu girma LEV Tolstoy sun yi aure a shekarar 1862, lokacin da yake dan shekara 34. Kidaya ya rayu tare da matarsa tsawon shekaru 48, amma rayuwar biyu tana da wahalar kira gajimare.
Sophia bers shine na biyu na 'ya'ya mata uku na ofishin facewar Moscow na Andrei bers. Iyalin sun rayu a babban birnin, amma a lokacin rani ya huta a cikin tula a kusa da na Polyana. A karo na farko, zaki tolstoy ya ga matar aure ta gaba. Sophia ya karbi ilimin gida, karanta da yawa, an fahimci shi da yawa, a cikin zane-zane kuma ya kammala karatun Jami'ar Moscow. Diary, wanda ya jagoranci bers-kitse, an gane shi a matsayin samfurin na membobin memor.
A farkon ranar aure, Law Tolstoy, da son zama a tsakaninsa da matarsa, ya ba so Whia don karanta littafin littafin. Matattarar da ta firgita ta sami labarin wani matashin mijinta, mai farinciki tare da caca, rayuwa ta tazara da yarinyar baƙi da aka yi wa yara ɗan yaron LEV Nikolayeier.
An haife shi da farko Sergey da aka haife shi a shekara ta 1863. A farkon 1860s Tolstoy ya dauki rubutun littafin littafin "yaƙi" yaƙi da zaman lafiya ". Sofya dareevna ta taimaka wa mijinta, duk da haihuwa. Mace ta koyar da duka yara kuma ta tashe gida. BIYU 13 yara sun mutu a cikin jariri ko farkon yara.
Matsalolin a cikin dangi sun fara bayan ƙarshen aikin zaki Tolstoy kan "anna karnina". Marubucin ya shiga cikin baƙin ciki, wanda ya nuna rashin gamsuwa da rayuwar da Sophia Andreevna ya kasance haka a hankali a cikin gida gida. The Halittar Juyin Halittar Gra ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa Lev Nikolayevich nema daga dangi zuwa Baranye, da shan nama, shan taba. Tolstoy ya tilasta wa matar sa da yaran su yi sutura a cikin kwandonan nan da ke so, wanda yake so ya fitar da dukiya ta zama majiɓinta.
Sophia Andrevna ya yi kokarin hana mijinta daga ra'ayin don rarraba kyakkyawan. Amma hujjar ɗan tsaga: zaki Tolstoy ya bar gidan. Komawa, marubucin ya ba da aikin da zai sake yin zane a kan 'ya'ya mata.
Mutuwar Yaro na karshe - Vonya mai shekaru bakwai - a takaice kusa da ma'aurata. Amma da zaran yin fushi da rashin fahimta gaba daya gaba daya ne. Sophia Andreevna sami ta'aziya a cikin kiɗa. A cikin Moscow, matar ta ɗauki darussan daga malamin ga waɗanda suke jin daɗin ƙauna. Dangantakar su ta kasance abokantaka, amma jadawalin da aka gafarta wa matar "Semi-mata".
Hoto ya faru da ma'auratan da suka faru a ƙarshen Oktoba 1910. Zaki Tolstoy ya bar gidan, ya bar Tofa Farewell Tallafi. Ya rubuta cewa yana ƙaunarta, amma in ba haka ba ba za ta iya yi ba.
Mutuwa
Zaki mai shekaru 82 Tolstoy, tare da wani likita na sirri D. P. Makevivitsky ya bar bayyananniyar bayyananne. A kan hanya, marubucin bai yi rashin lafiya ba kuma ya rabu da jirgin a tashar jirgin saman Matartopovo. Kwanakin 7 na ƙarshe na rayuwa lev nikolayevich ya kashe a cikin gidan Caretaker tashar. Don labarai game da yanayin Halin Lafiya Tolstoy ya kalli kasar gaba daya.Yara da mata sun isa tashar Astpoto, amma zaki Tolstoy ba ya son ganin kowa. Babu wata al'ada a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1910: Ya mutu sakamakon huhu kumburi. Matar ta tsira shi tsawon shekaru 9. Binne tolstoy a bayyane.
Kwatancen zaki tolstoy
- Kowane mutum yana so ya canza ɗan adam, amma ba wanda ke tunani game da yadda zai canza kansa.
- Komai ya zo ga wanda zai iya jira.
- Dukkanin iyalai masu farin ciki suna kama da juna, kowane dangin farin ciki ba su da farin ciki a hanyarsu.
- Duk su bar su a gaban ƙofar. Idan kowa yayi haka, dukan titi zai kasance mai tsabta.
- Ba tare da ƙauna ba, rayuwa ta sauƙi. Amma ba tare da shi babu ma'ana.
- Ba ni da duk abin da nake ƙauna. Amma ina son duk abin da nake da shi.
- Duniya ta ci gaba da godiya ga waɗanda suke wahala.
- Gaskiya mafi girma shine mafi sauki.
- Dukkanin shirye-shiryen gini ne, kuma ba wanda ya san ko da maraice.
Littafi daya
- 1869 - "yaƙi da salama"
- 1877 - "Anna Karnina"
- 1899 - "Tashin qiyama"
- 1852-1857 - "Yari". "Tsaro". "Matasa"
- 1856 - "Hurshar biyu
- 1856 - "Morning Mai Martani"
- 1863 - "Cossacks"
- 1886 - "Mutuwa na Ivan Ilyich"
- 1903 - "Notes na mahaukaci"
- 1889 - Creichari Sonata
- 1898 - "Mahaifin Sergius"
- 1904 - "Haji Murat"