Tari
Ba sirrin da masu fasaha ba ne a kowane lokaci kokarin sa su sa wahayi da matasan. Sculptors sun sassaka da manoma tare da ɗabi'ar mutum-mutumi, ba ta bayyana cakuda ma'adanai a karkashin goga gumaka sun zama sanannun zane-zane na duniya ba a cikin ayyukansu, Amma kuma taimaka shirye-shiryen umarni na yau da kullun don duba abubuwan da suka faru na shekarun da suka gabata.
Aikin wani marubutan Faransa mafi karantawa - Alexandra Dumas - har wa yau, juya kan duniya game da mutane daga kafafu a kai.
Yaro da matasa
A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 1802, "Black shaidan Iblis" na sojojin al'ajada na 3102 da matar sa Marie-Louisie. Iyalin suna da gata sun rayu a cikin kwayoyin a arewacin Faransa - Willler-Kotra.
Mahaifin marubucin marubuta ya ƙunshi bauta wa Bonoaparte kuma an ɗauke shi babban aboki na sarki. Garshensu ya durƙusa a daidai lokacin da shugaban runduna, ba zai kula da kowane umarni na shugaban sojojin Faransa ba, ba ya goyon bayan shawararsa a Masar.
Ba a yarda da zargi na Napoleon da ba a gayyata abokin tarayya a halin da yake halayyarsa. A cikin 1801, lokacin da aka ci gaba ɗaya janar, babban aboki bai yi komai ba don warware abokan gaba daga ƙarshe. Bayan shekaru biyu kawai, azabtarwa da Toma Timets sun yi musayar su a Janar Mac na Austriya.
Gida mutumin ya koma bakin shayewa da mara lafiya. Kaurara da makanta a kowane ido a kan cutar kansa. An yi tauraronsa da sauri yayin da yake faɗi. Duma Sr. A shekara 1806, kuma gidan da suka faɗi cikin kunya na sarki ya kasance ba tare da rayuwa ba.
A saboda wannan dalili, yaron marubucin duniya na gaba wanda marubucin duniya ya wuce ta yanayin hallaka da talauci. Mahaifiyarsa, wa ya yi kokarin malanta na malanta don horar da wani yaro da aka fi so tare da kayan kwalliya da karatu, da kuma 'yar'uwar da ke cewa don rawa.
Fate ya hukunta matasa, kuma a karshen, har yanzu Alexander har yanzu ya sami damar shiga kwaleji na Abbot Greshahara da kuma ya samar da rubutun hannu.
Wuri na fari na aiki a Dumas shine ofishin notary, wanda saurayin ya yi kokarin sanya magatakarda. Duk da abin da ya sami tabbaci, saurayin a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci ya rufe irin wannan umarni da kuma tallace-tallace na girma. Yaron ya hallaka abubuwa, ya tafi babban birnin Faransa. A wurin, a kan kariyar tsohon abokin abokin mahaifinsa, sai ya zaunar da magatakarda zuwa darektan Duke na Orleans (na gaba sarki Louis Philip).
A lokaci guda, Alexander ya sadu da marubutan gida suka fara ƙirƙirar zane-zane na farko. A shekarar 1829, wasan "Heinrich III da farfajiyarsa", bayan da aka tsara abin da mai ɗaukaka ya zo wa marubucin. Bayan shekaru uku daga baya, a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayon "Port-Saint-Manta" a farkon filin hasumiya shine Allchlag. Don bai cika watanni 16 a kan mataki ba, an isar da wasanni bakwai.
Tarihin rayuwar sanannen dan jaridar ya ci gaba ta wannan hanyar da ta dauki dukkan bangare a cikin al'umma. Baya ga gaskiyar cewa marubucin ya jagoranci gurbata birnin Pompeii, shi ma memba ne daga cikin babban juyin juya halin Yuli (1830), a lokacin da mahaliccin ya yi nasarar "binne." Bayan tawaye na gaba a tsakanin jama'ar, saƙo ta bayyana a cikin 'yan jaridu na bayyana marubucin. A zahiri, mahaliccin mahaliccin game da "musketeers na uku" kan shawarar abokai sannan ya bar Switzerland, inda ya shirya rubutun.
Litattafai
Tare da wasan kwaikwayo, Duma, duk abin da ya faru tare da mata: wani fata mai ban sha'awa a farkon da indewa daga baya. Lokacin da al'amarin ya yi nasara, Alexander da kansa ya shiga cikin wallafe-wallafen.
A cikin 1838, DeButed a matsayin marubuci. Roman-Fightone "Charvalier D'manloth" an buga shi a cikin jaridar, wanda ake buƙata don ban sha'awa, sha'awa, sha'awa, da ke da mahimmanci, wurin da aka buga a kowane daki zai yi alkawartar da mai ban sha'awa ci gaba a batun na gaba.
Mutane kalilan ne suka sani, amma marubucin "Chekaliler D'talanth shi ne wani saurayi Mak, amma aikin da Alexander ya samu a ƙarƙashin sunan muryarsa ba ta da wani abu na sha'awarsa, amma a Bukatar Bukatar Abokin Ciniki wanda ya yi imani da cewa ainihin nasarar Naban'a zai ba kawai sunan shahararrun suna kawai.
Shekaru hudu a Duma, Ma'aurata da ke "Saki fikafai na aiki:" Ucarewa De La Mason Rouge , "Coulphes de Monsoro", "Joseph", "Diana" da "arba'in da biyar".
Masanin tarihi ya yi tafiya da yawa a Turai kuma yayi mafarkin shiga Rasha. A cikin 1840, littafinsa "malamin Finawa" ya fito, wanda babban jarumi shi ne rwekumbos Annarkov. Duk da gaskiyar cewa a kan yankin daular Rasha, aikin bai ƙetare da takunkumi ba, mai goyon baya mai goyon baya ga mijinta, ko da ma'abocin Alexander Fedorovna ya karanta.
A lokacin da Nicholas ya fara mutu, an ba da izinin buga wasan ya shiga daular. Sau ɗaya a cikin ƙasa na Alexander Sergeevich Streakokin, marubucin ba mamakin gaskiyar cewa masu sauraron yanki bai san abin da aikinsa yake ba kuma yana da ra'ayin aikinsa. Kallon, sanannen marubucin ya ziyarci Moscow, kuma a cikin Storsterburg, kuma a cikin Kalmyka, kuma a cikin Kalmakhan, har ma a cikin Caucasus. A cikin gida na marubucin marubucin, bayanin kula yana da babban nasara.
Dan kasumci shima mai dafa abinci ne. A cikin yawancin ayyukansu, ya bayyana dalla-dalla shirye-shiryen wasu jita-jita.
A cikin 1870, ya mika buga rubutun da ke dauke da nobo 800 a kan batun duliya. "Babban kamus na Culinary" ya ga haske a cikin 1873, bayan mutuwar marubucin. Daga baya, an buga kwafin sa - "kananan kamus na Culary". Duma ba, ba mai fitar da wani weji. Mutumin ya yi magana da kyakkyawan salon rayuwa ba tare da shan giya ba, taba da kofi.
Rayuwar sirri
Akasin matsalar, babbar sha'awar marubuci ba ta da farauta, ba buincewa kuma ba majimi. An gwada mafi girman mashahurin mashahurin masaniyar mashin. Game da Amur Kasadar Matsayi a cikin Sirar Salon Aukuwa na ico.
Daga cikin zurfin labarun da suka shafi misalai da mata na zane-zane na zane-zane, ɗayan ya fita musamman.
Dumas a wancan lokacin ya rayu a kan titi Rivoli tare da Ferrier - Scress, sananne ga zafinsa mai ɗorewa. Matasa sun kasance maƙwabta: Yarinyar ta mamaye gida a bene na biyu, kuma marubuci ya zama ɗakuna uku a na biyar.
Da zarar da yamma, filin wasan ya je kwallon a cikin matattara. A kan hanyar zuwa ga nishaɗin, wani mutum ya zamewa, ya faɗi cikin jaki. Sa'a guda daga baya, ɗan jarida mai ban haushi ya dawo gida duka cikin laka, ya tafi matar matarsa da kuma shafa a cikin ɗakin kwana na Ida. Don ya manta da yanayin rashin lafiya, Alexander tare da kansa ya tafi aiki.
Bai wuce da rabin sa'a kamar yadda ƙofar ke buɗe wa ɗakin ba, wanda ya ce: "Ina da isasshen kaya!". Dumas, tsalle sama, tare da alamar mai zafi, ta faɗi akan ƙaunataccen matar. A Ontsov, wani dan takarar da ya fi kowa ya canza fushi ga alheri, yana nuna cewa repringing baya barin shi ya sanya shi a kan titi da ba tsammani.
A wannan daren, gado a cikin dumas ya kasu gaba tare da sabon sani. A lokacin da safiya ta zo, da kuma duk ukun sun farka, Alexander ya ɗauki hannun Dutsen Kavalera, ya sa wa matattarar ma'auranta da kuma za a yi shela.
"Roger, sulhu a matsayin tsohuwar Romawa a wurin jama'a."
Farkon abin da tarihi ya kasance garin Lor Laba, wanda ya zauna a wani gida tare da shi a Italiya. Matar ta tsufa Alexander tsawon shekaru 8. The Seducle ba shi da wahala mu ci nasara da zuciyar Marie, kuma tuni a ranar 27 ga Yuli, 1824 Ta gabatar da shi tare da wani labari "Uwargida" tare da Camellias ". Dumas mahaifin gane da ɗan shekara bakwai bayan haihuwarsa.
A ranar 26 ga Mayu, 1864, tsohon ƙaunataccen ya hadu da ofishin Makaryen dan magajin tare da shugabanni beyar of Naryshkina. Duma-dan yana da tunani ya auren tsofaffi, amma sha'awar ba ta sa su wani amsa ba.
Dangane da lissafin bioophers, mahalicci yana da kusan voci 500. Duma ya ce da akai-akai ya ce ya canza kamar yadda safofin hannu kawai ne daga bil'adama, saboda idan dole ne a iyakance ga wata budurwa guda, matalauta abin da ya mutu a cikin mako guda.
Mutuwa
Sanannen marubucin ya mutu a Disamba 5, 1870. Jikin da ƙasa ya bashe jikin ya ci nasara a cikin Nevil-de-rabin. Bayan yaƙin, ɗan assun littattafan duniya sun yi rikodin ragowar Uban a Willer-Kotra kusa da iyayen sa.
Bayan mutuwar dan adam, masu bita sun zabi hujja da Faransanci da Faransa Duma da annashuwa "Alexander Sergeevics ne.
Masu binciken a rubuce-rubucen su suna da gaskiyar bayanan da aka tilasta shakata da amincin mutuwar adabi na duniya.
Duk da kamannin kwatancen da aka yi kama da babban adadin "fararen fata" a tarihin rayuwar halitta da na biyu, bayanin da ya bayar bai kasance kan wannan lissafin ba.
Tunani
An sake buga Dumas mafi kyau har wa yau. Don haka a cikin 2016, "ABC" mai karancin iyakancewar iyakancewar ta bayar da ingantaccen tsarin adabin littattafan "musketeers", kuma a cikin 2017 "Cordst Cristo".
Ofaya daga cikin titunan Lomonosov na gundumar Petrodvorsov gundumar St. Petersburg yana bayan dan majalisar.
Babban shinge mai girma, a saman abin da yake murmushi murfin rigar tagulla yana kan square na Malisarba a Paris.
Littafi daya
- "Sarauniya Margo" (1845)
- "Countess de Monsoro" (1846)
- "Arba'in da biyar" (1847);
- "Abun wuya Sarauniya" (1849-1850);
- "Mala'ikan Mala'ikan" (1853);
- "Countssess de Charny" (1853-1855);
- "Chevalé de Meson Rouge" (1845);
- "Ukanio" (1843);
- "Diana biyu" (1846);
- "Page Duke na Savoy" (shekara 1852);
- "Hasashen" (1858);
- "Fari da shuɗi" (1867);
- "Comarrades na Ihen" (1857);
- "Agaji na shekara tasa'in" (1862);
- "Wolf Mashkul" (1858).