Tari
Masu sukar adali suna jayayya cewa tsarin zane-zane wanda aka kirkira ta hanyar gargajiya na littafin labarin na biyu na rabin karni na biyu. Ivan Turgene ya ji cewa fito da "sabon mutum" - sittin - kuma ya nuna masa 'yan ubanninsa da yara. " Godiya ga marubucin tarihi a cikin Rasha, kalmar "Nihist". Ivan Sergeevich ya gabatar da hoton mai compatriot, wanda ya karbi ma'anar "yarinyar turgenev".Yaro da matasa
Ofaya daga cikin ginshiƙan wallafen na gargajiya na gargajiya a cikin orel, a cikin tsohuwar dangi, an haife shi. An riƙe shi da yara na Ivan Sergeevich a cikin Mabudy of Mabusing na Spassky-Lutnovinovo kusa da Mtsensk. Ya zama ɗan na biyu na ukun, wanda aka haifa a Varvara Lutovina da Sergey Turgenev.
Rayuwar iyali bata aiki. Mahaifin, wanda ya shafa jihar mai kyau-Cavalierry, wanda bai yi aure da ba kyau, amma yarinya mai albashin da ya tsufa, wanda ya girmi shekaru 6. Lokacin da Ivan turgenev ya juya ya juya 12, mahaifinsa ya bar iyali, ya bar matattarar yara uku. Bayan shekara 4, Sergey Nikolayevich ya mutu. Ba da daɗewa ba, ƙaramin ɗan Sergey ya mutu daga Epilesy.
Nicholas da Ivan sun fadi - mahaifiyar tana da halin rashin kunya. Mata mai hankali da ilimi sun gunduwa a lokacin yara da matasa suna da baƙin ciki mai yawa. Uba Arashi Varvara Lutovinova ya mutu lokacin da 'yar yaro. Mahaifiya, Fanning da Lady Uwady, hoton wace mai karatu da suka ga labarin Turgenev "Mutuwa", sake aure. Ubok sun sha abin sha kuma ba su yi shakka a doke da wulakanta nama ba. Ba mafi kyawun hanyar da za mu iya ɗauko ga 'yarsa da mahaifiyarsa ba. Saboda zaluntar mahaifiyar da bugi, yarinyar ta tsere zuwa ga kawunsa na asalinsa, waɗanda suka bar 'yarsa bayan mutuwa ta gaji.
Uwar da ba ta san uwar tun ɗaya ba, duk da cewa yana ƙaunar yara, musamman kuma, amma ya juya gare su kamar yadda aka tuna da iyayenta har abada. Duk da zafin fushi, Varara Petrovna ya kasance mace mai ilimi. Ta yi magana da gidanta kawai a cikin Faransanci, suna neman iri ɗaya daga Ivan da Nicholas. Kamfanin Spassky yana rike ɗakin karatu mai arziki, wanda ya kunshi littattafan Faransanci.
Lokacin da Ivan Turgenev ya juya 9, dangi ya koma gidan a Redinke. Mama ta karanta da yawa kuma ta latsa yara a cikin yara ƙauna don adabi. Fila da marubutan Faransa, Lutovinov-turgenev ya bi sababbin sababbin abubuwa, abokina ne tare da vasily zhekovsky da mikhail zagoskin. Varara Petrovna Karamzin, Alexander Cangint, Nikolai Gogol ya nakalto su a cikin rubutu tare da ɗanta.
Samuwar Turgenv ya shiga gwamnoni daga Jamus da Faransa, wanda mai saukar ungiyar bai yi nadama kudi ba. A wadataccen ɗan wallafe-wallafen Rasha zuwa marubucin na gaba ya buɗe Serfs Camdiner Laban, wanda ya zama jigon gwarzo na labarin "Punsin da Baburin".
Bayan motsi zuwa Moscow, Ivan Turgenv ya ƙaddara a cikin wannan mutumin, Ivan Krause. A gida da kuma a cikin ensions masu zaman kansu, matasa Binin ya wuce hanya sakandare ta sakandare, yayin da suka gabata 15 ya zama dalibi na Jami'ar Moscow. A wani dan alawari, Ivan Turgenev ya gudanar da karatun, sannan ya canza zuwa St. Petersburg, inda ya karbi ilimi na jami'a a cikin tarihin tarihi da kuma baiwa na tarihi da Falsopailical.
A cikin shekaru dalibin, Turgenev ya fassara waƙar Shakespeare da Ubangiji Bayiron da mafarkin zama mawaƙi.
Bayan ya karbi difloma a 1838, Ivan Turgenev ya ci gaba da karatun ta a Jamus. A Berlin, ya saurari karatun laccoci game da falsafa da Philyophy da Pholyophy da Pholyophy da Pholyophy da Pholyophy da Pholyophy da Pholyophy da Pholyophy da Pholyophy da Pholyophy da Pholyophy da Pholyophy da Pholyophy da Pholyophy da Pholyophy da Pholyophy da Pholyophy da Pholyophy da Phily Ovaly, rubuta waƙoƙi. Bayan hutun Kirsimeti a Rasha, Turgenev ya yi watanni shida ga Italiya, daga inda ya koma Berlin.
A lokacin bazara na 1841, Ivan Turgenv ya isa Rasha kuma a cikin shekara ya wuce jarrabawar, tun daga wani digiri na biyu a Falsafa a Falsafa a Falsferburg a Jami'ar St. Petersburg a Jami'ar St. Petersburg. A cikin 1843, ya sami matsayi a cikin ma'aikatar ciki, amma ƙaunar rubutu da adabi ta juya.
Litattafai
A karo na farko Ivan Turgenev ya yi magana a cikin buga a 1836, buga bita kan littafin Andrei Murawv "Tafiya zuwa wuraren tsattsarka". Bayan shekara guda, na rubuta kuma na buga waƙoƙin "chang a cikin teku", "Fyshmagoria a daren dare" da "barci".
FAME ya shigo shekarar 1843, lokacin da Ivan Sergeevich ya shirya wakar Parsha ta hanyar Vissarion Belininsky. Ba da daɗewa ba Turgenev da Belininky sun kusanci hanyar da saurayi ya zama Allah na shahararren mai sukar. Rapprochechement tare da Belinsky da Nikolai nekrasov Mafi Magana Tarihin Ivan Turgenev: Wanda ya bayyana tare da karar soyayya, da kuma jagora "Andrei Kolosov", "hoton '' da jagora "Breater".
Ivan Turgenev ya koma Rasha a cikin 1850. Ya rayu a cikin wani yanki na yara, to, a Moscow, sannan a St. Petersburg, inda wasan wasa ya rubuta, wanda ya yi nasarar tafiya a cikin masu sayar da majagaba biyu.
A cikin 1852, Gogol ba. Ivan Turgene ya amsa wani mummunan lamari tare da mai necristicists, amma a Storsterburg, bisa ga umarnin shugaban kwamitin da aka gabatar, alaida Musa Ciginina Cigin, ya ki bugawa. Dares don sanya bayanin Tashin Tabar ta Turgene "Moscow Onom". Baicin fitinan bai gafarta wa abin ba. Muin-turnekin da ake kira Gogol "marubucin Lacéi", bai cancanci ambata a cikin jama'a ba, kuma ya ga Alexander Canji da Mikhail Lermontov a cikin maɓallin buɗewa.
Wani bincike ya rubuta rahoton Sarki Nikolai I. Ivan Sergeevich, mai ban mamaki tare da Belininsky da Herzen, ra'ayoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi kan Serfom na hukumomi.
A watan Afrilan na wannan shekarar, an sanya marubucin a kan tsare na wata guda, sannan ya aika don kama gida a cikin ƙasa. Shekaru ɗaya da rabi, Ivan Turgenev ya kasance rago a cikin spassky, shekaru 3 bai sami damar barin kasar ba.
Haka kuma Turgenev game da haramcin ConduShip don sakin "bayanin kula da mafarauta" ba a barata littafin daban ba: tarin labaran da suka buga a "zamani", ya fito. Don izinin buga wani littafi, jami'an Lvadimir Lvov wanda ya yi aiki a cikin takaddar an kori. Tsarin ya hada da labaran "Bezhin Laga", "Biryuk", "mawaƙa", "County wuya". Na dabam, litattafan ba su da haɗari, amma an tattara tare akwai rigakafi anti-warts.
Ivan Turgenev ya rubuta wa manya da yara. Littlealiban masu karatu da suka gabatar da tatsuniyoyi, "kare" da "pigeons", rubuta shi.
A cikin tsare sirri na ƙauyen, classic ya ƙunshi labarin "Mumu", da kuma litattafan "ubersk", "uba da yara", "uba da yara", "uba da yara", "uba da yara", "uba da yara", "uba da yara", hawaye, wanda ya zama abin aukuwa a rayuwar al'adun Rasha .
A waje, Ivan Turgenev ya tafi a lokacin rani na 1856. A cikin hunturu, a cikin Paris, ta kammala labarin bakin ciki mai zurfi a Polesie ". A cikin Jamus, a cikin 1957, ya rubuta "Asya" - labarin ya fassara lokacin rayuwar marubuci zuwa yare zuwa Turai. Prototype na Asi, wanda aka haife shi daga cikin 'yar Bayar da kuma wucin gadi la'akari da' yar uwa Brewer Charchan Charchar Arab.
Kasashen waje, Ivan Turgenev da gangan ya bi rayuwar al'adun Rasha, ana gudanar da wani sako tare da marubutan da suka rage a kasar, tare da baƙi. Abokan aiki sunyi la'akari da gabatarwar wani hali mai saɓani. Bayan rashin daidaituwa tare da editocin "na zamani", wanda ya zama mai huji na dimokraɗiyya, turgenev ya karye da mujallar. Amma, tun na kamu game da haramcin ban na ɗan lokaci "na zamani", ya yi magana a cikin kariyarsa.
A lokacin rayuwar yamma, Ivan Sergeevich ya shiga cikin dogon rikice-rikice tare da LV Tolstoy, Fedor Dostoevsky da Nicholas Nekrasov. Bayan sakin sabon labari, "ubannin da yara", sai ya yi jayayya da wani rubuce-rubuce da ake kira da hankali.
Ivan Turgenev farko na marubutan Rasha sun sami yabo a Turai a matsayin marubuci. A Faransa, ya kusanci ga marubutan-kirki, 'yan'uwan Ganguurs, Emil Zol da Gustave danshi, wanda ya zama babban aboki.
A cikin bazara na 1879, Turgenev ya zo St. Petersburg, inda Matasan suka hadu da shi a matsayin Cumir. Ja farin cikin ziyarar sanannen marubucin bai raba hukumomi ba, ya ba Ivan Sergeevich don fahimtar cewa tsawon zaman marubuciya a cikin birni ba a ke so.
A lokacin bazara na wannan shekara, Ivan Turgenev ya ziyarci Briainaniya - a Jami'ar Oxford, da Rashan littafin Hari'ar da aka bayar.
A cikin lokutan parultimate, Turgenev ya zo Rasha a 1880. A cikin Moscow, ya halarci budewar dutsen zuwa Alexander Chillakin, wanda ya yi wa babban malami. Haren harshe na Rasha da ake kira Tallafi da Tallafi "a ranakun tunani mai zafi" game da makomar mahaifiyar.
Rayuwar sirri
Mace Mace da ta zama ƙaunar rayuwar marubucin, da Heinrich Heine idan aka kwatanta da shimfidar wuri, "duka biyu masu ban sha'awa da m". Mawaƙin Faransa-Faransa-Farer Vonid, mai rauni ne da slooping mace, sun zama siffofin manyan mutane, babban bakin da idanu. Amma lokacin da Pollina ta rera, ta kasance ta canza. A irin wannan lokacin, turgenev ya ga mawaƙa kuma ya faɗi cikin ƙaunar rayuwa, na shekaru 40.
Proma na rayuwar mutum kafin ganawa da Varardo ya yi kama da nunin faifan Amurka. Loveaunar farko da Ivan Turgenev tare da Karen Korie ya fada cikin wannan labarin, ya cutar da saurayi mai shekaru 15. Ya firgita da maƙwabcin Katren, 'yar dunƙulewa Shakhovskaya. Abin da hutawa da ke faruwa da ivan lokacin da ya san cewa "tsabta da kuma ba da labari ba" katya, farka mai ban tsoro, masoya mahaifinsa, lovelaus.
Saurayi ya yi rashin jin daɗi a cikin "kyawawan '' '' yan mata kuma sun juya idanunsa kan 'yan matan mai sauki - sansanin soja mai kyau. Ofaya daga cikin undemanding kyakkyawa shine farin fararen kaivanov - ya haifi Ivan Turgenev 'yar Telagia. Amma, tafiya a Turai, marubucin ya sadu da Vierdo, kuma Avdota ya kasance a baya.
Ivan Sergeevich ya sadu da mijin mawaƙa, Louis, kuma ya zama mafi muni a gidansu. The zamanin Turgene, abokansa da nazarinsu sunyi ma'amala da ra'ayoyin game da wannan ƙungiyar. Wasu suna kiran shi na farko da platonic, wasu suna magana game da adadin adadin mai yawa waɗanda suka bar mai ƙasa na Rasha a gidan Polina da Louis. Mijinta ta Variardo ta hanyar yatsunsu sun kalli dangane da turgenev da matarsa kuma a ba su damar zama a cikin rayuwar su har watanni. An yi imani da cewa mahaifin ɗan adam na filin, ɗan Polina da Louis - Ivan Turgenev.
Mahaifiyar marubucin bai yarda da sadarwa ba kuma mafarkin cewa za a sanyaya wajan cewa, a cikin aure wani saurayi mai zaman kansa ne. Pelagey Vartrovara Petrovna bai yi gunaguni ba, ya ga rukunin yanar gizon. Ivan Sergeevich yana ƙaunar da baƙin ciki 'yarsa.
Polina Vierdo, sauraron izgili na makakar tsohuwa, ya shiga cikin juyayi ga yarinyar ya dauke shi a gidansa. Pelagia ta juya zuwa wani polage ya girma tare da 'ya'yan Viardo. A cikin gaskiya yana da daraja a lura cewa Pelagi-Polynet Turgenev bai raba ƙaunar mahaifinsa Varierdo ba, yin imani da cewa matar ta sace mata da hankalinta.
Sanyaya a cikin dangantakar Turgenev da ta Viardo sun zo bayan rabuwa da shekaru uku, wanda ya faru saboda kama shi da dalibi. Yunkurin manta da fatalwar mai na Ivan Turgene ya ɗauka sau biyu. A shekara ta 1854, marubuci mai shekaru 36 ya sadu da Yaro Mayer Olga, 'yar dan uwan. Amma lokacin da bikin aure ya bugu a sararin sama, Ivan Sergeevich ya matse a kan Polina. Ba wai son karya rayuwar ɗan shekara 18, Turgenev ya yarda da ƙaunar Viarod Bo.
Yunkurin tserewa daga hannun yaran Faransa ya faru ne a shekara ta 1879, lokacin da Turgenev ya juya shekara 61. Actress Maria Savin bai tsoratar da bambanci ba a cikin shekaru - ƙaunataccen ya juya ya zama mai tsufa. Amma lokacin da ma'aurata a shekara ta 1882 suka tafi Paris, Masa ta kalli abubuwa da yawa da suka yi kama da abokin adawa a gaba, kuma ya fahimci cewa tana da taperfluous.
Mutuwa
A cikin 1882, bayan rabuwa da Savin, Ivan turgenev bai yi rashin lafiya ba. Likitoci sun sanya ingantaccen ganewar cutar kansa na spart. Ya mutu marubuci ne a kan doki na waje na dogon lokaci da raɗaɗi.
A shekarar 1883, an gudanar da Turgene a cikin Paris. Watan ƙarshe na rayuwar Ivan Turgenev ya kasance mai farin ciki har zuwa jin zafi mai farin ciki na iya zama - kusa da shi mace ce ƙaunataccen mace. Bayan mutuwa, ta gaji dukiyar Turgenev.
Classic ya mutu a ranar 22 ga Agusta, 1883. An dauki jikinsa zuwa St. Petersburg a ranar 27. Daga france ga Rasha Tsibiyav tare da 'yar Polina, Claudia ta Verdo. Binne marubucin a cikin St. Petersburg hurumi.
Alexander II, wanda ya kira Turgenev "Belm a gaban nasa ido, ya amsa wa mutuwar Nigilista tare da agaji.
Littafi daya
- 1855 - "Rudin"
- 1858 - "noble gida"
- 1860 - "A Hauwa'u '
- 1862 - "uba da yara"
- 1867 - "Hayaki"
- 1877 - "novy"
- 1851-73 - "bayanin kula na mafarauci"
- 1858 - "Asya"
- 1860 - "Soyayya ta Farko"
- 1872 - "raunuka"