Tari
Canza sunan mawaƙin yara na tushen chukovsky na dogon lokaci shine ɗayan mafi yawan marubutan azurfa. Akasin mashahurin imani, da ƙwararren Mahaliccin ya bayyana kanta ba wai kawai a cikin waƙoƙi ba, har ma a cikin mawuyacin labarai.
Saboda rashin ingantaccen tsari na kerawa, jihar a duk tsawon rayuwar marubucin ya yi kokarin hana ayyukansa a gaban jama'a. Ayyuka da yawa na bincike sun sa ya yiwu a kalli sanannen ɗan zane na fasahar "Wasu idanu". Yanzu ayyukan dan adam suna karantawa kamar yadda mutane na "tsohuwar hardening" da matasa.
Yaro da matasa
Nikolay Kornechukov (na ainihi sunan mawaƙa) an haife shi ne ranar 31 ga Maris, 1882 a babban birnin kasar Rasha - garin St. Petersburg. Mahaifiyar Esipovna, kasancewa bawan a gidan shahararren likita Solomon Levenon, ya shiga haɗi tare da dansa Emmanuil. A 1799, wata mace haihuwar ta haifi 'yar Maryamu, kuma bayan shekaru uku sai ya ba da mijinta ga magajin Nicholas.
Duk da gaskiyar cewa dangantakar dangin kirki mai ban tsoro a gaban jama'ar wannan lokacin sun yi kama da mutanen goyata, tare da su sun rayu shekaru bakwai. Kakana na mawaƙa, wanda ba sa son shakatawa tare da yawan abubuwa, a cikin 1885, ba tare da bayanin dalilan ba, sun yi surori a kan titi tare da jarirai biyu a hannunsa. Tunda Catherine bazai iya biyan wani gida daban ba, tare da ɗanta da ɗanta da 'yarta, ta hagu ga dangi a Odessa. Da yawa daga cikin labarin tari "a cikin labarin Authiographical", Azurfa suturar makamai ", mawaƙi ya yarda cewa Kudancin City bai zama ɗan ƙasarsa ba.
Shekarun Yara na marubucin ya wuce cikin yanayin halaka da talauci. Mahaifiyar da aka nuna ta Sweden, to, wani cinya, amma babu wani mummunan kudi. A cikin 1887, duniyar ta ga "madaurin gaskiya game da kayan dafa abinci". A cikin sa, ministan ilimi i.d. Delanov ya ba da shawarar kundin adireshin Gymasium don ɗaukar ɗabi'un ɗalibai kawai waɗancan yaran da ba su haifar da tambayoyi ba. Saboda gaskiyar cewa chukovsky karkashin wannan "ma'anar" bai dace ba, an cire shi daga cibiyar ilimi na ilimi a cikin aji na 5.
Domin kada a yi watsi da dangin, sai saurayin ya dauki wani aiki. Daga cikin rawar, wanda ya yi kokarin kolya, akwai gidan falowar jaridu, kuma mai tsabtace rufin, da kuma mai tsafta na hoton hoton. A wannan lokacin, saurayin ya fara sha'awar adabi. Ya karanta shi daga maganganun kasada ta Alexander Duma, ya yi nazarin ayyukan Niietzsch da Edgar, da kuma waƙoƙin Edgaryo Peche suna kwance da maraice a ƙarƙashin hayaniyar igiyar ruwa.
Daga cikin wadansu abubuwa, ƙwaƙwalwar mamaki ya ba saurayin saurayin don koyon Turanci don ya fassara ayoyin daga ganye, ba a taɓa taɓa ta ba. Sannan chukovsky har yanzu bai san cewa koyaswar Ocelelf ba ta da shafuka wanda mahaliccin ya dace da shi. Saboda haka, lokacin da shekarun bayan haka, Nikolai ya ziyarta Ingila, gaskiyar cewa yan garin ba su fahimce shi ba, mamaki na mamakin na jama'a.
Jaridanci
A cikin 1901, wahayi zuwa ga ayyukan marubutan da aka fi so, OPS ɗin falsafa ya rubuta tushen. Mawana Vladimir Zhotinsky, karanta aikin daga ɓawon burodi zuwa ɓawon burodi, ya kai shi farkon wasan kwaikwayo na 70 mai shekaru Chukovsky. Ga littafin farko, mawaƙi ya karɓi 7 rubles. Don kuɗi mai yawa, saurayin ya sayi sabon ra'ayi na wando da rigarsa.
Shekaru biyu na aiki a cikin jaridar Nikolai a matsayin wakilin "Labarin Odess" ya aika zuwa London. A wannan shekarar ya rubuta labarai, rubutattun labaran kasashen waje da ma rubutun da aka rubuta a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya. Domin tsawon tafiya na kasuwanci, an buga ayyukan tara na Chukovsky.
Marubucin na son zuciyar dan Burtaniya sosai cewa bayan da yawa shekaru ta tashi da editan tsakiyar cibiyar ta farko na Oscar Wilde, wanda a cikin murza ido samu matsayin na tebur a cikin dukkan wallafe-wallafen iyalai.
A cikin Maris 1905, marubucin ya motsa daga rana Odessa zuwa ruwan sama St. Petersburg. A nan, wani ɗan jarida da sauri ya sami aiki: Ya gamsu da wakili a cikin jaridar Teatral Rasha, inda rahotannin sa akan wasannin da aka duba da karanta littattafan an buga su a cikin kowane daki.
Mawaƙa Leonid Shanov ya taimaka chukovsky don saki alama a cikin haske. Wani abu na musamman da aka buga satire na siyasa da aka buga a cikin littafin, Alexander Kuprin, Fedor Scentub, har ma Tefent a tsakanin marubutan. Don abubuwan da ake nema na ma'ana da gwamnatin anti-gwamnati Chukovsky ne. Shahararren lauda Gresberg ya yi nasarar cimma wani hukunci na musamman da kwana tara don inbutar da marubucin daga karshe.
Bugu da ari, dan takarar sun hada kai da mujallu "Sikeli" da "Niva", da kuma tare da jaridar "Jawabin", inda Nikolai ta buga mahimman labarai game da marubutan zamani. Daga baya, waɗannan ayyukan sun warwatsa kan littattafan: "mutane da masks" (1914), "masu ba da gaskiya" (1922), "daga Chekhov zuwa wannan rana" (1908).
A cikin faduwar 1906, wurin zama na marubucin ya zama gida a cikin kuokkale (adana na Finnish Bay). A nan, marubucin ya yi sa'ar samun masanin ɗan wasa Ilya Rimin, mawallafin Vladimir Mayakovsky da Alexey Tolstoy. Daga baya Chukovsky ya yi magana game da aladu na al'adu a cikin tunawa da "Repin. M. Mayakovsky. Bruce. Tunani "(1940).
A nan, rubutaccen rubutun rubutaccen kayan adon da aka gabatar da "Chukokkal" wanda aka buga a shekarar 1979, Alexander BloK, Herbert Ogelstam. A wajen gayyatar gwamnati a 1916, Chukovsky a matsayin wani bangare na wakilan Rasha sake sake ci gaba da tafiya zuwa Ingila.
Litattafai
A shekarar 1917, Nikolai ya dawo St. Petersburg, a ina, shan shawarar Maxim Gorky, yana ɗaukar post na shugaban sashen yara na Bugun. Chukovsky yayi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari a matsayin mai ba da labari yayin aiki a Almananci "Firebird". Sannan ya bude duniya wani sabon fafata da asalinsa na baiwa, rubuta "kaji", "Mulkin kare" da "likita".
Gorky ya gani a cikin tatsuniyoyin abokan aiki mai girma kuma ya ba da tushen "yi kokarin farin ciki" kuma samar da wani aiki ga aikace-aikacen yara "niva". Marubucin ya damu cewa ba zai sami damar sakin samfurin kirki ba, amma wahayi ne da kanta sami Mahalicci. Ranar ta kasance ranar da juyin juya halin Musulunci.
Bayan haka, tare da mara lafiya ɗan Korya, ɗan adam ya dawo daga gida zuwa St. Petersburg. Domin ya mallaki Chadawa mai zafi daga harin cutar, mawaƙi ya fara ƙirƙirar tatsuniyar almara akan tafi. Babu wani lokaci da za a yi nazarin gwarzo da makircin.
Duk fare fare yana kan mafi sauri allon hotuna da abubuwan da suka faru don ba zai yi guri kuma ba su yi kira ba. Don haka, aikin "kada 'aka buga a 1917 an haife shi.
Bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba, Chukovsky tafiya a cikin kasar tare da laccoci da laccoci kuma yana ba da hadin gwiwa da kowane irin mashahuri. A cikin 20s na 20s, da Tushen ya rubuta ayyukan Moydodyr da Tarakanishche, kuma ma adapts ayoyin jama'a songs for yara karatu, da tarin na "Red da kuma Red" da "Skok-Joke" an buga. Labarin Wasanni guda goma, mawaƙin da aka saki ɗaya bayan wani: "Murna - Codochoha", "Runduna", "in ji Mowarai", "Barmalit", "Stoen Sun", "Toptygin da Lisa".
Tushen ya ruga ta hanyar mashaya, baya rabuwa da hujjoji na na biyu, kuma sun bi kowane layin da aka buga. Chukovsky ta aikin da aka buga a cikin mujallu "New Robinson", "Yozh", "Bosten", "Chizh" da "Sparrow". An kirkiro gargajiya a cikin wannan hanyar da a wani batun marubucin da kansa ya yi imani da tatsuniyar faɗuwar talala.
Duk abin da ya canza bayan wani labarin mai mahimmanci na begen Krupskaya, wanda juyin juya halin da bashi da 'ya'ya da suka kira ayyukan Chukovsky, ba wai kawai alkawarin anti-polytic bane, amma Hakanan an datse majami'an karya.
Bayan haka, ma'anar sirrin da aka gani a cikin dukkan ayyukan marubucin: marubucin ya ba da labarin a cikin tatsuniyar, a cikin tsaunin Fedorinato Mountain, a cikin Fedorinato Mountain labarin, ba ya voiciced mahimmancin rawar da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci, kuma a cikin babban gwarzon "Cockroach" kuma ya nuna hoton caricature na Stalin kwata-kwata.
Tsanantawa ya kawo Chukovsky zuwa matsanancin digiri na yanke ƙauna. Tushen kuma fara yin imani da cewa ba a buƙatar tatsuniyoyin sa. A watan Disamba na 1929, harafin mawaƙin da aka buga a cikin tsoffin jaridar, a cikin abin da ya canza daga tsoffin ayyukan, rubuta tarin peems "funny regiya". Koyaya, aikin daga gashin tsuntsu bai fito ba.
Labarin Ta'addanci na shekaru "Obuch Barmailey" (1943) an haɗa shi cikin Anthologology na soviet wakoki, sa'an nan kuma a yi ma'amala daga can ta Stalin. Chukovsky ya rubuta wani samfurin "Kasadar Bibini Bibini" (1945). Labarin da aka buga a Murzilka, wanda aka maimaita shi a rediyo, sannan kuma, ya kira shi "akidar, mai cutarwa," dakatar da karantawa.
Gaji don yaƙar masu sukar da na} asar marubucin ya koma aikin jarida. A cikin 1962, ya rubuta littafin "Live a matsayin rai", wanda aka bayyana "cututtuka", buga Rasha Russia. Kar a manta cewa dandanet din wanda ya dauki halittar Nekrasov, ya buga cikakken tarin essays Nikolai Alekseeeevich.
Chukovsky ya kasance mai ba da labari ba kawai a cikin wallafe-wallafen ba, har ma a rayuwa. Ya yi aiki akai-akai, wanda mutanensa, furukonsu, saboda masu gudanarwa, basu da ikon. A cikin 1961, labarin Solzhenitsyn "Rana na Ivan Denisovich" ya zo gare shi a hannunsa. Kasancewarta na farko, Chukovsky ne ga ma'aurata tare da Twardovsky ya tabbata Khrushcheva don buga wannan aikin. Lokacin da Alexander Ishevich ya zama mutumin da ba na graata ba, to asalinsu ne waɗanda suka ɓoye shi daga hukuma a cikin Dacarelkino.
A cikin 1964, tsari a cikin yanayin Joseph Brodsky ya fara. Tushen tare da Marshak ne wasu daga cikin 'yan kalilan da ba su ji tsoron rubuta wasiƙar zuwa Kwamitin Tsakiya tare da sakin mawaka. An kiyaye tarin rubuce-rubuce na marubucin ba kawai a cikin littattafai ba, har ma a cikin majigin yara.
Rayuwar sirri
Daga farko da mata kawai Chukovsky ya sadu da karfe 18. Maria Boriisovna 'yar Athona-Bera-Bera-Bera-Bera-Bera-Bera-Bera-Bera-Bera-Berura Ruvimovich zinare da gida gida TUTSA (Tauba). Iyalin daraja ba su taɓa yarda da tushen Ivanovich ba. A wani lokaci, masoya ma ma da shirye-shiryen tserewa daga hadaya da Odessa a cikin Caucasus. Duk da cewa tserewa bai faru ba, a watan Mayu 1903 ma'auratan sun yi aure.
Yawancin 'yan jaridar Odessa sun zo bikin aure tare da furanni. Gaskiya ne, Chukovsky ya buƙaci bouquets, amma kuɗi. Bayan bikin, mai amfani da mai amfani ya cire hat kuma ya fara kewaye da baƙi. Nan da nan bayan bikin, da sabbin kasashen suka rage a Ingila. Ba kamar tushen, Maria ta kasance a can har wata watanni. Bayan da tunatar da cewa matar tana da juna biyu, marubucin nan da nan ya aiko da ƙasarta.
A watan Yuni 2, 1904, Chukovsky ya karbi telegram wanda matarsa ta haifi matarsa lafiya. A wannan ranar da Feenlonist shirya hutun sa kuma ya tafi wurin circus. Bayan dawowa St. Petersburg, kaya na ilimi da kuma rayuwar yau da aka tara chukovsky da sauri don zama babban zargi na St. Petersburg. Sasha baƙar fata ba ba tare da Dich, kira shi da tushen Belininky. Bayan wasu shekaru biyu, dan jaridar lardin ya kasance a wani ɗan gajeren kafa tare da dukkan bam na rubutu da fasaha.
Yayin da zane-zane na zane-zane sun hau ko'ina cikin kasar tare da laccoci, matarsa ta kawo yara: Lydia, Nikolai da Boris. A cikin 1920, Chukovsky ya sake zama Uba kuma. 'Y Yarinaye, wanda kowa ya kira shunayya, ya zama gwarzo na yawancin marubucin. Yarinyar ta mutu a shekara ta 1931 daga tarin fuka. Bayan shekara 10, ƙaramin ɗan Boris aka kashe a cikin yaƙin, da kuma bayan shekara 14, Mariya Chukovsky matar ba ta zama ba.
Mutuwa
Tushen Tushen Ivanovich ya bar shekaru 87 (28 ga Oktoba, 1969). Sanadin mutuwa shine hepatitis ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo Dacha a Peredelkino, wanda mawallafi ya rayu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ya juya zuwa gidan kayan gargajiya na gidan Chukovsky.Lovers na kirkirar marubucin kuma har wa yau na iya fuskantar wurin da ya halicci manzanninsa na zane-zane na zane-zane.
Littafi daya
- "Sunny" (labari, 1933);
- "Azurfa mayafin makamai" (labari, 1933);
- "Kaji" (almara, 1913);
- "Aibolit" (labarin almara, 1917);
- "Barmelei" (labarin almara, 1925);
- "Mooyyr" (labarin almara, 1923);
- "Fly-codochu" (labarin almara, 1924);
- "Ospoole barameley" (labarin almara, 1943);
- "Kasadar Bibas na Bibinigon" (labari, 1945);
- "Rikici" (labarin almara, 1914);
- "Kogun kare" (labarin tatsuniya, 1912);
- "Tarakanische" (labarin almara, 1921);
- "Waya" (labarin almara, 1924);
- "Toptygin da Lisa" (labari na shekara 1934);