Tari
Jane Austin shine sanannen marubucin litattafan litattafai na gargajiya, masu karatu da masu karatu don ayyuka a cikin ainihin ainihin gaske. Littattafan sa har yau sun shahara tsakanin matasa da tsararraki masu girma, da kuma manyan daraktoci suna canja wurin ayyukan Jane zuwa hotunan allo.
A ranar 16 ga Disamba, 1775 a cikin karamin garin Hampshire, wanda a kudu Jane an haife shi a dangin Ostinov. Tun daga lokacin hunturu ya kasance mai rauni, yarinyar ta yi baftisma a cikin coci ne kawai a Afrilu. Ana iya faɗi cewa iyayen marubucin na gaba sun tsara makomarta ta gaba, saboda sunan Jane yana nufin "Mai rahama", "Alherin Allah".
Shugaban gidan Ostinov ya rayu a kan matsakaici, firist firist, kuma matarsa ta ce wa gida. Ma'auratan da suka samu a Cibiyar Kwalejin St. John. Cassandra ta faru daga dangin kirki mai kyau, mahaifinta mai takawa ne a kwaleji duka. Dighs Mrs. Li ya kasance mai ban tsoro, saboda duk gādon daga kakar ta karɓi Yames. George shima ya bar masu arziki, amma danginsa helleras ne.
Ba a ci gaba da fitar da maganin fadakarwa ba, kuma a wancan lokacin akwai babban mutum-data: ci gaba da irin wannan cututtukan kamar tanda na talauci, kwalta, tarin fuka da da yawa. Amma duk zuriyar George Austin da kuma ƙaunataccen mu'ujiza sun wanzu da rai.
Saboda haka, marubucin ya girma a cikin babban iyali, wanda, ban da shi, yara maza shida da yarinya ɗaya aka haihu. Jane ya kasance dan fari ne kuma an haife shi a watan tara na ciki. Da farko, an kori wasu jarirai a karkashin kulle uwar. Sai matar ta sa su kula da maƙiyan Elizabeth Littleweth, wanda ya tashe yara har zuwa watanni 12-18.
Babban James tun daga ƙuruciyar ta aiwatar da karfin halittarsa kuma an shiga cikin wallafe-wallafen: ya rubuta labarun almara. Amma Fadin wani saurayi ya shirya wani saurayi ta wata hanya ta daban: Kasancewa, James ya fara zama fasto a cikin Ikklisiyar yankin. Game da wani ɗan'uwan - George - labarin shiru, saboda Ostini ya fi son kada ya yi magana game da shi. An san cewa ɗan ya koma baya kuma bai taɓa samun magana ba. Amma marubucin yana ƙaunar George, don haka saboda shi ya koyi jerin wa kurma-da-bb.
Edward soma zumunta na Ostinov, yaron da aka kawo a cikin wani arziki iyali na Knight, kuma Henry - wani m mutum - yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin banki, sa'an nan ya yarda San. Francis da Charles sun ɗaure rai tare da Tekun, da 'yar'uwar Cassandra, jawo launi ta hanyar ruwa, ba sa samun farin ciki a rayuwar kansa. Jane da Kassandra an jera su a cikin cibiyoyin ilimi da yawa, amma 'yan matan ba su yi sa'a tare da kundin adireshi ba. Daga cikin sauran abubuwa, a cikin tafiye-tafiye zuwa Southampton, Jane ya zama mai rauni, kuma babu kuɗi don karatu a cikin dangin Ostinov.
George da sauri ya fahimci hakan don haka 'ya'yansa mata ba za su sami kyakkyawan ilimi ba, don haka da kananan ya yi aiki a matsayin malami, ɗaukar nauyin da kansa. Don haka, daga jawabai na farko da kuma karanta mahaifinsa, marubucin ya dawo nan gaba kuma sun koya fiye da benen makaranta. Mutumin ya mai da hankali kan wallafe-wallafen, don haka girlsan mata tun da farko sun kasance cikin ƙauna tare da aikin Shakespeare, Yum, Richardson da sauran marubutan. Bayan karatu, sun sake fasalin aikin juna kan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, tattauna littattafai, tattauna da kuma nuna ra'ayoyin.
Litattafai
Goethe sau ɗaya ya ce: "Mutumin da ke da kyakkyawar dangantakar farkon yana fuskantar farin ciki mafi girma lokacin da wannan baiwa yake amfani." A zahiri, Jane ya more kyautar Allah a cike: Yarinyar ta fara shiga cikin rubuce-rubuce daga shekaru 14. Sannan ta hada da halarta na Epistlary suna aiki "ƙauna da abokantaka". Tarihin matasa, da Blesque "tarihin Ingila" da rubutun "abin mamaki, mai kumburi na safiyar 18, ga wanda ji ya tsaya fiye da yadda ake ji. rubuta.
Saboda haka, ayyukan shakatawa ko ƙauna mai ban tsoro, karanta da mutane masu kulawa da mutane suka shiga tarihin wallafe-wallafen, bisa ga abin da rayuwa aka bayyana a cikin abubuwan da ta dace da ita, ba tare da m metaphor da pachoact da mai ladabi.
A cikin 1811, a karkashin Uwargida mai rikitarwa ta Jane yana samar da wani sabon labari "Jin da kuma fahimta", wanda ban ga junanmu ta hanyar kiran zuciya ba, yayin da Eleanor yake shiryu da tunani. Don haka, a cikin tunanin mai karatu, wani rashin biyayya yana tasowa tsakanin halayen mutum biyu.
Shekaru uku bayan haka, Jane ya kalli mata masu ƙarfi da kuma nuna girman kai da son kai ", wanda kan lokaci ya tafi ambato. Abin lura ne wanda Austin ya fara aiki akan littafi a cikin 1795 (96), amma wannan sabon labari bai yi daidai da masaniyar da ya dace ba, don haka rubutun ya zama ƙura a kantin na kimanin shekaru 15.
Godiya kawai ga "ji da hankali" - Wani labari ne wanda ya ba marubutan hanya zuwa duniyar rubutu - Austin na biyu na Austin ya ga haske. Gaskiya ne, kafin a wuce littafi zuwa littafin, Jane ta sake kwakwalwa, saboda shekaru da yawa da marubucin ya sami damar canza ra'ayoyin rayuwa da samun gogewa.
A cikin 1814, littafin farko "Mansfield Park" ya fito, da John Murray Wounding of Emma, wanda ya ba da labarin lauyoyi na sirri, yana ƙoƙarin shirya rayuwar mutum da budurwa. Wannan labari ne ya burge har ma Jagora na alkalami Walter Scott.
A cikin 1816, Jane ta zama marubucin littafin littafin "Muhawara game da dalili" (wanda aka buga da shi), makircin wanda ke cikin gabanin fatarar saboda nasa maganar banza ne saboda nasa maganar banza ne saboda nasa maganar banza. Daga cikin yawan haruffa a cikin wannan aikin, zaku iya ware ɗan yarinya mai shekaru 27 a nan saboda wannan gwarzon kadari ne ga Jane Austin.
Duk da ƙuruciyarsa, Ann ta bayyana a gaban masu karatu cikin sa na mace mai hikima da ta zama a cikin al'umma tsohuwar budurwa. Ann ya fada cikin soyayya da wani saurayi, duk da haka, ta shiryar da hujjoji na hankali, sun qaryata shi saboda cigaba da rayuwa.
Idan muka yi magana game da salon marubucin Jane Austin, to, hakika, ita ce sanannen masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam, wanda ya san duka biyu cikin rayuwar mutane da yau da kullun, abin da yake hukunta ta. Kuma jane samu don yin kayan yaji na hannun jari na irony da sarcasm. Kodayake tururuwa na tumatir da Victoria sun wuce ɗaruruwan shekaru da suka gabata, irin wannan halin ɗan adam, kamar munafunci, son rai, girman kai, lalaci, da dai sauransu. bai shiga jirgi ba.
Duk wannan ma har zuwa lokacin kwallayen kwalliya da salon girllious. Misali, zaka iya tuna yadda ƙiyayya da Mrsnnet zuwa Darcy a bayan labulen da saurayi zai yi tayar da hannayensa da zuciyar 'yata. Girmanci da wariyar launin fata "). Don haka, Jane ya karye ra'ayi a cikin Fluff da ƙura, waɗanda ke cikin masu karatu na litattafansu na farko.
Rayuwar sirri
Rayuwar mutum na litattafan Ingilishi ta cika da asirin da kuma kwazo. Misali, har yanzu yaudarar na balibaci har yanzu basu san bayyanar da uwargidan ba. Wasu kafofin suna da'awar cewa ita yarinya ce mai ban sha'awa, wasu sun bayyana shi azaman plump hat, wanda 'yan'uwa suke da shi a cikin ƙuruciya, jerkkyu don cheeks. A kan yanayin yarinyar, ma, akwai shahararrun ra'ayoyi: shi ya bayyana a matsayin farkon budurwa da plumstery, mai hankali da kuma kyakkyawan murya tare da m murya da m murya da m murya da m. Game da bayyanar Jane ta hanyar hoton wanda hoton ya yi Cassandra a 1810.
Masanin marubucin ya gabatar da labaran ƙauna na duniya, amma da kanta ba ta sami farin ciki ba. Rayuwarta ta juya a 1796. Thomas Langlua Lefra, saurayi mai ilimi, ƙafafun Huguenot, ya zo don neman 'yan'uwansa waɗanda, abin mamaki ne kusa da Ostinov. Thomas ya kasance ta zuciyar marubuci, daga cikin sha'awar ya juya zuwa gajeriyar soyayya, wanda kuma da sauri ya fara, haka da sauri da ugas. A cewar almara na iyali, dangantakar matasa sun shiga cikin matattu saboda rashin gamsuwa da Att Lefria. Daga baya, zaman mutanen da suka ce waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru sun samo asali a cikin "muhawara ta dalilin", amma Thomas ta ce yana ƙaunar Jane "Loveaunar yara" - babu wata alaƙa da shi ba komai ba.
Amma Austin ya ba da izini ta hanyar tunanin mutum, amma ya zama budurwa mai zaman kansa, wanda ya tuna da ƙaunar da ba a bayyana ba tsawon kwanaki da dare, saboda, kamar yadda ake amfani da matar Evgen, "ƙarami matar da muke ƙauna, da sauki muna son ta. " Duk da yake marubucin ya sha wahala, Thomas ya daidaita rayuwarsa ba tare da wahala ba: ya zama babban alkalin Mury, kuma ya auri matar ɗan Maryamu takwas.
Amma saurayi Harris Bigris Brishaga yana da duk abin da aka katange shi a akasin haka: Mutumin da yake ƙaunar Jane. A kan shawarar da zuciya da zuciya, yarinyar yarjejeniya, amma kawai rana ce ta manta da Thomas, don haka matar ba ta manta da Thomas ba, don haka lady ba ta manta nan gaba zuwa ga rashin haihuwa da suka gabata. Yarinyar ba ta jin kamar matata mai ƙauna kuma ta san liyafa ta mahaifa, saboda mahimmin labari ba su da yara. A cikin 'yanci daga wallafe-wallake, Jane ya tsunduma cikin dinki kuma ya taimaka wa mahaifiyarta a kusa da gidan.
Mutuwa
Jane Austin ya sha wahala daga cutar ƙara (rashin adrenal cortex). Kuna hukunta da bayanin asibiti, wannan magani na iya ɗaukar shekaru da yawa ba tare da alamu ba kuma ba a kula da yanayin ba, amma ci gaba saboda yanayin damuwa ko wasu cututtuka. Mai haƙuri ya rushe ci, tashin zuciya ya bayyana, asarar nauyi, Tetania, da sauransu.
Marubucin ya tafi a lokacin zafi na 1817 a shekara ta 42 ce ta rayuwa. Ta isa cikin leken asirin don jiyya, amma yarinyar ba ta sami damar jimre cutar ba. Jane ba shi da lokacin kammala ayyukan Sandathon, Watsons da Lady Susan. Roman "Arewacin Gobetet" an buga shi ne.
Fina-finai
Ba abin mamaki bane cewa Austin cike da ma'anar aikin ba tukuna an faskara.
- A cikin 1995, Daraktan Eng Li ya sha wahala sabon labari "hankali da ji" a kan hotunan talabijin. Abin lura ne cewa Emma thompson ya rubuta rubutun na kimanin shekaru biyar. An yi rawar da Emma Thompson, Alan Rickman, Hugh Grant da sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo.
- A cikin wannan 1995, mafi kyawun jerin "girman kai" ya fito, inda Jennifer El, Suzanna Harrer da sauransu sun yi aiki a kan saiti. Wannan jerin godiya ga makircin ya bayyana ƙaunar Avid Kinomans a duniya.
- A cikin 2005, Keira Keikley, Matta Macfayya da Rosamund Pike ya shiga Melodraman "Girman kai da son zuciya". Emma Thompson sake sake kasancewa a matsayin yanayin da aka zaɓa don canza maganganun daga asalin rubutun rubutun.
- A cikin 2006, Jane Jane Austin fim yana fitowa, gaya wa marubucin da dangantakar Lefria. Matsayin marubucin ya buga Ann Hathaway, da James McAvoy reincarnated a ƙaunarta.
- A shekara ta 2008, Darakta Dan Zaff ya gabatar ga kotun masu sauraron karar "da farfado da littafin Jane Austin" tare da Janeice Ruper da Ellot Kowan wasa.
- A wannan shekarar, Jeremy Livring "soyayya ta gaza Jane Austin" ya fito.
Littafi daya
- "Soyayya da Abota" (1790);
- "Tarihi na Ingila" (1791);
- "Ukun surukanta" (1792);
- "Jin da hankali" ko "hankali da ji" (1811);
- "Girman kai da wariyar" (1813);
- "Mansfield Park" (1814);
- Emma (1815);
- "Muhawara game da dalili" (1817);
- "Arewacin Gaby" (1818).
- "Kyakkyawar Cassandra";
- "Lady Susan";
- Watsons;
- "Sandton";
- "Leslie Castle"