Tari
Charlotte Bronte sanannen marubuci ne, abokin aikin motsi a cikin wallafe-wallafen. Marubucin na addini, masu karatu na farkon duniyar littafin "Jane Eyre", a kan makircin wanda mafi cire fim ɗin ya cire shi. Hakanan, marubucin ya yi wa littattafan "gari", "Sherli", "malamin" da "Emma".Yaro da matasa
An haifi marubucin a nan gaba a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 1816 a West Yorkshire, hukumomi na tarihi a arewacin Ingila, gonakin marasa iyaka ne kuma aka rarrabe su ta hanyar haihuwa. Charlotte shi ne yaro na uku a cikin iyali. Mahaifin marubucin Patrick Burkoda, English na asalin Irish, an yi aiki a cikin Ikilisiya, da mahaifiyar Maria Benwell ta jagoranci gida.
A cikin e the of fadakarwa, ba a ci gaba da magani ba. Duniya ta girma da selletin, diphtheria da kwalara, shima cigaba da macen macen. Amma 'ya'yan Patrick da Maria Maria ta zama da rai. Charlotte aka samo a cikin babban iyali wanda, ban da ita, 'yan mata biyar sun girma da ɗa ɗaya.
Mataki - Ann Brinke - ya zama marubucin, wanda ya zama marubucin littattafan "Agnes Grey" da "Strand daga Hall na Wild", wanda aka haɗa da yawa daga cikin farin ciki, amma ba su sami ɗaukakawar ɗaya ba, amma ba su karɓi da ɗaukakacinta ba. 'Yar da ta biyar - Emily ya rufe - kuma ya zaɓi hanyar kirkirar kirkirar kuma ya zama marubucin abu kawai, amma tsawa mai ma'ana ".
Sonan Sonan a cikin dangin Patrick Brrenevell kuma an kuma gwada shi don rubutu, amma daga baya ya zabi inkliner da Peru ya goge, zabin mai da zane. Godiya ga wannan ɗan wasa, masu karanta zamani suna da ra'ayin yadda a zahiri marubutan sun duba, saboda Patrick fentted hotunan shahararrun dangi.
A 1820, yaƙin ya koma ƙauyen Hoert, wanda ke cikin lardin West Yorkshire. Patrick ya nada Vicaria zuwa coci na St. Michael da duk mala'iku. A ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1821, a cikin gidan akwai wani katanga da ba za a iya tsayawa ba. Maryamu da matsalar yara sun faɗi a kafaɗun mutane.
A cikin 1824, Patrick ya aika da 'ya'ya mata don fahimtar difloma zuwa makarantar Kovan. Marubucin na gaba ba ya gaba, amma malamai sun yi fushi cewa yarinyar shekaru takwas tana da ƙarfi fiye da shekarunsu. Koyaya, ilimin ta shine magatakarda: Charlotte bai san yadda za a bijire ba kuma bai san komai game da nahawu da ɗabi'a ba.
Daga baya, Charlotte ya tuna cewa a cikin mai bin gwalta akwai mummunan yanayin da ya gurbata rauni mai rauni na tsoffin 'yan'uwanta tsofaffi. A cikin hunturu na 1825, Maryamu ta kamu da cutar tarin fuka, kuma bayan watanni uku Elizabeth gudu daga cikin chakhoto. A wancan lokacin, har zuwa karni na XX, tarin fuka da cutar ana ɗaukar cutar mutuƙar gaske kuma kusan cutar mai magani. 'Yan matan sun kasa murmurewa da nan da nan ya mutu. Patrick, damu cewa tozarbi zai shafar wasu 'ya'ya mata, dauki Emily da Charlotte a cikin hoert.
A kusan iri ɗaya ne, yayin da yake a gida a cikin kayan aikin hoerty, Charlotte, Emily, Ann da Brenell ya fara rubuta don tsarma da launuka masu launin toka tare da launuka masu haske. A lokacin su na kyauta, 'yan uwan su sun zauna a teburin kuma suka kirkiro da labaran kasada na banron da suka faru a duniyar almara da mulkoki. Charlotte tare da ɗan'uwansa ya rubuta aiki game da batun almara mulkin mallaka a Afirka kuma ya ƙirƙira babban birnin UTPOPIS - CITY GLOP. Kuma Emily da Ann ya zama marubutan jerin labarun da ake kira "TARIHI'A GONDAL", amma ba a kiyaye wannan zagaye ba. Akwai ra'ayi da makamai ya lalata rubutun ba da jimawa ba kafin mutuwa.
A cikin 1831-1832, Mawallafin marubucin ya ci gaba da karatunsa kuma ya shiga makarantar jeri-yana da makarantar, inda ya nuna kansa daga mafi kyawun gefe. A post na Darakta na wannan makarantar ya mamaye Wooler, wanda makamai har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwar ya ci gaba tsakanin matan. Charlotte suma sun zama abokai tare da abokai biyu Ellen Nasi da Maryamu Taylor, tare da wadanda suka yi aiki da yawa sun ragu.
Bayan ya sami difloma, Charlotte ya fara samun abincinsu da aikin malami mai tsanani. Amma yarinyar ba ta son hanyar malamin, wanda ya bambanta da duniyar duniyar, waɗanda aka halicci ta ɗan'uwanta da mata. Marubucin bai yi la'akari da ƙungiyar ƙasa da aka sauka ba tare da wani abu mai haske ba, wanda zai iya ba da damar tashi zuwa jirgin sama da kerawa. Mai ba da shawara don kama alkalami, amma lokacin don aikin rubutu ya zama cikakke. Saboda haka, to, ƙaramin sashi na waƙoƙi da kuma abubuwan da aka kirkira, waɗanda aka kirkira a cikin ɗan gajeren makonni na hutun makaranta da aka rubuta.
Yana da kyau a faɗi cewa Charllotte ya kula da samuwar 'yan'uwa mata. Bayan ya ƙunshi Uba, sai ta kawo wa makaranta kuma ta biya ta daga aljihun nasa. Amma yarinyar ta gaza daga gidan daga gida tare da sauran dokoki da Nrazami. A ƙarshe, emily yanke shawarar komawa hoert. Sannan an dauki wurinta ta hanyar ann. Daga baya, hanyar da alama ta koma garin Dewsbury Moore, a inda baƙin ciki da rashin tausayi ya yi mulki. A karkashin yanayin da cewa gaskiyar cewa sabon yankin yana shafar lafiyarsu da kuma yanayin tunaninsu, Charlotte da Ann sun bar cibiyar karatun.
Litattafai
Ernest Hemingway sau ɗaya in ji:
"Hakikanin hali na gaskiya ga marubucin yana daya daga cikin yanayin da ba a iya rayuwa. Na biyu, da rashin alheri, baiwa ce. "Charlotte ya mallaki waɗannan halayen da ke cike da yara tun da farko: Burtaniya ya rubuta ayar farko, kasancewa yarinyar yarinya shekara 13 (farkon farkon yarinya a cikin 10). Jin da kyauta ta halitta, masanin marubucin da ya fara aiki. Yarinyar ta tura wa] agaji da dama ta hanyar Ingilishi, Prossaiika da wakilin "Lake Makaranta" Robert South. Wannan Jagora na alkalami ya shahara ga labarin almara game da yarinyar Zlatovlask, wanda ya ziyarci Bears ɗin ukun "Masa da Bears uku").
Abin takaici, rubutun Charlotte ya aiko, kayan Charlotte ya aika, ya tashi. Saboda haka, ba su san wanda daga cikin waƙoƙin da yarinyar ta bayar ga kotu ga marubucin ba. Amma godiya ga amsar Robert, wanda ya isa yau, ana iya ɗauka cewa Charlotte Straffy streadation da kuma mai nuna ma'ana da aka ɗauko. Mai ba da shawara ya ba da shawarar mafarin don kwantar da ƙura. A ra'ayinsa, Charlotte ya mamaye babbar sha'awa, kuma wannan jin yana cutarwa ga lafiyar kwakwalwa. Har ila yau, Robert ya yi imani cewa ga budurwa, ya kamata ya kasance mai nauyin mata na yau da kullun.
Amsar Mattra ta yi tasiri sosai kwarara: Yarinyar ta daina rubuta waƙoƙi kuma ta juya ga litattafai, da kuma hakikanin gaskiya sun zaɓi romanti. A shekara ta 1833, Charlotte ya sanya sanannen ya rubuta cewa "Great dwarf". A kan shawarar Robert, yarinyar ta ɓoye sunan gaskiya daga gaban jama'a da kuma yi amfani da batun da ba ta dace ba - ubaliyar da ba ta dace ba - uban onl Charles Charles Lorian Wellli. A cikin wannan aikin, wanda aka gina a cikin salon gothic, tasirin da ya kafa littafin tarihi - Walter Scott an gano shi. Rubutun Charlotte wani irin abu ne na Allyusy akan aikin Mattura, wanda ake kira "Black Dwarf".
Duk da matasa shekaru (sannan Charlotte ya kasance 17), ya yi amfani da liyafar liyafar rubutu kuma ya rubuta labari a cikin labarin. An gina wannan dabarar "kore dwarf" kusa da wani ubangiji Charles, wanda ya yi imagaba a cikin labarin abokinsa - Mr. John mara kyau, wanda lokaci guda ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'i. Abubuwan da ke faruwa na faruwa a duniyar gilashin, an kirkiro da 'yan'uwa mata na taguwun. Wasu masu sukar sun yarda cewa sabon labari ba zai iya daidaita yanayin Janar Charlotte ba ", kodayake an haɗa" "Dwarf na Green" a cikin tarin.
A cikin 1840, marubucin ya ba da labarin labarin Nove "Exworth" (wanda bai kasance ba). Aikin ya dogara ne da tarihin ilimin Alexander Eshworth, wanda ra'ayi ne na cewa "A cikin har yanzu ana samun ruwan aljannu." Alexander yana da ƙarfi da mai hankali, amma yana da ɓarna mai mahimmanci. Saurayin bai samu tare da mahaifinsa ba, saboda haka, ɗan prodigal, ya bar gidan ya bar gidan da zai bi sararin samaniya ta London.
Da alama labarin Charlotte na iya girma cikin sanannen littafin, amma marubucin Hartley Karridge, ga wanda littafin ya rubuta wasika, ya soki tushen aikin a cikin Fluff da ƙura. Charlotte ya yarda da ra'ayin marubucin kuma ya gama aiki a littafin. Aikin "malami" wata karamar sanannen ce mai mahimmanci Roman, ya buga matsayin matsayi a cikin 1857. Marubucin ya yi kokarin sayar da wannan shigarwar aikin, amma kokarin da ke cikin banza ne, ga masu shela sun bayyana cewa aikin bashi da ban sha'awa.
Charlotte ya kasance da yawa rubutattun abubuwa, ɗaukar hoto da faɗi. Amma wannan marubucin ya shiga labarin godiya ga shahararren shahararren duniya "Jane Eyre", wanda aka buga a 1847. Wannan littafin yana gaya wa yarinyar marayu Jane Jane, wacce aka jefa ta zuwa gefen rayuwa. Kadai dangi na Heroine - Mrs. Reed - ba ya son 'yar wasan kuma tana kokarin neman shari'ar azabtarwa.
Ba da daɗewa ba, Eyre ya zuwa makaranta, dangantakarta da ɗalibai ta matsa da kyau, amma ƙwallon ƙafa yana ci gaba cikin cibiyar ilimi. Don haka, mafi kyawun aboki Jane ya mutu. A makircin wannan labari yana da muhimmanci da tattaunawa game da rayuwar ɗan mutum. Amma ba a amfani da sanda don amfani da Clichés na Classic, wanda ya yi zunubi mawakan na epoch na fadakarwa. Misali, Jane ba ta taɓa sulhu da inna ba.
Rayuwar sirri
Kamar yadda kuka sani, farin tsiri na rayuwa a cikin lokacin da ido ke maye gurbin baƙi. Da alama cewa Charlotte ya yi nasara kuma marubucin marubuci, amma ba a tabbatar da baƙin ciki ba - ta rasa ɗan'uwansa biyu. Emily da Ann ya mutu daga tarin fuka. Brenwell ya bugu a cikin shekarun karshe na rayuwa. Wannan al'ada kawai ta ƙara yawan yanayin jikinsa. Saurayin ya mutu na mashahuri. Sakamakon haka, Charlotte da Patrick sun kasance shi kaɗai.
A cikin rayuwar marubucin akwai masu yawan masu dabi'a da suka nema don bayar da hannunta da zuciya. Irin waɗannan bada shawarwari a rayuwar Charlotte ya isa, amma ba ta cikin sauri don aura. Wata rana, yafaika ya hadu da mataimaki ga firist Artur Bella Nikols, wanda ya zama zaɓaɓɓen ta hanyar Charlotte. Da farko, mijin na gaba na gaba na gaba na nan gaba ya sanya shi nesa da mai daɗi. Bronth ya rubuta a cikin littafin littafin da Arthur yana da kunkuntar tunani da iyakantacce. Bikin aure ya gudana a lokacin rani na 1854. Babu 'ya'ya daga mata.
Mutuwa
A cikin hunturu na 1855, marubucin marubucin ya gudu zuwa gado, yanayin yanayin ya lalace sosai. Likita ya tabbatar da cewa Malaise yana da alaƙa da alamun ciki. Charlotte ya kware da tashin zuciya kowace rana kuma ba za su ci abinci ba, saboda alamun bayyana alamun Anorexia.
A cikin bazara na wannan shekara, Charlotte ya tsare ya mutu. Gaskiya dalilin mutuwar wani babban marubuci ba a shigar. Ra'ayin cewa Charlotte ya mutu daga tarin fuka, toxicosis ko Typus, wanda tsofaffi baiwa ba shi da lafiya.
Littafi daya
- 1833 - "Dwarf Dwarf"
- 1840 - "Esworth"
- 1846 - "Waƙar Carrera, Ellis da Ekton Bellov"
- 1846 - malamin "
- 1847 - "Jane Eyre Eyre"
- 1849 - Sherli "
- 1852 - "gari"
- 1860 - Emma