Tari
Richard ina zaki da zuciya - Ingilishi na Sarki na Shooragesets, wanda Ingila ya yi hukunci a 1189-1199. Sunan Richard na kasance cikin tarihi, ba godiya ga nasarar Gudanar da Uba da ɗan'uwanmu ba. Zuciyar zaki ya zama sananne ga ƙaunar kasada, soyayya da mutunci, mai ban mamaki hade da wayo da dabara. Hoton Sarkin jarfa ya narke a cikin layinsa Shakespeare:"Wanene babban karfi mara kyau da Leo, wanda daga ƙiyayya da zaki mai tsoronsa ya jawo ...".Yaro da matasa
Richard, ɗan na uku na Henry II Turanci da Ontorora Aqueran, an haife shi ne a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 1157, mai yiwuwa, a cikin gidan Biamont a cikin Oxford. Richard ya kwashe babban wani ɓangare na rayuwa a cikin al'adun gargajiya. Samu babban ilimi, ya rubuta waƙoƙin - waƙoƙin biyu na Richard na kiyaye ni.
Kabarin na gaba na Ingila ta mallaki karfi da ya cika da kuma hangen nesa mai ban sha'awa (ci gaba - kimanin 193 cm, gashi mai launin gashi da shuɗi idanu). Ya san yawancin harsunan waje, amma Ingilishi na ƙasa ba shi da. Yana ƙaunar bikin coci da ayyukan ibada, Sandg Church Kants.
A 1169, Sarki Heinrich II ya rarraba jihar ga Duchy: Babban ɗan farin Henry dole ne ya zama Sarkin Ingila, Jeffrey ya karɓi Brittany. Aquitations da Coiti Voita sun tafi Richard. A shekara ta 1170, Richard Brother Heinrich ya yi sarauta kamar Heinrich III. Hakikanin iko na Heinrich III bai karɓa ba kuma bai karɓi tayar da kai a kan Heinrich II ba.
A cikin 1173, Kinghar Sarki Richard, da mahaifiyarsa ta zuga, in ji shi da wani haduwa tare da Uba tare tare da ɗan'uwansa Jeffrey. Heinrih II ya ba da hukunci ga 'ya'yansa maza. A cikin bazara na 1174, bayan kama mahaifiyar, Alamar AKVIthan, Richard shine farkon 'yan'uwansa don mika wuya ga mahaifinsa ya nemi gafara. Heinrih ianar da ɗan tawaye kuma ya bar 'yancin ɗauka. A cikin 1179, Richard ya karbi taken Duke Aquitania.
Farkon hukumar
A cikin bazara na 1183, Heinrich III ya mutu, ya bar wani wuri a cikin Al'arshi na Ingilishi Richard. Heinrich II ya ba da shawarar Richard don ba da allon a cikin gundumar ruwa zuwa ƙaramin ɗan uwa. Richard ya amsa da ƙi, wanda ya zama rikici tsakanin shi da jeffrey tare da John. A cikin 1186, Jeffrey ya mutu a gasar Knight. A cikin 1180, rawanin Faransa ya karbi Filibus II Agusta. Yana yin kamar yadda ake yi wa Heinrich II, Philip Pel ya ce, Philip pel Contrigue ya kafa wa Uba.
A tarihin Richard, wani sunan barkwanci ya kiyaye - Richard Ee - kuma a'a, wanda ya shaida wa maganar makomar sarki. A cikin 1188, Richard da Filibus ya fara yaki da Sarkin Ingila. Heinrich ya yi fama da matsananciyar wahala, amma ya sha kashi a cikin Faransanci. A cewar kwantiragin tare da Filibus, sashen da aka yi musayar jerin sunayen mutane.
Ganin sunan Yahaya ɗan Yahaya, da Marya Heinrich II Snick, ya jagoranci jerin masu harkokin. Bayan kwance cikin kwana uku, Sarkin Yuli 6, 1189 ya mutu. Bayan bin Uban a cikin kabarin Abbeiewly, Richard ya tafi roen, inda ranar 20 ga Yuli, 1189, wanda aka sadaukar da taken Norman.
Siyasar ta cikin gida
Hukumar Richard Richard na fara da 'yantar da mahaifiyar, aika tare da umarnin Wilchalter William Mural. Abokan Uban da suka yafe, amma sai dai Emieneta de Marinai. Baron, wanda ya wuce a gefensa a cikin rikici tare da Heinrich II, Richard, akasin haka, ba a hana shi ba. Ya bar kambin mallakar sayar da dukes, ta haka ya la'anci cin amana.
Nillaka, ta amfani da ƙa'idar ɗan da ke hannun dama don tabbatar da rashin hankali, ya yi tafiya tare da fursunoni a lokacin mulkin mijinta. Richard ya maida hankali ne da haƙƙin barorin ba su da mallakar Henry, ya dawo da bishiyoyi a Ingila, wanda ya tsere daga ƙasar daga zalunci.
A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 1189, Richard na cuce su a Westminster Abbey. Buki bikin a ranar bikin na farko an rufe shi da pogrodh na Yahudawa a London. An fara kwamitin da duba na baitulmalin da rahoton hukumomi a cikin filayen sarauta. A karo na farko a cikin tarihi, baituls ta hanyar sayar da shaidar jama'a ba. Jami'ai da wakilan Ikklisiya, wanda ya ƙi biyan bashin matsayin, ya tafi kurkuku.
A lokacin mulkin Ingila, Richard yana cikin ƙasar ba fiye da shekara guda ba. An rage hukumar zuwa tarin baitulmalin da kuma kula da sojoji da rundunar motoci. Tashi daga kasar, ya bar sarautar Yakean Yammacin Yahaya John da Bishop na Ili. A lokacin rashi, sarakuna sun yi biyayya. A karo na biyu ya isa Ingila Richard a cikin Maris 1194. Zuwan Monarch ya kasance tare da wani tarin kuɗi daga Vasal. A wannan karon, ana bukatar hanyoyin a Yaki da Richard tare da Filibus. Yakin ya ƙare a cikin hunturu na 1199 da nasarar Birtaniyya. Al'adar da aka dawo da Faransawa da aka yi da aka yiwa daga kambi na Ingilishi.
Manufofin Harkokin Waje
Richard Ina tafiya don kursiyin, Drezil game da Cruge Hike zuwa Duniya Mai Tsarki. Yin shirye-shirye, tattara kudade ta hanyar sayar da Scotland ya ci nasara da Heinrich II, Richard ya tafi hanya. Sarki Faransa Ii ya ba da goyon baya ga ra'ayin yin yawo a cikin ƙasa mai tsarki.
Consification na Faransa da na Burtaniya sun faru a Burgundy. Sojojin Filibus da Richard suna da sojoji dubu 100. Pavzed a Bordeaux na jana'izar aminci ga juna, sarakunan Faransa da Ingila sun yanke shawarar zuwa Gurasar da Tekun. Amma mummunan yanayin ya hana 'yan Salibai. Dole ne in zauna don hunturu a cikin silily. Yin tafiya cikin mummunan yanayi, sojojin sun ci gaba da tafiya.
Faransawa da suka isa Falasdinu kafin Birtaniyya ta fara ne a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1191 ta hanyar kadada. An yi yaƙi da Richard a wannan lokacin tare da hauhawar Ishaku na Cypac comn. Nasarar da Biritaniya ta zama za ta zama. Richard ya dauki nauyi mai yawa kuma ya umarci yanayin Mulkin Kungiyar Kwararraki. Bayan ya jira abokasa, a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 1191, Faransanci ya ƙaddamar da wani hari mai cikakken tsari. 'Yan' yan majalisar dokoki sun ci nasara a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 1191.
Philipp of farko yana aiki tare da Richard. Koyaya, bayan ɗan lokaci, ba zato ba tsammani yana nufin cutar, Sarkin Faransa ya koma gida, yana ɗaukar yawancin 'yan Skileran Faransawa. Richard ya kasance kenan dubu 10 kawai jagoranci Burwarawa ya jagoranci.
Sojojin 'Yan Salibiyya, da Richard, ta lashe nasara daya nasara bisa sassaki bayan wani. Ba da daɗewa ba sojojin suka zo wurin cimma burin a cikin Urushalima - da kagara na Askalon. Masarauta sun hadu da sojojin 300,000. Nasara ta lashe sojojin Richard. Sawarsins sun gudu, wanda ya bar dubu 40 a fagen fama. Richard ya yi yaƙi a matsayin zaki, mai ɗaukar hankali game da jarumawa. Weling tare da hanyar birni, sarki na Ingilishi ya kusanci Urushalima.
Ku dakatar da sojojin 'Yan Salibiyya kusa da Urushalima, Richar ya kashe sojojin. Sojojin sun kasance a cikin wani yanayi mai ban tsoro: ji, matsanancin kamfen, mai tsayi da ke gaji. Babu wani kayan da ake samarwa da bindigogi. Na lura cewa kewaye ta Urushalima ba zai iya ba, Richard ya ba da umarnin don motsa daga cikin birni ya koma gona har abada.
Tare da wahala, fada daga Sacka, Richard ya kammala a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1192 da tsagaita shekaru uku tare da Sultan Saladin. A ƙarƙashin kwangilar tare da Sarkin Musulmi, gabatarwar Falasdinu da Siriya sun kasance cikin ikon Kiristoci. Maballin addinin kiristoci da aka tura zuwa ranar tsaro. Zuciyar Richard ta zama zuciyar zaki a matsayin matsayin kirista a kan Mai Tsarki na tsawon shekaru.
Abubuwan da suka faru a Ingila sun nemi dawowar Richard. Sarki ya koma gida a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1192. A lokacin tafiya, ya shiga cikin hadari kuma an jefa shi a bakin. Canji wurin da mahajjaci, yayi kokarin tafiya ta hanyar mallakar abokan gaba na Ingilishi - Leopold Austrian. Richard ya gano kuma ya kalubalanci cikin maɗaukakiya. Sarkin Heinrich VI ya ba da umarnin Richard Richard kuma ya sanya Sarki na Ingilishi zuwa gidan yarinyar. Sarki Richard ne ya sayi batutuwa ga alamomi dubu 150. Dawowar sarki ga Ingila Vassala ya gana da tsoro.
Rayuwar sirri
Hannun Richard sunyi da'awar yawancin amarya. A cikin Maris 1159, Henry Ii ya kammala kwantiragin tare da Barcelona Lissafi game da auren Richard da daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa mata. Ba a ƙaddara tsare-tsaren Mulki ba su cika. A cikin 1177, baba Alexander III ya tilasta Henry II damar zuwa karshen wani aure tsakanin 'yar Louis Vii Adele da Richard.
A cikin sadakin don adele, an ba da dokokin Faransa na Berry na Berry. Kuma wannan aure bai faru ba. Daga baya, Richard yayi kokarin yin aure da fari ga Mago, 'yar Vulakraf, tare da sadaki a cikin irin gundumar Friedrichichic, to, tare da' yarwar Friedrichich Bawanose.
Matar Richard - Diyaya ta zaɓi matarsa zuwa ga sarki. Sarauniyar Sarauniya ta yi la'akari da cewa garannin Navirare, wanda yake a wajen kudu da kudu daga cikin Aquitaine, zai kare abubuwan da suke mallaka.
Saboda haka, Richard a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1191 a cikin Cyprus ya auri Berengaria Nurchare, 'yar King Navarra Sancho VI mai hikima. Babu 'ya'ya cikin aure, Richard ya shafe ɗan ƙaramin lokaci tare da matarsa. Abin da na Sarki - Philibi De Cognac - an haife shi daga haɗin gwiwar yau da kullun tare da Amelia de Cocinac.
Mutuwa
A cewar almara, Richard, ya ɗauki filin a Faransa, ya sami tayin na zinare da kuma aika wa Ubangiji mafi girma. Richard ya nemi a ba da duk zinaren. Bayan ya sami ƙishara, sarki ya tafi wurin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙauyuka, ba shi da nisa sosai, inda, an adana dukiyar.
A rana ta huɗu ta kewaye da Richard yayin rushewar tsarin, an shigar da Sienta Faransa Knight a cikin makamai na Cretbor. A Afrilu 6, 1199, Sarki ya mutu a shekara ta 42, ta rayuwa daga kamuwa da jini. Kusa da mutuwa ya kasance mahaifiya mai shekaru 77 na rashin daidaituwa.
Tunani
- Ibergo (Roman Walter Scott)
- «Talisman" (Roman Walter Scott)
- "Binciken sarki" (Dutsen Roman Dutsen Vidal)
- Zuchard zaki Zen Zuciyar Zuciya (Littattafai Maurice Yolet)
- Richard I, King Turanci "(Opera Georg Handel)
- Zichard zaki zin (opera andre greerri)
- "Zaki a cikin hunturu" (wasa ta James Goldman)
- "Robin Hood - Prince Barti" (fim reynolds fim)
- "Ballalada na mafi kyawun Knight na Avengo" (Fim na Fim na Sergey Taranaseva)
- "Masarauta" (Ridkley Scott)
- "Kasadar Robin Hood" (Fim Michael Carinsa)