Francis Bacon - tarihin rayuwa, hoto, rayuwar sirri, falsafa

Tari

Pioneer na falsafar Sabon Lokaci, Masanin kimiyyar Turanci Francis Beckon nazarin halittu - Indution da Gwaji "da" gwaje-gwajen, ko kuma "gwaje-gwaje, ko mustic da Jagorar siyasa ".

Yaro da matasa

An haifi wanda ya kirkiro shi a ranar 22 ga Janairu, 1561, a cikin gidan Yorkhouse, a Titin London Street Street. Mahaifin masanin kimiyya, Nicholas, dan siyasa ne, kuma mahaifiyar Annony Cook - ɗan Adam, wanda ya tara Sarkin England da Ireland Edward vi.

Mahaifiyar matasa ta fara dan ƙauna ga ilimi, da kuma, matan da suka san tsohuwar helenanci da Latin, ana samun sauƙin samu. Bugu da kari, yaron da kansa ya kasance yana sha'awar ilimi daga shekaru masu hankali. Shekaru biyu, Francis ya yi nazarin Kwalejin Cambridge na Jami'ar Cambridge, sannan ya kashe shekaru uku a Faransa, a cikin Ammar Ambassador Emias Paulti.

Bayan mutuwar dangin dangi a cikin 1579th naman alade, aka bar naman alade ba tare da rayuwa ba kuma ya shiga cikin 'yancin yin tawakkali zuwa ga sojojin makaranta. A cikin 1582, Francis ya zama lauya, kuma a cikin 1584 memba na majalisar, kuma har zuwa 1614 ya taka rawar da aka yi cikin muhawara a zaman kwamitin majalissar. Daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, naman alade shi ne saƙon Sarauniya Elizabeth I, wanda ta nemi nuna rashin kulawa da al'amuran siyasa.

Yanzu, masu bita sun yarda cewa idan sarauniyar ta biyo bayarwa, wasu biyu rikice-rikice tsakanin kambi da majalisar za a iya guje wa. A cikin 1591, ya zama mai ba mai ba mai ba da shawara ga Sarauniyar Sarauniya - Esen Essex. Bacon nan da nan ya ba da fahimtar cewa a cikin ƙasar, kuma lokacin da a cikin 1601 Essex ya yi kokarin tsara juyin mulki, halartar wata doka, ta halarci wata lauyawa a matsayin mai cin nasara.

Saboda gaskiyar cewa mutanen tsaye a sama Francis gani a gare shi abokin hamayya A gare shi, kuma saboda sau da yawa ya nuna rashin amincewarsa a Elizabeth game da wurin Sarauniya kuma ba za ta iya lissafa kan cigaba ba. Tare da Elizabeth I, lauya ba ta taba samun babban posts ba, amma bayan a cikin 1603, yakov i stewart ya nemi ga kursiyin, aikin Francis ya tafi kan dutsen.

A cikin 1603, an ba da taken Bekon a cikin Knight, an gina shi a cikin taken Baron Veerlaulasky a cikin 1618th da St. Olbansky Viscount - a 1621. A daidai yake 1621, an zargi Falsafar da samun cin hanci. Ya yarda cewa mutanen da suka yarda da su, suka ba da kyautatawarsa. Gaskiya ne, abin da ya rinjayi shawararsa, lauyan lauya ya musanta. A sakamakon haka, Francis ya hana wasu posts kuma an dakatar da su bayyana a tsakar gida.

Falsafa da koyarwar

Babban halittar ɗan rubutu na Beckon shine aikin "gwaje-gwaje" ("essayes"), wanda ya yi aiki har tsawon shekaru 28. An buga tatsuniyoyi goma a cikin 1597, kuma da 1625th a cikin littafin "gwaje-gwajen" sun riga sun kira "gwaje-gwaje, wadanda suka gabata da jagorar mustic".

A cikin waɗannan ayyukan, naman alade ya nuna kishi, game da abokai, game da ƙauna, kan mamakin abubuwa da sauran bangarorin rayuwar mutane da sauran fannoni na rayuwar ɗan adam. Ayyuka sun haɓaka ta masana kimiyya tare da misalai da kuma m metaphors. Mutanen da ke neman alkawarin aiki za su sami tukwici da aka gina kawai a kan ƙididdigar sanyi a cikin matani. Akwai irin waɗannan maganganun a cikin aikin:

"Duk wanda ya hau babban matakai na Zigzags" da "matar da yara sune masu raye na manyan lamuran, da alheri da mugunta."

Duk da azuzuwan Beckon tare da siyasa da hukuncin rayuwarsa, babban dalilin rayuwarsa Falsafar da kimiyya ne. A cirewar Aristotelian, yayin da yake riƙe matsayin matsayin, ya ƙi shi azaman hanyar falsafa ce da kuma gabatar da sabon kayan aiki don tunani.

Sketch na "babban shirin dawo da kimiyya" da naman alade ya yi bacon a cikin 1620th, a cikin gabatar da don fassara "sabon gabobin, ko nuna gaskiya don fassara". An san cewa an ba da sassan shida a cikin wannan takarda (sake nazarin yanayin ilimin kimiyya na yanzu, bayanin da ya shafi batun samun bincike na gaskiya, yanke shawara na rashin bincike, abubuwan da suka faru da Falsafa kanta).

Bacon ya sami nasarar yin abin da ya shafi bangarori biyu na farko. Na farko an sanya masa suna "A kan fa'idodi da nasarar ilimi", sigar Latin na wanda "game da mutuncin kimiyya" ya kasance tare da gyare-gyare.

Tun daga mahimmin sashi na falsafar Francis shine koyarwar mutane, a karo na biyu na aikin, wanda ya yi ba shi da ka'idodin da ya yi, wanda ya bayar don cinye gumaka. A cewar Bekon, akwai nau'ikan gumaka huɗu, waɗanda aka sanya ta zuciyar dukkan 'yan adam:

1. Duba na farko - gumaka na halittar (kurakurai waɗanda mutum ya yi saboda yanayinsa da kansa).
2. Nau'in na biyu na kog gumaka (kurakurai da aka haifar ta hanyar nuna wariya).
3. Duba na uku - gumaka na murabba'i (kurakurai da aka samar ta hanyar rashin daidaituwa ta hanyar yin amfani da harshen).
4. Bayyanar ta ta hudu - gumaka na gidan wasan kwaikwayo (kurakurai sun yi don sadaukarwa saboda sadaukarwa saboda sadaukarwa saboda sadaukarwa ga hukumomi, tsarin da koyaswa).

Bayani da son zuciya wanda ya rikitar da ci gaban kimiyya, masanin masanin ya ba da kashi uku na ilimi da aka samar gwargwadon ayyukan tunani. Ya yi magana da labarin, waƙoƙi - zuwa hasashe da falsafa (wanda ya haɗa da kimiyyar) don tunani. Dalilin ilimin kimiyya, a cewar Bekon, yana cikin nutsuwa da gwaji. Shigowa na iya zama cikakke kuma bai cika ba.

Cikakken shigowa yana nufin maimaitawa na yau da kullun na mallakar batun a cikin aji a ƙarƙashin shawara. Abubuwan da suka faru suna ci gaba daga zato cewa zai iya kasancewa ta wannan hanyar a cikin duk irin wannan cutar za ta fuskanta. Abubuwan da ba su da yawa sun hada da mahimman abubuwan da aka yi bisa ga binciken ba dukansu ba, saboda haka, da kwatancen duk shari'ar ba shi da wuya, amma da yawa suna tabbatar da lambar mara iyaka. Wannan yanke hukunci koyaushe yana yiwuwa.

Kokarin ƙirƙirar "Indudia Tarihi", naman alade yana neman ba kawai hujja da ke tabbatar da wani ƙarshe ba, har ma da gaskiyar da suka karba. Hakan, ya haifar da ilimin kimiyyar halitta na wuraren bincike guda biyu - lissafa da togiya. Haka kuma, babban mahimmancin shi ne banbanci. Tare da wannan hanyar, shi, alal misali, ya tabbatar da cewa "siffar" na zafi shine motsin ƙananan barbashi na jiki.

A cikin ka'idar iliminsa, naman alade ya bi ra'ayin cewa ilimin gaskiya ya biyo baya daga gogewa mai ban sha'awa (irin wannan falsafa ne aka kira shi a zahiri). Ya kuma bayar da wani bugu na iyakokin da yanayin ilimin mutum a kowane irin wadannan rukunan kuma ya nuna mahimman mahimman bangarorin na binciken, wanda ba wanda ya kula da shi. Sandar daga cikin hanyar Bekonov hanya ce ta dalibai da aka lura da cewa gaskiyar lamarin.

Koyaya, Falsafer bai yi nisa da sauƙaƙe fahimtar wannan tsarin da kuma ƙarfafa bukatar tallafawa tunani game da nazarin gaskiya. A cikin 1620, naman alade ya rubuta Utopia "New Atlantis" (wanda aka buga bayan mutuwar marubucin, a cikin 1627), wanda dangane da shirin Moromas Mora, aboki da Mai kula da Henry VIII, wanda ya fito daga baya da filleaded, saboda abin da ya faru na mace ta biyu, Anna Boarl.

Saboda wannan "sabon fitila a cikin duhun na falsafar da suka gabata" Sarki Yakov ya taimaki Francis wani fansho na fam 1200. A cikin aikin da ba a gama ba "New Atlantis ya ba da labarin masar mai inemualous, wanda ya jagorantar gidan Solomonov, ko kuma ya jagorantar babban yanayin ƙasar.

Daga kwaminisanci da gurguzu suna aiki, an rarrabe halitta Francis ta hanyar ƙirar fasaha. Bude sabon hanyar ilimi da kuma yanke hukunci shine binciken ya fara da abubuwan lura, kuma ba tare da abubuwan da suka dace ba tare da manyan wakilan tunanin kimiyya na sabon lokacin.

Ya dace a lura cewa koyarwar da ba ta game da doka da gaba ɗaya, kimiyyar gwaji da gwaji da kuma ikon bincike ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga baitulmalin tunanin mutum. Koyaya, a rayuwa, masanin kimiyya bai karɓi sakamako mai mahimmanci ba a cikin ikon da ba shi da mahimmanci, kuma hanyar rashin ilimi ta hanyar ban mamaki ta hanyar banbanci.

Rayuwar sirri

Naman alade yayi aure sau daya. An san matar masanin falsafanci sau uku mazan. Zabi Babban masanin kimiyya ya zama Altiviyuken Alcice, matar gwauruwa na Londan dan London Benedany Bairnema.

Bikin aure na shekaru 45 Francis da Alice guda 14 ya faru ne a ranar 10 ga Mayu, 1606. Babu 'ya'ya daga maza.

Mutuwa

Bacon ya mutu a kan Afrilu 9, 1626, a cikin shekara 66, a cikin wani ba'a. Francis Duk rayuwarsa ta ƙaunaci kowane irin abubuwan da ke cikin halitta, kuma wata rana a cikin hunturu a cikin karusa, da masoyi yana da ra'ayin yin gwaji a cikin abin da ya yi niyyar duba nawa sanyi ya sauka Tsarin rotting.

Falsafar ta sayi gawa kaza a kasuwa kuma ya naɗa shi kansa a cikin dusar ƙanƙara, wanda yake sanyi, ya yi rashin lafiya ya mutu a rana ta biyar da ƙwarewar kimiyya. Kabarin lauya yana kan yankin Ikklisiya na St. Michael a St.s (United Kingdom). An sani cewa a wurin da aka binne shi, bayan mutuwar marubucin littafin "New Atlantis", ya kafa wani abin tunawa.

Gano

Francis Bacon ya bunkasa sabbin hanyoyin kimiyya - Induzzarwa da gwaji:

• Indungtion shine lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi lokacin kimiyya, yana nuna hanyar tunani daga sirri zuwa ga kowa.
• Gwaji hanya ce don nazarin wasu abin da ke faruwa a cikin yanayin mai sarrafawa. Ya bambanta daga lura da hulɗa da abin da ke aiki tare da abin da ya yi.

Littafi daya

• 1957 - "gwaje-gwajen, ko kuma umarnin kyawawan dabi'u da siyasa (1)
• 1605 - "A kan fa'idodi da nasarar ilimi"
• 1609 - "A kan hikimar d one)
• 1612 - "gwaje-gwajen, ko kuma umarnin kyawawan dabi'u da siyasa (2 pedding)
• 1620 - "Babban maido da Kimiyya, ko sabon gabobin"
• 1620 - "New Atlantis"
• 1625 - "Gwaje-gwaje, ko umarnin kyawawan dabi'u da siyasa (3rdd)
• 1623 - "A kan mutuncin da abin da aka makala daga kimiyya"

Faɗa

• "Mafi munin kadaici ba zai da abokai na gaskiya"
• "Yawan karuwa kamar yadda yawa a matsayin cikakkiyar fitina"
• "Na yi tunani da yawa game da mutuwa kuma na gano cewa shi ne ƙaramin mugunta."
• "Mutanen da suke da dawakai da yawa, da farko duk lura da su a wasu"