Voltaire - tarihin rayuwa, hoto, rayuwar sirri, falsafa, ra'ayoyi, ayyuka

Tari

Tauraruwa biyu sun gaya wa Volterra cewa zai rayu har zuwa shekara 33. Amma babban mai tunani ya sami nasarar yaudarar mutuwar kanta, ya yi ta mu'ujiza da ta hanyar mu'ujiza da makaman mai martaba daga cikin halittar De Rogan. Tarihin tarihin Falsofher yana cike da hare-hare kuma ya fadi, amma, duk da haka, sunansa ya zama mara mutuwa.

Voltaire, wanda ya bar marubucin kuma wanda ya koma Ingila, ya ba da gudummawa mai ban sha'awa ga asalin duniya daga Denis Netro da Jean-jache da Jean-jache da Jean-jacheau. Marubucin, a cikin jijiyoyin jiki wanda ba wani yanki na mai ɗorewa, son manyan sarakunan Friedrich "tsohuwar Fritz" II da maigidan Switffove III.

Theanƙwasa sun bar zuriyar labarin, waƙoƙi, da litattafai, "da ƙarfi, ko" daure "da" daure, ko maku "rarrabuwa.

Yaro da matasa

Francoisa Marie Aaru (Sunan falsafa a haihuwa) an haifi ranar haihuwa a Nuwamba 21, 1694 a cikin birnin soyayya - Paris. Jariri ya yi hadi da rauni nan da nan bayan haihuwa, da iyayen da aka aika don firist. Abin baƙin ciki, Marieryite Derar, mahaifiyar Voltaire, ta mutu lokacin da yaron yake shekara bakwai. Saboda haka, mai mulkin Duma na yammacin Turai ya girma da kuma kawo tare da Uba, wanda yake a cikin hidimar hukuma.

Ba a ce alaƙar ɗan Francois da iyayensa sun kasance abokantaka ba, don haka ba abin mamaki bane cewa tuni ya bayyana a cikin doka na Chevé de Rocherbrryun - mawaƙin da musketeer. Francois Arhe-SR. Ya ba da yaro ga koleji na Jesuit, wanda ake kira Lyceum na Louis mai girma.

A cikin wannan kwalejin Voltaire ya yi nazarin "Latin da kowane mutum na maganar banza", saboda saurayin, duk da cewa madawwamin horo na Jeah uba, wanda ya sa Dogarancin Jeɓaɓɓen Jiki a sama da rayuwar ɗan adam.

Mahaifin Wolter yana so ɗan ya je sawun sa kuma ya zama notary, haka Francois ya kasance cikin sauri zuwa ofishin shari'a. Ba da daɗewa ba saurayin ya fahimci cewa kimiyyar shari'a, wacce tsohuwar allahntakar ta gaita, ba hanyarsa ba. Sabili da haka, don tsarmi kore bege tare da launuka masu haske, Volta ya dauki tawada da alkalami ba don lissafin takardu ba, amma ga rubutun labarun saturs.

Litattafai

Lokacin da Voltair ya kasance shekara 18, ya shirya wasan farko sannan kuma bai yi shakka ba tabbas zai bar alama a tarihi a matsayin marubuci. Bayan shekaru biyu, Francois-Marie Arou sun riga sun yi watsi da su a cikin salon parisaia da kuma ɗaukakar Soficle. Sabili da haka, wasu alamu da fuskoki masu sauraro suna jin tsoron samun littafin Voltaire, suna fallasa su ga al'umma da ba daidai ba.

Amma a cikin 1717, Francois-Marie Tauaise ya biya don mawar da ya sha. Gaskiyar ita ce wannan wani saurayi mai fasaha ya yi wa Regent na masarautar Faransa a karamar Korole na Louis XV - Filibus I Erleans. Amma mai mulkin bai shiga hobin na Voltaire tare da walwala ba, saboda haka aka aiko marubucin shekara guda a Bastilia.

Amma a wurin daurin ɗaurin Voltaire bai rasa ƙurararsa mai kirki ba, amma akasin haka, fara shiga cikin wallafe-wallafe-wallafen. Sau ɗaya a cikin daji, Voltaire ya sami amincewa da daukaka ", saboda bala'in sa" comeda, wanda aka rubuta a mataki na gidan wasan kwaikwayon "Cowes Francoz".

Matashin ya fara kwatantawa da sanannen wasan motsa jiki, don haka Volsair wanda ya yi imani da kyautar da aka rubuta ɗaya, amma kuma litattafai ne na falsafa guda, amma kuma litattafai, da kuma littattafan falsafai. Marubucin ya dogara ne kan hotunan Tarihi, sabili da haka masu tsara mahauta na iya gani a kan matakin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda aka rikita a Kaisar, Bruta ko Magomet.

Jimlar a cikin jerin sabis na Francois-Marie Arhahi 28 yana aiki wanda za'a iya danganta shi da bala'i na gargajiya. Hakanan, Voltaire Addini na ariscratic na waƙoƙi, daga karkashin alkalami shi ana yawan saki ta saƙonni, Gallal Lyrics da Od. Amma yana da mahimmanci a ce marubucin bai ji tsoron yin gwaji da Mix, da alama zai zama da rashin jituwa (tragic da ban mamaki) a cikin kwalba ɗaya.

Bai ji tsoron tsayar da bayanin kula da sanyin sanyi na abin da ya faru ba, har ma a cikin 'yan ayyukan sa sau da yawa ya bayyana:' yan kasar Sin, da scythian na Iran da kuma 'yan kasar Iran-da ke magana da Iran da kuma' yan kasar Iran-da ke magana da Iran da kuma 'yan kasar Iran-da ke magana da su.

Game da wawaye, gargajiya Epeopeus Voltaire "aka buga Henriad" Henriad "a 1728. A cikin wannan aikin, Babban Baki ya la'anci sarakunan da Allah ya yanke shawara saboda tsoron Allah, amma yanayin da ba almara ba. Na gaba, kimanin a 1730, ayyukan Voltaire sama da na Satirid Parody "Orleans budurwa". Amma littafin da aka fara buga shi ne farko a cikin 1762th, kafin hakan, ba a sani ba.

The "Orleans budurwa" Voltaire, wanda aka rubuta a cikin Syllabic sha biyu, tsaftace mai karatu da gaske, sananne na gwarzo na Faransa D'N. Amma aikin marubucin ba tarihin rayuwar sojojin ba, amma mai ƙarfi m akan na'urar na ƙungiyar Faransa da Ikilisiya.

Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa Alexander Sergeevich ya kula da karantawa wannan rubutun, amma, Volosrosv, Passin Vainkor "babban aiki ne mai mahimmanci).

Daga cikin wadansu abubuwa, Francois-Marie ta bambanta kansa da litattafan ilimin falsafa, wanda aka samu shahararrun shahararrun a tsakanin zamanin. A kowace Jagora ba kawai nutsar da mai riƙe da littafin zuwa cikin labarun kasada ba, har ma ya tilasta yin tunani game da aikinta na zama, girman mutum, da kuma rashin kulawa da rashin halaye.

Aikin "sauki", da aka buga a cikin 1767, yayi magana game da rashin goyon bayan mai goyon bayan "ka'idar dokar yanayi". Wannan rubutun shine cakuda abubuwa masu guba, Kalaman soyayya da labarin falsafa.

Tsarin makullin yana ɗauka a kusa da halayyar hali - mai kyau mai kyau, wani nau'in Robinson yi wa onluch na faduwa, wanda yake nuna kyawawan halaye na haihuwa, wanda ke nuna kyawawan dabi'un fadakarwa, wanda ya nuna ɗabi'a na mutum a gabansa kafin saduwa da wayewa. Amma yana da daraja a kula da sabon alsid, ko kyakkyawan fata (1759), wanda ya zama mai ba da kyauta.

Tallafi na dogon lokaci ya kasance tururuwa don wani m, tunda aka hana aikin saboda batsa. Abin sha'awa, marubucin da kansa "da kansa" da kansa ya yi la'akari da wannan littafin tare da wawanci kuma har ma ya ƙi sanin marubutan. "Clidid, ko kyakkyawan fata" wani abu yayi kama da littafin Plutovsky na Plutovsky - wani nau'in da ya bunkasa a Spain. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, babban fuskar wannan aikin wani kasada ne wanda ke haifar da juyayi.

Amma mafi yawan littafin Voltaire yana ba da tabbacin da m da fushi SARCM: Dukkanin farfiyar jarumai ana ƙirƙira don samun ƙungiyoyin gwarzo don haɓaka haɗuwa da jama'a, gwamnati da Ikklisiya. Musamman ma, da keɓantar da Kalseland, koyarwar Saxniz, da keɓance koyarwar da aka bayyana a cikin "Allah, ko barata Allah", ya faɗi a ƙarƙashin Opal.

Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika ya kawo wannan littafin a cikin Blacklist, amma wannan bai hana "magoya baya a fuskar Chillemert, Fedor Dostarevsky da Amurka mawuyacin Leonard Bernstein.

Ilmin filosofi

Hakan ya faru ne cewa Voltaire ya dawo wurin bangon sanyi na Baslle. A cikin 1725-1726, rikici ya faru tsakanin marubucin da Malalvé De Rogan: Mai ba da izini ya ba da kansa ga ɓoye asalinsa. Tun da marubucin bala'in da ke cikin aljihun ba ya hawa, sai ya yarda ya bayyana mai laifi:

"Sudar, sunana na jiran ɗaukaka, da naku - aci!".

Saboda waɗannan kalmomi masu ƙarfin hali, Faransa ta biya ma'ana ta zahiri - Lacey De Rogan ne ya buge shi. Don haka, marubucin ya ji a kan kwarewar nasa, wanda aka nuna son kai, ya zama mai tsaron gidan gaggafa na adalci da sake fasalin zamantakewa. Fitowar yankin ware, ba dole ba a cikin gidan Voltaire a gida a kan umarnin Sarki an kori Ingila.

Abin lura ne cewa tsarin jihar Ingila, wanda ya bambanta da Faransa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, ya buge shi zuwa ga zancen yatsunsu. Yana da amfani da kuma sananne tare da masu tunani na Ingilishi, wanda a murya ɗaya ya tabbatar da cewa mutum na iya tuntuɓar Allah ba tare da neman taimakon Ikilisiya ba.

A cikin magungunan Faransa a cikin buri "Haruffa na Falsafa" A cikin bita "haruffa Falsafa", yana inganta koyarwar John Looke da kuma musun falsafar jari-hujja a ciki. Babban ra'ayoyin "Haruffa na Falsafa" daidai yake, girmamawa ga dukiya, tsaro da 'yanci. Hakanan, Voltaire ya juya a cikin tambaya game da rashin tausayi na rai, bai ƙaryata ba, amma bai yi iƙirarin cewa rayuwa bayan mutuwa ba.

Amma a cikin tambayar 'yancin ɗan adam, Voltaire wanda ya zartar daga hanzarin yin hukunci. Louis XV, da tunanin rubutun, ya ba da umarnin a ƙone aikin Voltaire, kuma marubucin da aka aiko zuwa Bastilia da kanta. Don kauce wa ƙarshe na uku ƙarshe a cikin ɗakin, Francois-Marie Arye ya tafi zuwa shampagne, ga ƙaunataccen.

Voltaire, mai goyan baya na rashin daidaituwa da abokin hamayya Aclutism, ya soki na'urar cocin a cikin Fluff da ƙura, amma bai tallafa wa Atluft da All baist. Bafaranshen ɗan ƙasa ne, wato, ya san shi wanzuwar Mahaliccin, amma ya musanta abin da ke cikin karancin addini da abin da ya fice. Amma a cikin 60-70s, tunani mai tunani ya kware da Voltaire. Lokacin da zamani suka nemi fadakarwa, ko "mafi girma nan alhafia" ya wanzu, ya ce:

"Babu wani Allah, amma wannan bai kamata ya san lacoler da mata ba, tunda ba na son tawagar ni don fitar da ni, kuma matata ta fito daga biyayya."

Duk da cewa Voltaare, ya sabawa wa zuciyar Uba, bai kuma zama mai laƙewa ba, an yi wa falsafa, an sami Fallaseroper. A cikin 1762, marubucin "alewa" halartar a cikin takarda a kan soke hukuncin hukuncin kisa, Zhan Kalasov, wanda ya zama wani ikirarin Kotun Kotun Kotun da aka nuna. Kalas ya bayyana cewa Kirista Xenophobia a Faransa: ya kasance Furotesta, yayin da wasu suka rushe Katolika.

Dalilin da ya sa aka kashe Jean a cikin 1762 a cikin keken kekuna a cikin keken hannu, - kisan kai ne na ɗansa. A wancan lokacin, mutum ya ɗaure cin zarafin tare da rayuwa ana ɗaukarsa mai laifi ne, saboda abin da jikinsa ya jawo jikinsa a bainar jama'a kuma ya rataye a murabba'i. Saboda haka, dangin Kalas sun gabatar da kisan kai a matsayin kisan kai, da kuma Jean ya kashe wani saurayi, domin ya karbi Katolika. Godiya ga Volterera bayan shekaru uku, an sake fasalin Jean Kalas.

Rayuwar sirri

A cikin rubutun essay na jarin kayayyakin da kuma hukuncin ilimin falsafa, lokacin Volsaire lokacin wasa Chess. Shekaru 17, abokin hamayyar dan Faransan shine Jeshit uba Adam Adam Adam Adam 17, wanda ya rayu a gidan Francois-Marie ya yi.

Ya ƙaunatanta, da gidan kayan gargajiya da kuma maganin Voltaire shine Martatics da tunanin ilimin lissafi. Har ma wannan matar ma dole ma ta fassara aikin Ishaku na Newton a cikin 1745.

Emily mace ce mai aure, amma ta yi imani da cewa dukkanin nauyin a gaban wani mutum ya kamata a cika bayan haihuwar yara. Sabili da haka, uwargidan, ba karya ƙimar ƙira ba, tsoma shi cikin litattafan mutane da masana lissafi da masana falsafa.

Tare da Voltaire, kyakkyawa ya sadu da shi a cikin 1733, kuma a cikin 1734 ya bayar da mafaka a cikin Bascher - wanda mai mulkin da aka yiwa masifa ya ƙare daga tafiye-tafiye da yawa.

Sharkes Du Shames ya sanya 'yanci ga daidaitawa, dokokin lissafi na ilimin lissafi, don haka masoya suka fi so sau da yawa sun cancanci ayyukan tsinkaye. A cikin kaka na 1749, Emily ya mutu bayan haihuwar yaro, da voltaire, wanda ya rasa ƙaunar rayuwarsa, ya shiga cikin baƙin ciki.

Af, mutane kalilan ne suka san cewa a zahiri Voltaire wani milliaire ne. Ko da a matasan nasa, tsoffin banki na Falkomer waɗanda suka sami labarin Francois don saka jari babban birnin. An gano ta shekara arba'in, marubucin ya sa hannun jari a cikin kayan sojojin Faransa, ya ba da kuɗi don siyan jiragen ruwa da ayyukan zane-zane na fasaha, da kuma wuraren dabaru na ya kasance a cikin SWitzerland.

Mutuwa

A cikin shekarun da suka gabata na rayuwa, Voltair ya shahara, kowane taron ya yi la'akari da aikinsa ne ya ziyarci gidan hikimar tsohon mutumin. Falsafer yana ɓoye daga sarakunan Faransa, amma tare da taimakonbarin ya dawo ƙasar Cezanna da Parmesan, inda ya mutu shekara 83.

An binne ragowar bayanan da marubucin da ra'ayoyin a cikin kabarin a Pantheon (Paris).

Littafi daya

• 1730 - "Karl Karl XII"
• 1732 - Zaire
• 1734 - "Labaran Falsafa. Harafin Ingilishi
• 1736 - "Sako Newton"
• 1738 - "Essay akan yanayin wuta"
• 1748 - "Duniya kamar yadda take"
• 1748 - "zadig, ko makomar"
• 1748 - "Semiruriyad"
• 1752 - "micromegas"
• 1755 - "Orleans budurwa"
• 1756 - "Lisbon
• 1764 - "fari da baki"
• 1768 - "Tsarevna Babila"
• 1774 - "Don medero"
• 1778 - "Agafokl"

Faɗa

• "Ba zai yuwu a yi imani da Allah ba, kada a yi imani da shi - m"
• "Ga yawancin mutane, an gyara shi - yana nufin canza abubuwan da kuka ragu"
• "Sarakuna sun san al'amuran harkokin ministocinsu ba fiye da kwalkwali game da al'amuran matan matan su.
• "Ba rashin tsaro bane mai raɗaɗi, amma jaraba"
• "Babu wani abu marin more m, yadda za a rataye shi a cikin ba a sani ba"