Tari
Thomas Edison Duniya ta san mai kirkirar da ke yin nasarar inganta kwan fitila, da kuma marubucin ikbizan, kujerar lantarki da gaisuwa na lantarki. Koyaya, ya bambanta da mutane da yawa, kwarewa ta bambanta da mutane mai haske don kasuwanci.Yaro da matasa
Thomas Alva Edison an haife shi ne ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu, 1847 a garin Mashin Ba'amurke, a cikin iyalin baƙi daga Holland. Al, kamar yadda suka kira da kirkira a nan gaba, bai banbanta a cikin lafiyar da ke tattare da su ba - karami (duk da cewa Thomas ya kalli hotunan yara). Bugu da kari, ya sha wahala ta sclalatina nuna a kan sauraron - yaron harshen wuta a kunne na hagu. Iyaye sun kewaye ta na kula da ɗanta, saboda a gaban cewa sun rasa yara biyu.
Thomas bai yi nasara a makaranta ba, malamai sun isa wani ɗan yaro na watanni uku, bayan da iyayen da aka soke su daga makarantar su saka aikin gida. Tare da azas na ilimin kimiyyar makaranta Edison gabatar da mama, Nancy Eliot, 'yar firist tare da ingantaccen ilimi da ilimi.
Thomas ya tashi a cikin marubucin bincike, a bayyane yake sha'awar abin da ke faruwa a kusa - yana ƙaunar kallon masu kulawa, sau da yawa suna kusa da magungunansu, suna kallon aikinsu. Wani sabon abu wanda ba a sani ba wanda ya sadaukar da agogo shine kwafa rubutattun bayanan a kan alamun shagunan.
Tare da motsa Edison zuwa cikin garin Porke, Samiilennaya Thomas ya sadu da duniyar da ban sha'awa na karatu da kuma a karo na farko da na yi kokarin tilastawa cikin dabara. A wancan lokacin, saurayin yara tare da 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari tare da mahaifiyarsa, kuma a cikin lokacinsa na firgita zuwa ɗakin karatun jama'a na garin.
Ta 12, saurayi ya hadu da ayyukan Edward Gibbon, David Yuma, Richard Burton, amma an karanta littafin kimiyya na farko kuma an yi amfani da shi a aikace na wani shekaru 9. "Falsafar halitta ta zahiri" na marubucin marubutan Richard Green Parkalifical da kuma misalai na gwaje-gwajen da Thomas ya maimaita.
Gwajin sunadarai sun nemi saka hannun jari, a cikin begen samun ƙarin kuɗi. Saurayi Edison ya sauka daga mai siyarwar jaridu a tashar jirgin ƙasa. An bar saurayin ya ba da dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin karusar kaya na jirgin, inda ya gudanar da gwaje-gwajen. Koyaya, na ɗan gajeren lokaci, saboda wutar da aka kora tare da dakin gwaje-gwaje.
A lokacin aiki a tashar, taron da ke faruwa, wanda ya taimaka wadatar da tarihin dabarun aikin kwadago. Aison ya sami ceto daga matattu a ƙarƙashin ƙafafun shugaban tashar, wanda ya karɓi wasiƙar wasiƙun, inda ya sami wasiƙar wasiƙar, inda ya yi aiki da yawa.
A faɗuwar rana, Thomas yawo a kan Amurka a search na wani wuri a cikin rayuwar: rayu a Indianapolis, a Nashville, Cincinnati, ya kõma zuwa ga 'yan qasar ma'aikatan, amma a 1868 ya juya daga zama a Boston, sa'an nan a New York. Duk wannan lokacin, da ƙimar ƙare ƙare ƙare, saboda zaɓin madadin kudaden shiga da aka kashe akan littattafai da gwaje-gwajen.
Ƙirƙira
Asiri na babban koyarwar kai mai sauki ne kuma ya ta'allaka ne a cikin ambaton Tomas Edison, wanda ƙarshe ya zama abin da ya faru.
"Genius shine kashi 1 cikin 100 na wahayi da kashi 99 cikin dari na gumi."Ingancin maganganun sun yi jayayya akai-akai, da Luhai kuma suna ciyar da dare a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje. Yayinda ya shaida kansa, wani lokacin ya kasance yana burge cewa ya kwana a wurin aiki har sai da awanni 19 a rana. A cikin Bankin Edison na Pedison - Proinents sun karɓi a Amurka, da kuma takardu 300,000 kan marubucin kirkirar da ake bayarwa a wasu ƙasashe. A lokaci guda, halittun farko a cikin mutumin bai saya ba. Misali, kawancen hada-hada da aka kirga m met met med a zabukan.
Fata mai kyau yayi murmushi a lokacin aiki a cikin kamfanin "Zinare & Stoke Telegrararre". Thomas ya samu aiki a cikin jihar saboda gaskiyar cewa ya koma cikin rukunin Telegraph - tare da wannan aikin, babu wanda zai iya jimre ma ko da da aka gayyata. Kuma a cikin 1870, tsarin ingantaccen tsarin yanar gizo akan layin zinare da jari, kamfanin ya yi farin ciki da damuwa. Mai ƙirƙira da aka kashe kuɗi a bayan harin nasa don samar da Tickers don musayar, a shekara bayan haka, Edison ya sami irin wannan bita.
Ba da daɗewa ba batun ya ci nasara sosai. Thomas ya kafa kamfanin "Paparoma, Edison & Co", shekaru biyar masu zuwa sun bayyana - saƙonnin quadruple ya bayyana - saƙonnin quadruck na da zai yiwu a tura shi a lokaci guda. Aikin kirkirar da ake buƙata da aka ba da kayan gwaje-gwaje mai kyau, kuma a cikin 1876 Kusa da New York, a cikin garin Menlo Park, gina wani hadadden masana'antu don fara bincike. Tuno dakin gwaje-gwaje bayan hada ɗaruruwan shugabannin haske da kuma hannayen fasaha.
Yunkurin shiga saƙonnin waya zuwa sauti ya juya zuwa ga bayyanar mai haske. A cikin 1877, Edison tare da taimakon allura da tsare ya rubuta waƙar yara "Maryamu tana da ɗan rago." Anyi la'akari da bidi'a kan gab da almara, kuma Thomas ya karbi sunan Wizard daga Menlo Park.
Shekaru biyu bayan haka, duniya ta karbi shahararren kirkirar Thomas Edison - ya yi nasarar inganta kwan fitila, mai daukaka lokacinta da sauƙaƙe samarwa. Lamuluan data kasance a cikin 'yan awanni biyu, cinye da yawa na yanzu ko tsada. Edison ya bayyana cewa ba da daɗewa ba duk Sabuwar York zai yi haske fitila mara amfani, kuma farashin wutar lantarki zai zama mai araha, kuma ya fara gwaji. Don flandscent threads, abubuwa 6000 da aka gwada kuma, a ƙarshe, ya tsaya a zaren beber, wanda ya ƙone awanni 13.5. Daga baya, rayuwar sabis ya karu zuwa awa 1200.
Yiwuwar amfani da kwararan fitila na haske, da kuma tsarin ci gaba don samarwa da amfani da wutar lantarki, fitilar ta nuna halittar ikon shuka a ɗayan gundumomin New York: fitila 400. Yawan masu amfani da wutar lantarki a cikin watanni da yawa sun ƙaru daga 59 zuwa rabin mai ba da labari.
A cikin 1882, "yakin igiyoyin igiyoyi" ya barke, wanda ya kasance kafin farkon Millennium. Edison mamakin amfani da DC, wanda, an watsa shi ba tare da asara ba kawai don gajeren nisa. Nikola Tesla, wanda ya zo wurin aiki a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Thomas, yayi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da cewa mafi yawan lokuta ana canja shi ta ɗar mileters. Ana bayar da mai kirkirar kirkirar magana na gaba don amfani da shi don tsire-tsire masu ƙarfi da masu samar da kayan aikin, amma ba su sami goyan baya ba.
Tesla, a bukatar mai masaukin, ya kirkiro motoci 24 akan musayar na yanzu, amma bai samu aikin daga Edison ba, ya yi alkawarin aikin da 50 Dubu Dubu 50, ya yi alkawarin da ya zama mai takara. Tare da masanan masana'antu George Westdingu, Nicola ya fara gabatar da madadin yanzu ko'ina. Thomas ya shigar da shi a kotu har ma ya gudanar da yakin neman kamfen na Black Pian, wanda ke tabbatar da haɗarin wannan nau'in na yanzu don kashe dabbobi. Apogee ne kirkirar kujera na lantarki don aiwatar da masu laifi.
A batu a cikin yaki da aka tsĩrar kawai a 2007: babban injiniya na ƙarfafa Edison rantsuwarsu yanke na karshe na USB, bisa ga abin da m halin yanzu zo zuwa New York.
Mai samar da Prinventor da ya danganta na'urar don rediyo na radiography, suna kiran shi mai wadatar zumunta, da kuma maklashiyar mai da ke ƙara yawan sadarwa ta wayar tarho. A cikin 1887, Thomas Edison ya gina sabon dakin gwaje-gwaje a West Fordz, ya fi girma da kuma sandar fasahar da ta gabata. Baturin rikodin da Baturin alkaline sun bayyana anan.
Edison ya bar alama a cikin tarihin cinematography. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Thomas ya ga hasken lokacin caca - na'urar tana iya nuna hotunan motsi. Ainihin, sabuwar dabara ce cinema ce ta sirri - ta hanyar exepiene mai ta musamman da aka kalli fim. Bayan ɗan lokaci kaɗan, Edison ta buɗe Kintoscope Parlor Parlor kuma an sanye shi da akwatina goma.
Rayuwar sirri
Har ila yau, rayuwar Thomas ma ta samu nasarar rayuwa - gudanar da yin aure sau shida kuma sami yara shida. Tare da matar farko, Maryamus Sty Sy Santa Maria har yanzu, da kirkirar kusan ta je kambi watanni biyu bayan sani. Duk da haka, dole ne a jinkirta a dakatar da aure dangane da mutuwar mama Edison. An buga bikin a watan Disamba 1871. Wani taron ban dariya yana da alaƙa da bikin: Thomas Nan da nan bayan bukukuwan sun tafi aiki da manta game da auren aure.
A cikin wannan hadisin, 'ya'ya maza sun bayyana a duniya, yaran sun bayyana da kuma thomas - tare da sauƙi hannun na Uba a gida sanye da wani asibiti da dash, don girmama na ARS. Maryamu sun mutu a cikin shekaru 29 daga cutar kwakwalwa.
Nan da nan Edison aure su sake, a ce wa masana tarihi, cikin kyakkyawan so. Dan wasan mai shekaru 2ci dan shekara 2 ya zama zaɓaɓɓu, wanda ke kirkire-kirti ya koyar da Hadin Hzruke Morse, kuma a cikin wannan yaren ma an ba da hannu da zuciya. Edison daga fona kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu da' yata - kadai makarkar, wanda ya ba mahaifin jikokinsa.
Mutuwa
Babban mai kirkirar bai rayu ga bikin cika shekaru 85 na watanni hudu ba, amma kafin karshen yana aiki. Toma Edison ya sha wahala daga ciwon sukari mellitus, mummunan cuta ta ba da rikitarwa tare da rayuwa.
Ya mutu sakamakon faduwar 1931, a cikin gidan Yammacin Orinzh, wanda ya sayi shekaru 45 da suka gabata a matsayin kyauta ga amarya, matar Miller na gaba. Gawar Edison yana cikin bayan gida na wannan gidan.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa
- Ana danganta Edison ga ƙirƙirar mafi sauƙin rubutun rubutu don amfani da jarfa. Dalilin ya ba da maki biyar a kan goshin hagu na Thomas, sannan kuma zanen zanen Pens, wanda aka mallaka a 1876. Duk da haka, Samuel O'erali ana ganin iyayen injin din na tattoo.
- A lamirin lamiri mai kirkiro, mutuwar sloni ta topci. An kashe mutane uku a cikin laifin dabba, don haka an yanke shi ya kashe shi. A begen lashe "yakin igiyoyi" "Edison ya miƙa aiwatar da madadin halin da muke ciki na 6000 ta hanyar musayar yanzu, da" aikin "a cikin fim.
- A cikin tarihin ilimin Amurka akwai wani tsari mara kyau, don sumbin wanda har ma an gina duka shuka - don fitar da ƙarfe daga ere na ƙananan iri-iri. Masana'antu suna dariya a cikin mai kirkira, tabbatar da cewa sau da sauki ne kuma mai rahusa don saka kudade a cikin adibas na ORE. Kuma sun kasance daidai.
- A cikin 1911, Edison ya gina gidan da ba a amsa ba wanda ya kunshi kankare, gami da sls na taga. Sai wani mutum ya gwada kansa a matsayin mai zanen kaya, ƙaddamar da abubuwa na ciki zuwa kotun masu siye mai zuwa. Da kuma sake shan fiaspo.
- Ofaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin daji shine ƙirƙirar helikofta yana aiki akan bindiga.
- Abubuwan fitinar da ke haifar da kwanciyar hankali tare da dogon lokaci na aikin da aka bayar da hidimar beyar - mafarkin mutane sun ragu da awa 2. Af, tare da haɓaka fitilar lissafin, 40,000 shafukan litattafan rubutun da aka mamaye.
- Kalmar "Sannu", tattaunawar ta fara ce, ita ce ra'ayin Edison.
Gano
- 1860 - AEERFOR
- 1868 - Votes na lantarki a zabe
- 1869 - Ticker Apparatus
- 1870 - Membrane wayar
- 1873 - Quadrupa Telegraph
- 1876 - Mimeithiga
- 1877 - mai kira
- 1877 - Mallrohone
- 1879 - Lilfin Inspanly tare da zaren mai
- 1880 - Magnetic na Iron Ore
- 1889 - Quinonoscope
- 1889 - Shugaban Malami
- 1908 - baƙin ƙarfe da nickel bated