Tari
Mace da aka haife don farin ciki don ƙauna da ƙaunataccena, ya ji yara, koya da kyau. Mace wanda ya shafi wannan wahalar da cutar da za ta ƙara karya har ma da manyan mutane. Don haka mai sukar rubutu da mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam na Lev game da Evgenia Ginzburg ya bayyana. Tarihin rayuwar marubucin da kuma dan jaridar ita ce wani shaidar mummunan mummunan yanayin Stalinist.Yaro da matasa
Evgenia Solomonovna Ginzburg an haife shi a watan Disamba 1904 a Moscow. A cikin shekaru biyar, dangin suka koma Kazan, inda 'yar'uwa ta haihu - An haifi Natalia. Iyaye Solomon Abramovich da Rifka Markvna kafin waiwayar juyin juya halin mallakar kantin magani. Iyalin Ginzburg sun san da kyau kuma suna mutunta a cikin Kazan. Kamar yadda halin da ake ciki, Mahaifin da mahaifiyar ta so su tura wani ɗan 'yar ƙungiya don yin karatu a ƙasashen waje - zuwa Jami'ar Geneva, amma shirin ya rikice da juyin juya halin 1917.
Evgenia ya samu ilimi a Jami'ar Kazan da Cibiyar Gabashin Pedagogical, inda ya yi nazarin Phiyer da tarihi. Bayan karshen Cibiyar, ya dauki ra'ayinsa, ya dauki aikin jarida - ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban al'adun edita na "Red Tatar", kuma ya kuma koyar da tarihin jam'iyyar. Ginzburg ya kasance daidai da Faransanci da Jamus, yayin zama a cikin Kazan, Tatarsky Masted.
Shekaniya 28, kamar yadda malamin kimiyyar jama'a ya kamata ya shiga cikin matsayi na jam'iyyar kwaminis ta Kwaminis. Daga baya ta rubuta, idan sun umarta, za ta ba ta rai. 'Yar'uwar Natalia ta za ta nuna wata hanyar kimiyya - ta zama dan asalin ilimin halayyar dan adam, aiki a cikin Lantarki na Lenenrad kudi da Cibiyar tattalin arziki, sannan ta rubuta waƙoƙi.
Halitta
Lokacin da ya zo ga magana game da ayyukan da ake kira game da ayyukan Stalin, da farko kiran marubutan - vashander Solzhenitcyn. Amma Memoirs na Evgenia Ginzburg "sanyaya hanya" - iri ɗaya shaida na mugaye da kuma ƙarfin ƙarfin halin wannan zamanin. A cikin wannan aikin, an yi tambaya da wannan matar ta gani tsawon zango na shekaru goma da shekaru takwas na tunani.
Littafin tari ba tunanin wanda aka azabtar, a maimakon haka, bayanin mai duba. Abubuwan da Ginsburg a cikin wadancan bangarorin zuwa rayuwar da ke bude a cikin Dungeons da suka taimaka don jan hankalin wahala. Yanayin Inhuman na rayuwa da ya ba da rashin lafiya tare da tilasta sabon kallon mutane. Abin da ya zama dole a sami sandar ciki, don kada ya fashe daga tausayi don kanku, amma don tunawa da waƙoƙi kuma, kamar yadda ta rubuta a tsakanin 'yan ƙasa na bakwai ", don aiwatar da daidaituwa tsakanin matakai na bakwai", don aiwatar da daidaici.
Kashi na farko na "m hanya" an rubuta shi a 1967, a lokaci guda ya zama yadu a cikin Soviet Union Samizdat. Na biyu ya ga hasken a 1975-1977. A karo na farko, amma ba tare da marubucin marubucin ba, an buga littafin labari a Italiya. Hukumomin na Usstr sun yi ƙoƙari sosai a hukumance "tsinkaye hanya" kawai a 1988.
A cewar wasu bayanai, da suke zaune a Lviv, Ginsburg rubuta wani version na "m hanya" - "A karkashin Seni na Luciferov Wing", mafi kaifi, kuma m dangane Stalinism. Amma a shekarar 1965 lalata rubutun da kwantiragin, suna tsoron sabon kamawa da hanyoyin haɗi.
Dangane da labari da shahararrun Daraktan Galata Volchekk, an kawo wasan kwaikwayon "mai sanyi". Matsayin taurari na Rasha da Cinema Marina Neelova, Nina Doron, Alla Pokrovskaya. A shekara ta 2009, Tarayyar Cinematroatraphers daga Jamus, Poland da Belgium sun yi yunƙurin cire fim fasalin dangane da fim din, amma ba su ci manyan masu sauraro ba.
A cikin Lviv, inda dangi suka koma bayan gyara, an kirkiro ayyukan rubutu na Ginzburg. A gidan ya zama, a zahiri, a cikin littafin adon salon, inda mahalarta birni ke gudana. A cikin wadanda aka sani a wadancan shekarun, masu yin mujallolin "matasa" da "Sabuwar World ta '' 'Labarin" Dalibai na shekaru ashirin "," matasa ". Wasu ayyukan Ginzburg sun fita cikin latsawa a karkashin batun akasenv.
Rayuwar sirri
Rayuwa ta sirri Evgenia Ginzburg ba shi da ban mamaki kamar yadda lokacin da ta rayu. A cikin shekaru 20, yarinyar ta gana da Dengyrad Likita Lenenrad Fedorov, wanda ya yi aure. Bayan shekara biyu, an haifi Ofan Alexey, amma bayan wani lokaci dangi ya fashe. Uba da ɗa ya mutu a 1941 a cikin wasan Lingingrad.
A cikin 1930 na Ginzburg a matsayin wata tawaga na Cibiyar Kotun Pedagogical, inda ta yi aiki, halartar taron jam'iyyar a Moscow. A nan ta sadu da Mijinta na biyu Paul Akseenov na biyu. A shekara ta 1932, an haifi ɗan, ɗan lada.
Pavel AkSesenov ya yi aiki mai kyau a layin bikin: shi ne shugaban birnin Kifun Ka'ar, memba na Ofishin Kwamitin Tatar. An ba da labarin tare da gidan Elite, motar sabis, yaryanta ta karkata bayan wahala.
Komai ya canza sosai a cikin 1935, bayan kisan Sergei Kiro, shugaban Lenenrad Parlolo. Wannan gaskiyar ta zama dalilin tsabtace layin Jam'iyyar, gano "abin dogaro". Kiran farko ga Eugene ya yi sauti da sauti yayin da aka doke kanta game da abokin aikinsa - Eugankkyist Elfova, wanda ke aiki a ofishin edita na ja Tataria. Evgeniya ya ba da sanarwar tsawatawa, ban da wannan jam'iyyar da cire daga koyarwa.
A shekara ta 1937, Ginzburg da kanta aka kama, daga baya Aksenov. Dukansu, kasancewar Joly maƙasudin ra'ayoyin kwaminisanci, dauke da kama wani kuskure na m. Kasancewa akan labarin 58, Evgenia Ginzburg ya aika zuwa Kolyma. Za'a iya kiran kammala zango, tunda yanke hukunci ga irin wannan labarin an harbe shi a mafi.
Kasancewa a ƙarshe, Eugene ya yi aiki a wurare daban-daban, ciki har da a cikin asibitin. Likita Anton Walter yayi aiki a can. Tare da shi Ginzburg ya fara rayuwa bayan 'yanci a shekarar 1947 sauran shekarun nassoshi a Magadan. Ta sami karfinta don a bar ta su zo wurinta. Tare da Walter, yarinyar Antonna ta ƙaddamar.
Antina abokin aure Leonid Filatov da Ivan da DYKHOVICHNy, wasan kwaikwayo na kwararru, yana zaune a Jamus. Kamar yadda ta fada cikin tattaunawar, mahaifiyar ba ta jira mahaifin Vinin ba, kamar yadda aka gaya mata cewa an harbe Bulus. Har sai da vasily aksenova bayan da aka kulle iyaye a cikin gidan marayu, daga inda danginsa da aka dauka, bayan sun hana yaron suna da sunan mahaifi.
A shekara ta 1949, an sake kamawa Yezburg kuma. Wannan lokacin "sa'a" fiye - ƙarshen yana ƙarshen wata. Har yanzu, barazanar kama Hughung a cikin 1953, kuma mutuwar Stalin Stalin ta daina sabuwar kalar wahala. A shekarar 1952, an sake dawo da Eugene a cikin Hakki, a 1954 ya sake gabatar da shekaru goma, amma tsawon shekaru goma ne ta zauna a manyan biranensu (Ginzburg ya iya komawa Moscow (Ginzburg ya iya komawa Moscow (Ginzburg ya sami damar motsawa zuwa Moscow a 1966). Bayan haka ne kawai a cikin 1958, kuma a shekara guda, wani mutum ya mutu.
Evgenia Ginzburg, in da 'yarsa, a kowane kamfani shi ne mai jan hankali, ya jawo hankalin mutane zuwa arisracy, kyakkyawan fata, iko na nufin. An gina rayuwar iyali a kan yin ado na dan lãbãki, wanda daga baya ya zama shahararren duniya. Don haka wani marubuci ne, marubuci, marubucin shahararrun ayyuka.
Ya kuma kalubalance shi ya san iyakokin 'yancin magana. Kuma saboda wannan, marubucin ya bar ƙasar. Kafin barin shi, an yi wani yunƙuri, daga baya ya bayyana shi a cikin Noo labari "so mai ban mamaki". A shekarun 1970, tare da dan Ginzburg ya sami damar ziyartar Jamus da Faransa. A cikin hanyar sadarwa a cikin hotunan da aka saka kyauta na dangi.
Mutuwa
Evgenia Ginzburg ya mutu a 1977. Dalilin mutuwa ya kasance cutar kansa ta nono, marubuci yayi kyau. An binne shi a makabartar kuzminssky a cikin Moscow.Littafi daya
- 1927 - "Nazarin juyin juya halin Oktoba a makarantar na biyu"
- 1963 - "Don haka aka fara. Bayyana malami "
- 1967 - "Hanyar sanyi", SASHE I
- 1975-1977 - "Mai sanyi hanya", Sashe II