Tari
Proopop Avemakum - Halin Halin yana da haske kuma sabani. Firist, wanda tsofaffin da aka gina a madadin Saint, ba su gane rabin rabin ba. Gama matsanancin halin da kuma shiri na "Zuba don ya ɗora tumakin, sai ya ƙi maƙiyan nan kuwa an yi shirka.
Babban ikonsa a karni na XVII ya kasance mai girma: Mabiya da ake kira Avvakum by masu adalci da kuma shahred da shahi. Velmazbi da 'yan, waɗanda suka bi dabi'u na kyauta ƙi ƙurrin ta hanyar shari'ar. Firist ɗin ya buge shi, jefa a cikin 'yan kurkuku, ba tare da abinci da sutura ba, amma Ruhu da yarda da Avvakum bai karya kowa ba - ko kuma velmazby.
Yanayi guda ɗaya, mai ba da labari, mai wa'azi na gaskiya da Falsafar na Ostate - ya nuna misali, wanda ke nufin yaƙin zuwa ƙarshen.
Yaro da matasa
An haifi Avvakum Petrov Eetrov Petrov a ƙauyen Grigorovo Nahizny County County a 1620. Misali na mai wa'azin mai wa'azin nan gaba na tsoffin muminai shi ne inna. Mariya (daga baya na kasance a cikin Nun kuma ta sami sunan Marfa) ya kawo avwakum a cikin tsayayye da tsarkakakken ruhaniya. A salla da tsoffin gwanon na Orthodox, magana da salla kuma a free daga lokacin aiki, wata mata ta daukaka ɗanta cikin "Tsoron Allah."
Mahaifiyar firist mai gored - ya mutu lokacin da ɗan ya juya shekara 15. A cewar Avvakum, mahaifinsa yana ƙaunar sha, wanda shine sane da mutuwar farkon.
A 22, Avvakum Petrov don himma cikin imani da tsananin tsananin bin dokar da hannu a cikin deacon.
Rayuwa da Koyarwa
Bayan shekaru 2, AVVakum dan dan shafa Ikilisiya Ikklisiya a cikin Lophong a cikin Lopers. Village na Lardin Noizhny Novgorod. Saurayi na matasa, yana buƙatar kansa da garken, a fili cutar da viodioners na parisia, hukunta ko da ƙananan zunubai. Babu wani matalauci, to, ba matalauci ba, ko masu sanyayayya, wadanda suka ba da kudi mai yawa a haikali.
Wata rana wani saurayi mai wahala ya isa ga ikirarin Avvakum. Dangane da canjin coci, ta bayyana daki-daki zunubai, kuma idan makara bai bar firist, to kamun sun yi tawaye ba. Don tsara ta, pop bayan ikirarin mai haske game da kyandir na ƙonawa uku. Jin marmarin ya ci nasara mai zunubi, da faridision da suke girmama firist ya ninki, ya kai ga Avakum.
Ga masu adalci ayyukan da kuma trictest bin dokokin Orthodoxy a AVVakum sun sanya taken na Archriest - Proopopopopa. Jita-jita game da mahaifin mai girman kai, wanda ya bambanta da matsanancin ƙarfi, ya hau kewaye da gundumar. Babban taron mutane don shawara da shawarwari da albarkatai sun tafi gare shi.
Proopop Avvakum ya zama sananne a matsayin mai fitowa. An ba shi rashin lafiya da hankali da mahaukaci, wanda ƙazamar ruhu United. Sau da yawa firist ya bar su "don magani" a gidansa.
Albarka daga AVVakum protopopa da ake kira farin ciki da bara, da wadata. Da zarar VOI Vasemy shahememev, wanda ya yi tafiya tare da Volga a jirgin, ya so ganin shahararren Uba. Firist ɗin da aka ɗauke shi zuwa ga jirgin, kuma bayan maganganun da aka ƙididdige wa abin da aka ƙididdige waƙoƙin ya nemi albarka ga matasa. Matthew Sheremeteva ya kawo wa Propope Avakum, amma ya ga "Cruup" na mutum (ya yi kokarin gayinsa), ya ki watsi da cunkoso.
Daya daga cikin wanda ya ba da umarnin barin Avwakum cikin kogin, kuma mu'ujiza ta sami damar ceton rayuwa - masunta ya isa kan lokaci.
Avetic da abokin gaba na kowane irin nishaɗi, Avvakum ya shiga cikin rawar jiki, ganin jama'a a cikin lopatrias. A lokacin da circuschi tare da bears da kayan kida ya zo ƙauyen, Propopop ta gargaza zuwa kamfanin ban dariya tare da fom mace tare da dunkulo. An kashe Circus, Tamburoine da Domra ya karye, daya bear mai rauni, kuma na biyu gudu gudu a cikin saura.
Propopop din Avvakum bai ji tsoron rashin tausayi ga talakawa ba, 'yantu da matalauta. Lokacin da bazawara ta yi korafi cewa 'yarta ta ɗauki' yarta, firist, ba tare da tunani ba, yaƙin shiga. Venels ta doke Avwakum mai zuwa rabin matattu ya lalata gidan.
Na ɗan lokaci kaɗan sai ya bauta wa Propopop da na Avvakum kuma a Yursuvts-possky, inda aka fassara shi daga ƙauyen lopatintes. Zinada mai wa'azi da wa'azin mai wa'azi da nan ga haifar da rikice-rikice tare da parision waɗanda ba sa so su tsaya wa tsoffin gwangwani ba makiyayin makiyayi ba. Avvakuma Beat Booga da tattake, ya yi masa barazanar. Tsohon muminai sun gudu zuwa Moscow a cikin 1651.
A babban birnin kasar, Propop Avvakum, zamanin sarki, ya yi abokai da sarkin ikirarin furci da kuma sarki na gaba Nikon. Furukin sarki Yusufu, firist kuwa ya halarci taron. Lokacin da aka cire janar da Oganda na Cathedral na John na John na John na Ikilisiya, a cikin gidan da Avvakum tsaya, firist din ya maye gurbinsa.
Ba da da ewa, abokantaka da ya juya Nikon ya zama rashin jituwa: Falsafar tsohuwar ce ta AVVKAM BATSA ta bisa ga tsohon samfurin, Yusufu ya kawo cocin. Arseny Greek ya bayyana a cikin Moscow. Littattafan Nikon da littattafai na Girka, yayin da aka gaya wa Avvakum ga tsohon Orthodox tsohon Orthodox. AVVakum ta fitowar AVVakum ya juya ga sarki da roƙon, inda Nikon ya soki da ayyukan Helenek.
A cikin kaka na 1653, tsoffin kayayyakin an tsananta - an cire shi zuwa gidan sufi Andronikov. A cikin cuku cuku, AVvakum ya yi alƙawarin na kwana uku, amma bai cin nasara. Nikon ya ba da umarnin shan shan'in, amma sarki bai yarda, ya maye gurbin lalata hanyar mahadar Sana zuwa Tobolsk ba.
A cikin Tobolsk, Propop na Avipakum ci gaba da tashin hankali da sukar Niconiyanci, wanda aka ambata shi a cikin Transbaikalalia. A can wani mai wa'azi ya soki mai mallakar yankin - na Nerchinsky Vashku Pashkov. Ya doke Avvakum kuma saka a cikin fadin ga hunturu.
A cikin bazara, an ƙaddara tawayen a cikin rasani, wanda ya koma gabas ta hanyar baikal, amur da Shale. 'Ya'yan maza biyu na AVVakum sun mutu a wannan hanyar da take da tau nauyi. A cikin 1663, Proppop ya koma Mosc wit, inda Sarki ya kira. Sanadin alheri alheri shi ne opal nikon. Sanarwar ta ba da sanarwar tsoffin masu bi su zama ikirari, amma ya ƙi, ba sa gani a cikin alƙawarin da aka yi wa tsohuwar gwangwani na Orthodoxy.
Ba da daɗewa ba Propop Propop, kuma ban yi tunanin koyan fushin da ba wanda ba wanda ba tare da izini ba kuma sha'awar faɗi duk abin da yake tunani, ba tare da sakamakon ba, ya zo sababbin abokan gaba. Tsohon mai shi mai maimaitawa ya saba da sake fasalin Ikilisiya, aka yi masa baftisma da biyu, kuma ba yatsun uku, ya buga wa giciye 8 cikin gicciye guda 8. Bayan shekara guda bayan haka, tawaye ne ya maye gurbinsa, sai suka koma ga yankin arkhangeslsk.
A cikin 1666, AVVakum Petrovich ya sake bayyana a Moscow a kotu kan Nikon. Bayan mummunan yawo, yana jiran mutane, amma mai wa'azin ya tsaya a kansa. Kotun Ikklisiya ya aika da avwakum daga cocin kuma ya dauki matakin digiri, yana haifar da fushi da kuma sanya fushi da kuma sanya anaterma zuwa saman shugabancin cocin.
A shekarar da aka kiyaye ta ruwa da lokacin da aka sa aka sa a cikin gidan sufi kusa da Kaluga, amma bai fashe ba. Sannan an kira Avvakum a ga emotorsk, a cikin annoba. A cikin Surub, rabi kuma ya nutsar da shi a cikin daskarewa a cikin shekaru 14. Wa'azi ba su jefa ba: ba tare da damar yin magana da mabiya ba, jagoran na ruhaniya ya aiko da ƙasar ta hannun mutane masu aminci na wasiƙa. Don haka sanannen "rayuwa" ta bayyana, daga baya ana kiranta wasan kwaikwayo na farko.
Mantis yana gudana zuwa ga mai wa'azi, wanda aka kira tsarkaka. Daga gare shi hagu, ɓoye haruffa a cikin ma'aikatan. An kiyaye bayanan mai magana da godiya ga wadannan sakonnin sirri.
Rayuwar sirri
Sunan sanannun masu bi suna da alaƙa da mata biyu - Morozhova, kuma matar Nastasya Markvna.
Na farko shine ɗalibin ruhaniya na Propopa na Avvakum, kamar shi, bangaskiya da imbifility. Her - mai tsananin fushi, tare da idanu masu kona - wanda aka nuna Vasily Surikov. Kamar ma'aikatan ruhaniya, Morozova ta mutu, ba sa son canza imani.
Na biyun shine matashin aminci wanda ya haifi mijinta na yara tara. Tsarkin tsoffin mazaunan aure ya tallafawa duk rayuwarsa. Kamar avwakum, Nastasya ya shaida tsoffin hannu. Sun yi aure da ka'idojin Matasa: Mijinta shi ne 17, matarsa tana da shekara 14. Dama daga wani ƙauye, duka iyalai biyu masu lalacewa, rabin marayu.
Ma'auratan sun rayu, kamar yadda aka wajabta wa kanku ga Domostrory: Mai wa'azin nan gaba ya auri yarinyar a gefen uwa. Amma ƙaunar da aka yi wa aure: Matar ta bi ta wurin mijinta cikin nassoshi da yawo. A cikin Siberiya, a kan hanyar zuwa wurin da Tobolsk, ba tare da shirya yanayi ba, 'ya'ya maza biyu suka mutu.
Avvakum Petrovich ya ga kyakkyawan wata mace Orthodox a cikin matarsa kuma ta kira Nastasya "mataimaki zuwa ceto." Nastasea Markvna ta zama misali ga matan masu zaman kansu, hukunci da kuma rai, ga matan da aka sake farfadowa daga rai da kwanciyar hankali da kwanciyar hankali.
A cikin littafin "horo ba tare da wani laifi ba", Alexander Avdeenko ya tuna labarin da ya kai littattafan ma'auratan. Watsi da wani tunani, Nastasya ya tambayi mijinta, har yaushe zata sha wuya cewa firist ya ce:
- Markovna! Har sai mutuwa."Kyakkyawan, petrovich, io har ma ya tashi."
Amsar Matar ta zama wani nau'i na taken duka waɗanda suka rarraba kabarin mazajen mijinta. Anastasia Markovna ta mutu kafin matar. Mutuwar rabi na biyu, mijin ya tsira da wahala: babban goyon baya, mai ba da shawara da aboki sun tafi.
Mutuwa
Bayan rasuwar sarki, Alexei Mikhatovich Tron ya ɗauki ɗan Fyador Alekseevich, mai tawali'u da walwala. Rezero Avemakum, da fatan cewa zai iya watsi da sarkin daga Heden Helen Girka, ya rubuta wasika. Ya ce ya ga wata mafarki game da wasan wankahoawovic, ƙone a cikin harshen wuta don koyarwar Nikonia ta yarda.
Propop bai lissafta cewa FYodor ya ci gaba da zargin sa da "babban Huli a gidan sarauta" da cocin raba. An hukunta zamanin Sarki da gaske. A cikin 1682, tsoffin masu bi da masu bi da abokan tarayya, Lavar da Fayodor da Fayodor suka kashe kai a gaban taron. An haɗa su da subersers srub, sun jefa haushi da bushe rassan kuma suna kunna wuta a ciki.
Propop Avvakum ya sani game da shirya aiwatar da aiwatar da aiwatar da aiwatar da aiwatar da aiwatar da aiwatar da aiwatar da aiwatar da aiwatarwa, ba da littattafan da ba su da karancin rigar. Abin lura ne wanda ya yi la'akari da tsaftace wuta kuma ya maimaita da shi don keɓewar kai. Daga wuta ta mutu da kansa.
Ana aiwatar da kisan a ranar Jumma'a The Sati mai so. Dangane da bayanin da ake buƙata, lokacin da harshen wuta ya buga zuwa sama, AVVAkum ta ɗaga hannunsa tare da baki biyu kuma ya faɗi:
"Orthodox! Idan irin wannan gicciyen zai yi addu'a - ba zai mutu ba a cikin karni. Ku bar wannan gicciye, birni kuma zai kawo yumbu, can ƙarshen zai zo ƙarshen. ".Abubuwan ban sha'awa
- Avvakum ake kira magabatan kalma ne mai kyauta, tabbacin shaida da kuma keɓaɓɓun littattafai. An yaba masa da 43 rubuce rubuce, gami da "littafin tattaunawa", "Littafin Kewaya", "Littafin fassarar", "Littafin fassarar". Babban shahararren aikin shine "rayuwa", fassarar littattafan wanda ya shahara a yau.
- Avvakum Protopop - gwarzo na fim 20-serial Nicholas ya sami "raba". Babban batun batun jerin - sake fasalin Nikon da juriya, wanda avvakum ya jagoranci shi.
- Tsohon masu imani ana kiransu mai wa'azin farkon taro a cikin koyarwar addini a duniya. A cikin shekarun sa, yawan adon ma'aurata ya karu. A farkon 1687, sama da mutane 2,000 da suka ƙone a gidan sufi na Preaseryky. A ranar 9 ga Agusta, a cikin wannan shekarar a berezov na Olonetsky County - fiye da 1000.
- Tsoffin gumakan da ke tattare da AVAvakum, suna da yawa ta hanyar yawan rubuce-rubucen da yawa a filayen, fuskokin fuskoki. A karni na XVIII, Orthodoxy ya dakatar da kera irin waɗannan gumakan.
- A cikin matani na AVVakum ya kiyaye maganganun da ake kira "annabci." Na musamman a cikin shekarun juyin juya hali da kuma ambãtun gwal na yakin basasa daga Avvakum Rasha ta girma daga Allah, yana nuna shi shahirwar mai zafi. "
- M. Solisa a cikin laccan Labaransa a cikin "Jami'ar Jami'ar" ta fassara Grigory Rasputin a matsayin "bindigogin Avvakum Protopopa" zuwa gidan Romanov.
A farkon karni na 20, tsohuwar Ikilisiya na mai bi da ke mulkinsa da fuskar tsarkaka, kuma a ƙauyen Grigoroovo a ƙarshen karni na AVVakum an shigar da shi.