Tari
Sunan Sakharov Sakharov ya saba da kowa, ba tare da la'akari da irin ayyukan ba. A sararin kimiyyar kimiyya da kuma ikon bukatun kimiyya ne ya jagoranci ba kawai da matsayin binciken kimiyya masu amfani ba, har ma da matsayin siyasa da siyasa na Andrei na Andrei Dmitrievich.
Mafi yawa Sakharov ya sani a matsayin mai kirkirar bam din hydrogen. Amma game da halartarsa a cikin bayyanar siyasa game da zalunci na kwarewar 'yancin ɗan adam, mutane kalilan ne suka ji, da kuma abin da ya zama maigidan Nobel Kyauta don gudummawarsa ga zaman lafiya na karfafa duniya.
Wataƙila irin wannan matsayi na farar hula mai aiki, da kuma kewayon bukatun da aka haifar da kyakkyawar bincike da kuma kirkirar masanin kimiyya. Dukda cewa shi da kansa yana ƙaunar jaddada mahimmancin matar da ke wahayi da shi don ƙirƙira.
Yaro da matasa
Sakharov Andrei Dmitrieie da aka haife shi a Moscow a ranar 21 ga Mayu, 1921. Kakana na layin mahaifin Ivan Nikolaevich Sakharov ya girma a gidan firist, ya kuwa zama lauya. Mahaifin Kakan na gaba Demitry Ivanovich. Ya shiga cikin tarurrukan siyasa, wanda ya kasance a jerin daliban da aka cire daga Jami'ar Moscow.
Lokacin da Dmitry Ivanovich dafa abinci, Ekaterina Alekseeevna. Ya samu malami na kimiyyar lissafi da farko ga makarantar motsa jiki ta Moscow, sannan kuma ga Jami'ar Kwaminis ta, wacce ke shirya Falres ga kungiyar Gwamnatin. Matarsa, Ekaterina Alekseeevna (a Maulic sofiano), asalinsu daga dangin Hellen Hellen Hellenanci.
Andrei Dmitevich ya tuna cewa kakarsa a kan mahaifin Cham Mariya Petrovna ta zama zuciyar dangi da kuma mai tsaron mahara. Mahaifin ya kasance mai son kici game da ilimin, wanda ba zai iya wuce Andrei da ɗan'uwansa ba, da kuma lokacin sa na kyauta shi ne mustis. Iyali sun rayu a cikin gida tare da kusanci da kusancin nesa.
Da farko, yaron ya sami ilimin gida, a aji na 7 kawai ya tafi makaranta. Duk da rufe da Andrei da rashin yarda don sadarwa tare da takwarorinsu, Comarrades ya gayyace shi zuwa ga lissafin lissafi, makaranta, sannan kuma aiki a Jami'ar Moscow.
Ko da yake saurayin ya yi nasara a ilimin lissafi, sau da yawa ya warware ɗalibin daidai, amma cikin wahala, yana da bayyananniyar bayani. Domin a cikin aji na 10 Andrei ya bar da'irar lissafi ya karɓi kimiyyar lissafi. Cikakkun bayanan mutanen Sakharov sun zama sananne daga tunanin AKIVISHO Moisevich Yagloma, wanda ya yi nazarin Andrei Dmitrievich.
Ganin bukatun saurayi, da kuma irin bambanancin mahaifinsa, Andrei ya shiga Jami'ar Jihar Moscow a cikin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi. A lokaci guda, ya fara yaƙin, da haka aka kwashe ɗalibai don amintaccen Ashgabat. Rabin shekara guda bayan kammala karatu daga Jami'ar matasa, ya yi aiki a wani karamin gari a yankin Vladikess (garin na zamani, yankin da aka girka gandun daji, yankin Ulyanovsk).
An sake gani ta hanyar da a waccan lokacin (rayuwar mai sauƙaƙe mutane) sun bar alama mai zurfi a cikin ran matasa Sakharov. Yin aiki a kusa da aiki mai wahala, saurayin da gaske yana so ya zama gaban gaba kuma ya sami ikon mallaka don sarrafa madaidaicin makamai da makamai.
Ilmin kimiyyar lissafi
A ranar Hauwa'u ta 1945, Andre Sakarov ya yanke shawarar yin tarayya da rayuwarsa da kimiyyar ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu. Igor Evenevich TAMM ya zama mai kula da matasa masanin kimiyya. Shekaru uku bayan haka, Sakharov ya kare rubutunsa a taken "a kan ka'idar nau'in 0 → 0 Nuclear sauyawa."
Sannan Andrei a kan kare mai duba ya fara aiki a Cibiyar Kula da Motse ta Moscow, inda saurayi ya jawo hankalin abubuwan ci gaba game da tsammanin makamai na wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo. Ganin yanayin sanyi yaƙi da kuma hanzarta tare da Amurka, aikin Sakharov ya wakilci da gaske babban ilimin kimiyya da amfani.
A cikin shekarar 1950, Saher tare da mai kula da TAMM ya kirkiro ka'idar magnetic Themmonuclear, wanda ya bayyana dunkulewar katun na thermonukadiyya. Wannan gano ya taimaka wa Andrei ya rubuta wani dabi'a dortali a farkon shekarun - masanin ya kusan shekara 32. A lokaci guda, Sakharov aka amince da gwarzo na aikin gurguzu.
Orgewar Andrei DmitIesch ya baiwa Tarayyar Soviet ba za ta ba da izinin Amurkawa wajen samar da makaman makaman nukiliya. Kodayake a cikin kayayyakin Sakharov, ci gaban sa ya kamata ya yi aiki ne na musamman a raga na lumana - wanda masanin ya zaci don amfani da yiwuwar tsire-tsire na nukiliya.
Bayan haka, Sakharov ya riga ya canza zuwa ga wani dakin gwaje-gwaje na musamman, inda wasu manyan manyan masana kimiyya suka yi wa halittar wasu makamai masu nauyi don daidaita ikon shugabannin kasashen duniya. Andrei Dmitejeevich na dogon lokaci ya yi imani da cewa yana aiki don amfanin duniya.
A shekarar 1952, Amurka ta gudanar da jarabawar farko na makaman kuturta a tsibirin da ke cikin Tsibirin. A mayar da martani, USSR ya kara tsananta abubuwan da suka dace da irin wannan irin wannan nau'in, wanda aka gudanar da gwajin birnin Semipalatins (Yanzu biranen Kazakhstan). Gwamnati a karkashin kulawar Amurkawa ne kawai bincike ne makami, sun bincika ka'idodin aiwatar da matakai na tsarin aiki, da kuma Tarayyar Soviet, kodayake a latti domin Bam bam din.
Na farko bamai na hydrogen da aka samar a cikin USSR da sunan Rds-6c shine sakamakon karatun Andrei Sakharov, amma yana da matukar mahimmancin rikice-rikice da ci gaba da bukatar kara bincike da ci gaba. Designan da ke gaba sun mamaye Sakhara Puff, tunda ƙirar bam din ta kasance ta hanyar yadudduka masu nauyi.
Yin aiki akan halittar Bam na Themmonuyaya, Sakharov a lokaci guda karanta wani laccoci kan kimiyyar nukiliya a Cibiyar Kula da Moscow. Don ginin bama-bama-bama-bama-bama-bama-bama-bama-bama-bama-bama-bamai da shi a shekarar 1953, an ba shi taken wakilin Acerica. Ba a san rawarar da sanannen likita ta ƙarshe ba a buga ta ta hanyar Vasilyevich Kurchatov.
Duk da wani matakin rufin zamantakewa, wanda Andrei Dmitvievich ya rayu kuma yayi aiki, ya kalli sabon nasarorin kimiyya a wasu yankuna na kimiyya. Saboda haka Sakharov ya kasance cikin masanan da suka sanya wasika da aka tura zuwa ofishin ofishin siyasa na kwamitin kwaminis na kungiyar Soviet.
Harafin ya bayyana damuwar tunanin mafi kyawun kasar ta jihar ci gaban ilimin halittu a cikin USSR, wato gungun dabbobi. Sakamakon harafin shi ne cirewar Trofim Denisovich Lysenko daga ayyukan kimiyya. La'akari da cewa aikin Lysenko shine sanadin aikin kungiyar USSR daga ilimin duniya, gudummawar Sakharov da sauran masana kimiyyar a cikin ci gaban kwayoyin halitta suna da wuya a wuce gona da iri.
Jami'in dan siyasa da siyasa Vallinlin Mikhaihaivichichizichich cewa sugar bayan gwajin bam din din ya fahimci barazanar da wannan makaman don wayewar duniya da kuma rashin aiki.
A watan Agusta na 1963, wakilin Sakharov, a karon farko a tarihinsa, ya bude makaman nukiliya, wanda ya fara sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar gwajin makaman nukiliya. Irin wannan matsayi na zamantakewa na masanin kimiyya shine sanadin rikicin nasa tare da hukumomi. A shekarun 1960, ma'aikatar wakilai su zama masu sha'awar KGB, da Sakharov da kansa ya shiga cikin shugabannin shugabannin 'yancin ɗan adam na USSR kuma suka sami ɗaukakar ganowa.
A shekarar 1966, Andrei Dmitrievich tare da hadin gwiwar 24 da al'adu da kuma al'adu da kuma al'adu da kuma al'adun gargajiya da rashin daidaituwa na Joseph Vissarionvich Stalin. Kuma bayan shekaru 2, bayan bugawa a Amurka, littafin Sakharov "tunani game da ci gaba, 'yancin kulawa da hankali", malamin ya cire daga abu mai zuwa. A lokaci guda, bisa ga ra'ayoyin jama'a na siyasa, Sakharov ya hadu da Alexander Ishaku Solzhenitsitsynitsitsyn.
Ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan zamantakewa da siyasa a maimakon kimiyya, a cikin 1970, ƙaddamarwa na wakilai ya kirkiro Kwamitin Moscow. A lokaci guda, abokan aikin Andrei Dmitrievich a cikin Kwalejin Kimiyya na Ussr sun la'anci ra'ayoyin na Sakharov a cikin littattafan jaridu.
Kawai likita ne kawai na kimiyyar lissafi da ilimin lissafi Shafarevich Shafarevich ya rubuta wasiƙar buɗe game da waɗanda aka azabtar da masanin kimiyya. A halin da ake ciki, masanan wakili ya ci gaba da jagorantar ayyukan siyasa na aiki kuma har ma ya rubuta littafin "game da kasar da duniya da duniya da aka samu daga baya.
Rayuwar sirri
Akwai damar aiwatar da ayyukan kimiyya, Sakharov ya mai da hankali kan matattarar siyasa kan wadanda suka faru, a daya daga cikin wanda ya zama sananne tare da Elena Gorcevna Bonneere, wanda ya yi aure. Ta zama mace ta biyu ta sanannen masanin kimiyya. Elena Gorgilna, rabin Bayahude, rabin Armeniyanci da asali, ya rabu da ra'ayoyin matar. Ganin ku da Andrei Dmitrievich Elen Gegorvna ya riga ya sami nasarar kasancewa cikin Semenov, daga abin da yara biyu suka haihu. Sonan da 'yari Bonneere suna zaune a Amurka.
Matar ta farko da ma'aikatar ta kasance ta Claudia Vichirva, a aure da wacce Andrei Dmitrievich aka haife yara uku. Claudia Alekseeevna ya mutu shekara guda a shekara kafin ganawar Sakharov tare da Elena Bonnere. Ya sake yin aure, 'yan wakilai sun bar matasa daga aure na farko don kula da dattawa, kuma ya nemi manufofin sa.
Dan asalin ɗan wasan dan yankin Dmitmica a zuciyarsa babban laifi mai zurfi ga mahaifinsa domin cin mutuncinsa. A cikin wata hira, Dmitry ya fada cewa bayan aure zuwa Elena Bonnere Andrei Sakhariv ya manta game da 'ya'yansa na farko da ake kira kansa da magaji na farko da barcin mafi girman majamumi.
Andrei Dmitrievich ya mai da hankali ne a kan sabon dangi, jefa yara daga auren farko don magance matsalolin sa. Dmitry sun tuno cewa ko da a cikin mawuyacin lokaci ba kusa ba. Hoto na yara tare da mahaifinsa shi ne duk abin da Dmmry ya kasance da 'yan'uwa mata a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar irin wannan asalin da irin wannan mutumin nesa a lokaci guda.
A cikin 1980, Andenei Dmitsievic, tare da Elena Gorgshevna ya tsare kuma ya aika zuwa mahadar. Wurin in bauta wa hukuncin shine birnin Gorky (Nahhny Novgorod). Tsohon takwarorinsu a Kwalejin Kimiyyar Kimiyya a bayyane sun soki Sakharov saboda abubuwan da ya yi wa Jagorar Amurka da neman tura hannu kan kungiyar Soviet.
A cikin 1986, a lokaci guda tare da farkon lokacin resurraturing, an sake fasalin Sakharov kuma ya koma Moscow. Bayan dawowa, Andrei Dmitrievich sake sake karban ilimin kimiyya, duk da cewa bai yi irin wannan binciken ba, a lokacin da ya sadu da shugabannin Amurka da na Turai.
Mutuwar Andrei Sakharov
A gaban rasuwar Sakharov, ya shirya babban yajin aiki na siyasa, yana jaddada cewa wannan ne farkon mataki. Wannan matakin ya zama dalilin da zai dauki mutuwar Andrei Dmitevich da tashin hankali, wato, kisan kan dalilan siyasa.
Dangane da sigar ta biyu, wacce sigar masani ta taimaka, mutuwar Sakharov ta hanzarta mata ta biyu Eyca Bonnere. Elena Gorgivna fiye da yadda ya sa ya sa mijinta ya sa ya ayyana yajin aikin yunwa, da yake cewa game da matsalolinsa da zuciya, shekaru da kuma yadda ake iya yin tunani game da abinci na Sakharov.
Daga cikin burin Bonneare ana kiranta sha'awar taimaka wa yaransu daga bikin farko da ke zaune a Amurka, kuma a gaban jama'a na samar da jami'an da ya zama wanda aka azabtar babban mulkin al'ada na USSR.
A cikin hunturu na 1989, Andrei Dmitvich ya ji ciwo, kuma a Disamba 14, ya mutu. An dauke shi da gangan game da mutuwa don dakatar da zuciya. A cikin tunawa da gudummawar Sakharov zuwa kimiyya, ana kiransa da sunan wakilin, da kuma bude da kuma sarrafa gidan tarihi mai suna bayan Sakharov.
Sakharov asalin ɗan - Dmitry - ya mutu a Moscow a cikin 2021. Sanadiyyar mutuwarsa ita ce matsaloli da zuciya.
Kyauta da nasarori
- Nobel Kyautar Zaman Lafiya (1975)
- Gwarzo na aikin gurguzu
- Tsari na Lenin
- Jubilee lambar yabo ta jubilee "don kwararrun ma'aikata"
- Lambar yabo ta "don ƙarfin aiki a cikin babban yakin mai kishin ƙasa na 1941-1945"
- Lambar Tsaro "
- Jubilee Lambewa "Shekaru talatin na nasara a cikin babban yakin mai kishin 1941-1945"
- Shekaru na Jushilee "Shekaru arba'in na nasara a cikin yakin mai kishin ƙasa na 1941-1945"
- Lambobin "don ci gaban budurwar budurwa"
- Lambar ruwa "a ƙwaƙwalwa ta shekara 800 na Moscow"
- Oda na giciye
- Kyautar Leninsky
- Karatun Stalinsky