Tari
Ya shiga cikin "Babban Takardar Troika" mai furen almara a kan wani fam tare da Aixov Asimov da Arthur Clark. Akai-akai kar a karbi Prindicious Prindicio Live "Hugo" da "hade". Sunansa shine asteroid da Mariya Crater. Wannan shi ne Robert Hanine, marubucin Amurka, wanda ya yi tasiri yadda labaran kimiyya yayi kama da yanzu.Yaro da matasa
Robert Enon Jainline an haife shi a garin Butler, Missouri, 7 Yuli, 1907. Iyayensa suna da yara bakwai, Robert - na uku. Iyalin sun zauna a gidan mahaifinta, yayin da yaron bai yi shekara uku ba. Sai dai mahaifinsa ya sami aiki a Kansas City, kuma dangin sun koma can.
Fiye da shekara huɗu sama da shekara huɗu, Robert ta kasance a cikin kakan, har sai ya mutu. Kakana Alva Lyle ne ya gabatar da babbar jariri don almara mai zuwa, yin soyayya don karantawa da ingantaccen Kimiyya. Robert, bayan tunawa da kakar, sau da yawa ana amfani da Alias na Lyle Monroe, lokacin da ya fara aikin marubuci.
A shekarar 1920, ta shiga makarantar sakandare ta tsakiya, Robert ta zama mai sha'awar ilimintaka. Ka'idar juyin halittar Charles Darwin Darwin ta burge shi kuma an nuna shi a cikin masu kirkirar kirkira. Lover na warware ayyukan da ba daidai ba ne a ilimin lissafi, saurayin ya yi amfani da sha'awa daga baya, alal misali, a cikin labarin "... Kuma ya gina curly domnko."
Bayan makaranta, Hanline ya yanke shawarar danganta rayuwa tare da rundunar motoci. Don yin wannan, ya zama dole a shiga makarantar kimiyya, wanda ya juya ya zama kalubale. Da farko, domin samun damar shiga cikin gwajin gabatarwar, ya zama dole don kare wani daga cikin membobin majalisar dattijai ko Majalisa.
Abu na biyu, ɗayan dangi ya kai shi ne aka fara yin karatun ɗan'uwan Robert. Saurayin ya yi aiki tukuru - Har ila yau, ya kawo su nan da nan nan da nan kai tsaye da Sanata James A. Domin shekara, Sanata ta sami haruffa 100 daga masu neman ANAPOLIC Academy, 50 daga cikinsu - daga Hanline.
Don haka a cikin 1925, Robert ne ya cimma nasa kuma ya fara karatunsa da himma. Bayan shekaru 4, ya kare tare da cibiyar ilimi, Guy da harbi, kuma harbin harbi, kuma ya zama ashirin a jerin haraji sama da ɗari biyu. Kuma zan iya zama na biyar, amma yanayin da suka rasa saboda matsaloli tare da horo. Har zuwa 1934, an tilasta wa Robert a cikin rundunar motoci, sannan aka tilasta shi saboda cutar tarin fuka don barin aikin soja.
Litattafai
Kashe rubuce-tashen hankula Rasha raba rayuwar kirkirar hineine na lokaci. Koyaya, abokan aikinsu na ƙasashensu na ƙasashensu don kauce wa rabuwa, kamar yadda akwai koyaushe ayyukan da suke kusa da kowane tsarin.
Littattafan farko na Robert Hainline - "Muna, rayuwa," ya juya ya zama marasa nasara. Fuskar tarihi ta fara rubuta labaran daga abin da sake zagayowar "tarihin nan gaba" ya tashi. Centry na XX ya fito ba kamar yadda Hasashen marubucin ba, amma a cikin 1980s ya halicci sake zagayowar duniya kamar yadda tatsuniyoyin gaskiya da almara.
Farkon littafin da aka buga a 1947 "Jirgin Roka Galileo Galileo". Da farko, sabon labari bai so buga, kamar yadda filin jirgin zuwa ga wata ba mai amfani ba. Amma har yanzu almakancin kimiyya ya sami mai shela kuma ya fara sakin littafin kowace shekara, wanda ya shiga abin da ake kira yanayin matasa.
Waɗannan littattafan suna da ban sha'awa ga mai karatu na kowane zamani, mai sauƙin sauƙi kuma masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, amma ba a cikin abun ciki ba. Ba koyaushe yake son maararrun ba. Misali, a cikin "jan Planet", editan bai son hanyar kiwo tsakanin mazaunan duniyar Mars da kuma cewa matasa suna da yarda da makamai.
Mashahures a tsakanin almara masu son "ƙofa zuwa bazara" (1956) da "Galaxy Citizenanci" (1957). Na farko wanda bai dace ba a matsayin mafi kyawun labari na ilimin kimiyya.
A ƙarshen 50s, Robert Sainline ya tashi tare da rawar marubucin don matasa. Wannan ya faru ne da godiya ga littafin Nandar "star saukowa" - wani amsar da ake samu ga kiran zuwa jihohin Na'urar Nukiliya. Bayan haka, an zargi littafin marubucin da na sojoji.
Tun 1961, Robert ya rubuta ga wani mai sauraron tsoffin kuma yana canza nf kanta. Ya shahara sosai kuma ya san shi a matsayin tsinkayen da har ma ya yi tsokaci game da saukowar sararin samaniya a kan wata a zahiri a cikin 1969.
Heinline ya zaci wani tunani daya, wanda daga baya ya zama cliché na goron na NF. Misali, ra'ayin baƙi parasitizing a kan qasa, yana rarraba nufinsu da tunaninsu, kamar yadda a cikin littafin "dafa abinci". The Novent "Orange a cikin ƙasar wani", wanda ke da taken aiki "Hehetnik", Hehetik "ya rubuta sama da shekaru 10 kuma ya saka hannun jari a cikin maƙarƙashiya. Bayan buga littafin labari, wani abin kunya ya faru saboda rashin daidaituwa na hotunan hoton na addini da jima'i.
A shekarun 1960, Fatan kimiyyar kimiyyar ya dawo kan nau'in fantasy, tare da yin amfani da canons wanda ya rubuta a shekarun 1940s na labarun. "Hanyar Valor" (1963) ita ce kawai "tsaftataccen" na marubucin. Satira, anti-Nagholopia, Mawallafi Falosafo ya kara a cikin aiki daga baya. Marubucin ya yi aiki da shekaru 48, kuma yanzu littafin ta ya ƙunshi litattafan 32 da yawa, da ƙananan ayyuka, ciki har da labarun 59.
Akwai fina-finai guda 4 a cikin Heinline: "Matching saukowa", "inda aka yi wa labari" Galileo Roka jirgin ruwa "(dangane da labarin" dukkanin "dafa abinci". Daga cikin waɗannan, kawai ƙarshen za a iya kiran abin da ke bautar, saboda a cikin sauran yanayin da niyyar gudanarwa da niyyar fassara shi.
Rayuwar sirri
A karo na farko, Heinline an hade tare da aure a cikin 1929 tare da Elininor Curry, ya saba da shi daga makaranta. Aure ya tashi a cikin 1930. Elinor bai so ya bar ƙasar City, da kuma hidimar sojan Robert ba ta nuna wasu. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, sake magana ta zamani sake yin aure - a kan mai fafutukar siyasa kuma kawai wata mace mace mai ban mamaki McDonald.
Bayan ya kammala aikin soja saboda rashin lafiya, Robert tare da ƙaddamar da matar da aka tsira a ayyukan siyasa wanda ya ɗauki kawancen gurguzu. Bayan haka, a shekarar 1938, ya yi ƙoƙarin zuwa babban taron jama'a, wanda bai yi nasara ba.
A lokacin yaƙin, Robert ya hadu da Virginia GershendFeld. Da farko, shi, dukda cewa ya faɗi cikin ƙauna, ba sa son halakar da aure da Lelin, amma har yanzu sun sake a cikin 1947, lokacin da matsaloli suka danganta da giya suka fara. Bayan shekara guda, ya aurata Virginia.
Wannan aure ya juya ya zama mafi nasara - ma'aurata sun yi nasara tare tsawon shekaru 40. Matar ta taimaka masa kuma ya goyi bayan shi, ya ba da ra'ayoyi, shine mu duka mai karatu na farko, da manajan, da sakataren.
A shekarun 1970 sun kawo matsala ga marubucin - fiye da shekaru biyu an bi da shi daga peritonitis. A shekarar 1978, bayan wani mummunan hari na zuciya Ischemiya, Heineine ya ɗauki mugunta. Matsar da ayyukan zuciya, ci gaba ya rubuta karin bayani biyar. Kuma har a cikin 1983 ya tafi Antarctica, kuma kafin hakan ya ziyarci sauran sauran nahiyoyi.
Mutuwa
By 1987, Lafiyar Heinlan ya kara dagula, yana bukatar kulawar likita ta dindindin. Roberta da Virginia su bar gidansu a Bonnie Dun kuma komawa zuwa garin Karmel. Mayu 8, 1988 Robert Heinline ya mutu a cikin mafarki. Pemphysema ta katse rayuwar da aka kirkirar shahararrun ilimin kimiyya na kimiyya. An ƙera shi, da ƙura da ya ƙi a cikin raƙuman Pacific.
Bayan mutuwar marubucin, a cikin 1989, matarsa ta ba da tarin "grumbling daga kabari", wanda ya shiga wasannin sa tare da masu shelar. A cikin tarin 1992 "Biyan: Wa'azin membobin Jagora" sun shiga labarun farko waɗanda ba a buga su ba lokacin rayuwar marubucin.
A cikin 2003, littafin farko "mu, rayuwa", rubuce a 1939 kuma anyi la'akari da su rasa. Kuma tare da zuwan Intanet, hotunan Robert Heinlayna, halittunsa da kuma ambaliyar da yawa daga cikin littattafan Babban Jagora na Babban Jagoranci suna samuwa ga duka.
Littafi daya
- 1941 - "Yaran Malfusaail"
- 1942 - "Akwai, a sama,
- 1947 - Jirgin Roka Galileo
- 1948 - "Cadet Cadet"
- 1949 - "Red Planet"
- 1950 - "manomi a sama"
- 1951 - "dafa abinci"
- 1951 - "Tsakanin taurari"
- 1952 - "sararin samaniya dutse"
- 1953 - "Mirebiya Jones"
- 1954 - "Star Beast"
- 1955 - "Ruwa a sararin sama"
- 1956 - "Star biyu"
- 1956 - "lokaci domin taurari"
- 1956 - "kofa zuwa bazara"
- 1957 - "Galaxy Citizen"
- 1958 - "Za a yi Jade - Za a yi tafiya"
- 1959 - "Star saukar"
- 1961 - "baƙo a cikin wani baƙon baƙo"
- 1963 - "Matsakaicin sararin samaniya"
- 1963 - "babbar hanya"
- 1963 - "Mariya Podkin"
- 1964 - "Sanarwar Farnah"
- 1966 - "Wata - Harsh uwar gida"
- 1970 - "Ba ni da abun ciye-ciye" ("wucewa kwarin ɗan adam inuwa")
- 1973 - "isasshen lokaci don ƙauna"
- 1979 - "Yawan dabba"
- 1982 - "Jumma'a"
- 1984 - "Ayyuka, ko ba'a da izgili"
- 1985 - "Cat yana wucewa ta bangon"
- 1987 - "taso kan ruwa ga faɗuwar rana"
- 2003 - "mu, rayuwa"