Tari
Thomas Hardy - Playwright da Mataita, marubucin waƙoƙi da labarai, wanda ya yi aiki akan fadada zamanin Victoria. Marubucin ya yi ba da sanarwa ga littafin Social, wanda aka mamaye shi da rashin damuwa, jaruntakar aikinsa ba su iya yin tsayayya da yanayin rayuwar, gine-ginen jama'a da kuma busa makomar rayuwar.Yaro da matasa
Thomas Hardy an haife shi ne a watan Yuni 1840 a cikin gundumar dorset. Thean ubangijin marubucin - Manyan, amma ƙazamar cutar da mahaifinsa da kakaninsa dole ne su yi aiki da kyawawan ɗakunan dutse. Iyalin da yara maza biyu suka girma kuma mata biyu suka zauna a ƙauyen babban Bokhampton, kuma yawan mutane hamsin ne suke zaune.
Uwa ta tsunduma cikin renon yara. Kasancewa karamin mace, ba ta son magada don kiyaye rayuwa mai ban tsoro, kuma ta fahimci cewa ya kamata a fara da ilimi mai kyau. Thomas ya tafi makarantar Ikklesiya, kuma, haka kuma, ya karanta da yawa a jira. Iyaye sun shirya ɗanta don sadaukar da saniya da San, amma ya juya cewa ruhun ƙarya ba ƙarya ba.
Yana da shekara 16, Thomas ya zama mai sha'awar gine-ginen, kuma saurayin ya yarda ya aiwatar da kamfanin a Dorchester, wanda ya mayar da tsoffin gine-gine. A lokaci guda, Hardy nazarin zanen, Helenanci da Latin. Tun da yin tafiya zuwa London, marubucin na gaba sun gama aiki daga Kwalejin Royal kuma ya zauna don yin aiki a Blifield, Makarantar Tsarin Harkokin Harkokin Harkokin Shugaba Kamfanin ɗan bishop, wanda ya kasance Sir Bourfield, musamman a maido da majami'u da sauran tsarin addini.
Litattafai
Komawa zuwa Dorchester na wani masani na dan zaman lafiya, Hardy ya shirya yin maido, amma a lokaci guda ya fara yin matakai na farko a cikin wallafe-wallafen. Farkon labari Thomas "Pozhnyak da Uwargida" Ba sa kai zuriyar - marubucin ya halaka rubutun bayan ya karɓi mai shela. Domin kada ka yi baƙin ciki a kimantawa game da baiwa a nan gaba, marubucin ya buga ba a sani ba aiki mai zuwa - "da matsanancin kudi".
A cikin shekarar 1872, mai shela "'yan'uwa Tinsley" ya ga hasken "a gindin itace da ake kira" Nomans na haruffa da yanayin haruffa ". Da farko an nuna sunan marubucin kawai kawai shekaru 4 ne kawai bayan murfi da aka buga a Amurka.
Nov labari shine rayuwa na mawaƙa na mawaƙa na garin Melellstock, wanda Chretotyra Stinford, wanda Sant Hardy ya kafa shi. Sabili da haka, shafukan Thomas sun fi tunanin tunanin yara, kwatancen wurare na ainihi. A cikin 2005, Nicolas Lafland, wanda ya harbe sanannen jerin "tsarkakakken kisan kai", ya koma aikin Nasari zuwa Telexer.
Abubuwan da suka faru game da rayuwar su na Hardy da aka yi amfani da su kuma yayin rubuta wani labari "shuɗi idanu" - yanayin da ake samu da budurwa ta farko tare da matsayin zamantakewa na mace da mace. An rubuta babban gwarzo na Elficid daga ƙaunataccen marubucin Emma.
Littafin labari "nesa da taron mutane masu ban tsoro" ya kawo marubucin 'yancin kai na' yancin kai da 'yancin kai da' yancin kai. A karshe Thomas jaki a Dorchester, gina wani gida kuma ya sami damar yin wani yanki na musamman. Hakanan samfurin ya kasance yana kare. A cikin Melodrame game da soyayya Triangle a sau daban-daban, Jonathan Frie, ƙaramin ɗan'uwan Colin Förta, da kwandon shara, Michael da Cary Malligan, terens hatimin Malligan, terens hatimin Malligan, terenens hatimin Malligan, terenens hatimin Malligan, terenens hatimin Malligan, terenens hatimin Malligan, terenens hatabid christistig.
Labarin "Hannun Eitelberton" ya fusata a kusa da wakilan mafi girman haske, amma masu ba da shawarar Tomministeristeristeristerister Insha, inda labari " Komawa mahaifiyar "ya rubuta. Hardy ya yi aiki mai kyau a cikin tunanin masu karatu, ya ba da labarin wata aure mai aure da ke karewa daga gidan da ƙaunarta.
Tunanin jan zaren ya wuce ta hanyar cewa wanda yake kokarin yaki da ikon makomar zai mai da kansa kabari. Mai zuwa "babban bututun mai" "biyu a kan hasumiya" da "son kai ma suna sadaukar da kai ga rayuwa ta Turanci.
A cikin littafin labari "magajin gari na Kestbridge", Hardy yayi magana game da makamin marasa gida, wanda godiya ya zama magajin gari na birnin, amma ba za a iya gudanar da garin Pyramid na zamantakewa ba Rayuwa ta rayuwa, da rayukansu kewaye. A shekara ta 2003, Daraktan Burtaniya David Tufer yayi fim tare da sunan daya tare da halartar Juliet Obelli, mai kwalliya mai walwala da James Pürfoy.
Wataƙila shahararren rubutun Thomas Hardy ana ɗauka "tess daga gidan D'Erberville." A sabon labari ya firgita shahararren jama'a Victoria, bai rasa takaddun takardu ba, da masu sukar kwalliya, tuki marubucin a cikin mai yanke shawara da rikicin.
Rayar da yarinyar da ke yin hadaya da kai saboda dangi, ya mamaye alamomi da ra'ayin cewa babban-jeri baya sanya mutum farin ciki. Dangane da aikin, ba jerin ɗaya ba da fim mai cike da fulawa. Jamma Arthon ya yi ta hanyar Jamma Artthon, Madhuri Dixit, Nastasya Kinski.
The Novent "Yahuda ba shi yiwuwa" - na ƙarshe a cikin adadin ayyukan da aka rubuta a cikin wannan nau'in. Thomas, a duk lokacin da raƙuman la'anar la'ana da zargi, a wannan karon ya sha wahala rashin nasara. Bishop Wafinnafawa yana shirya ƙirar kwafin littafin, kamar dai alamar wasu magoya baya, ta yaya haɗari kaɗan da rashin haɗari ne irin wannan karkatacciyar koyarwa.
Daga wannan lokacin, Hardy ya juya hankali ga hankali ga fyoman eboic siffofin, wanda koyaushe ya ɗauki wuri da farko. Masu binciken na kirkirar marubucin Turanci ya ƙidaya fiye da waƙoƙi 1000 da Nassi, United a cikin tarin warwatse.
A cikin 1898, "waƙar Webesc" ta fito, marubucin ya kunshi aikin da aka rubuta a lokatai lokacin da Thomas da sha'awar maganganun. A cikin wannan, kamar yadda a cikin wasu tarin guda bakwai, Hardy ya rubuta kan batutuwa tsaki - ya yi wa matarsa ga matarsa, ya bayyana kyakkyawa rayuwar rustic da kuma yanayin gida.
A farkon karni na 20, Thomas Hardy ya yi kira ga tsarin almara na almara, bin sanarwar tarihin ta yakin ta na Napoleon Bonoparte a ayoyi. Wasan, da ake kira "dinastarta", aka buga a sassa uku. A cikin 1923, "sanannen bala'i na sarauniya na sarauniya" an buga shi, wanda ya dogara da almara na Celthur da Table Knights.
Duk da karamar, hukunci game da jama'a, an ji marubucin a cikin da'irar rubutu ta hanyar mai iko. Hardy ya zama mai girmama makarantar kwaleji na kungiyar Magdalen Kwalejin Koleji na Magdalen da kwalejin Sarauniya, wanda aka karɓi likita na Cambridge da Oxford Jerla. A shekara ta 1912, an baiwa Thoomas da zinare na zinare na jama'a.
Rayuwar sirri
Matar farko ta Thomas Hardy a shekara ta 1874 ita ce Emma Lavinia Gifford. Yarinyar ta lissafa ga Sidier zuwa firist, wanda mahallan shi marubuci zai dawo. Cum ɗinsa a cikin 1912th ya zama babban leitmotif na lyricat "waƙoƙin 1912-1913".
Wahala "tunani game da tsoratar da labarin mutuwarta" an sadaukar da shi ga dan uwan a kan layin iyaye. An zaci cewa Thomas ta fara sabon labari ne wanda ba ya rasa ɗan leda da ma'aurata ma a asirce a asirce.
A karo na biyu, mura wani tsufa a kan Emily Florence Dagdale. Marubucin ya sadu da ita a 1905, Emily ta koyar a cikin makarantar mata. Shekaru biyu bayan rasuwar Emma, Thomas yi shawara, da Dagdale, ba tsoro da shekara 40, ya ci shi. Kamar yadda masu bi bacogphers suka lura, a duk rayuwarsu marubuci marubuci, kuma sun sake da littafin labarin, tare da mace mai rai, marubucin ya nuna waƙoƙin mamaci.
Babu a farkon aure ko a cikin aure na na biyu a Thomas bashi da yara.
Mutuwa
A karshen shekarar 1927, Thomas ya zama bayi kuma ya mutu a watan Janairun 1928 a Gateox Estate Max. Jaruhari na Janairu 16 a watan Janairu a Westminster Abbey. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: An binne jikin Hardy a cikin kudu na haikalin, da zuciya tana da systlord, a cikin kabarin matarsa na farko.
Shekarar da bayan mutuwar mijinta, Florence ya buga littafin "farkon rayuwar Thomas Hardy, 1841-1891", a cikin wanne kalamansa aka tattara.
Jim kadan kafin mutuwar Thomas Hardy an zabi shi ga kyautar Nobel a littattafai da bayar da umarnin da oda.
Littafi daya
- "A ƙarƙashin itacen kore"
- "Blue Eye"
- "Ya rarrabu daga taron jama'a"
- "Rashin kulawa"
- "A cikin gefen gandun daji"
- "Tess daga gidan D'Erberville"
- "Jude ba da ma'ana"
- "Wessekse Poom"
- "Sanannen sarauniyar Sarauniyar Balaguro"