Tari
Marubucin mai ban sha'awa na ban sha'awa na ban sha'awa Main Reed ya kasa jin daɗin shahararrun rayuwa cikakke. Littafi daya ne daga mutane 60 da gaske ƙaunataccen - "Hawsi ba tare da kai ba." Tasanin tarihin marubucin yana da arziki a cikin abubuwan da suka faru, wanda daga baya aka nuna akan shafukan ayyuka. Koyaya, duk da ikon nuna ainihin abin aukuwa a kan takarda, babba Reed ya mutu ta hanyar bata, rashin lafiya da talakawa.Yaro da matasa
Thomas Main Reed an haife shi ne a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1818 a cikin karamar ƙauye na Irish na Boboni. An kawo shi a cikin gidan addini: Uba Thomas babban abin ragewa daga Fasto, kuma mahaifiyar kuma Ann Ann Ann Reed shi ne 'yar firist, duka scots.
Sunan babban yaro wanda ya samu lokacin da aka yi masa baftisma, tayin girmama majibin. Tun da mahaifinsa kuma ya kira Thomas babban, marubucin na gaba "sun rasa" sunan farko - don dacewa, don dacewa, don kada a rikice. Tun daga ƙuruciya, ma an sake sanin abin da talauci. Dole ne iyaye suyi aiki da yawa don kada su yi fama da yunwa. Yaron kuma bai cire mummunan aikin ba. Daga baya ya taimaka masa ya dace da yanayin m filin kuma ƙirƙirar aikin soja nasara.
Mahaifaya ya so na na zuwa gādo, ya zama firist. Saboda haka, a watan Satumbar 1834, yaron ya shiga cikin Cibiyar Lafiya ta Karatu na Belfastic. A nan ya yi karatu shekaru hudu, amma bai taba samun ƙarfi don kammala ilimin ba. Reed ya dawo ga ƙauyensa na ƙasa ya fara koyarwa a makaranta.
A watan Disamba 1839, babban ya zauna a kan jirgin ruwa a Damfris, kuma bayan watanni biyu sun dora cikin New Orleans, Louisiana. Anan, marubucin na gaba ya sami wasiƙar zuwa masana'antar masara, wani lokacin sai ya yi ciniki da chokes a kasuwa. Watanni shida, ya bar birnin saboda mummunan kula da bayi: Su, kamar dabbobi, suna doke dabbobinsu, sun doke su wanke. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru sun nuna a cikin "kwata", rubuce a cikin 1856.
Daga New Orlans, Reed ya koma zuwa Tennessee, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin malami. A karshen shekarar 1840, ya bude wata makaranta a cikin Nashville.
Adabi da aikin soja
A karshen 1842, Manyan sun koma Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, kuma fara aikin adabi. Saurayi ya rubuta labarai game da tafiye-tafiyensa a Amurka, an buga su a cikin "Pittsburgh Whitechentar. Hakanan akan shafukan jaridar jerin jerin waƙoƙi "al'amuran al'amura daga West India" sun bayyana.
A farkon 1843, marubucin ya koma Philadelphia. Ya ci gaba da buga rubutu a cikin mujallolin ("mujallar Mady ta ce", "mujallar Graham", "injallar Magazin National"), ɓoye a baya kamar yadda a Pittsburgh. A nan ne, a cikin Philadelphia, babban reed hadu da mystic Allan ta. Latterarshen da ake kira abokin aikinsa "na dillalan, amma mafi yawan hotunan maƙaryaci", ta nan jaddada ikon dogaro da abubuwan da suka faru.
A cikin bazara na 1846, lokacin da yaƙin ya fara tsakanin Mexico da Amurka, Reed ya yi aiki a matsayin wanda aka buga a karkashin batun New York Hereld Word da kuma buga a karkashin Tallasium na Gymnasium.
A ranar 23 ga Nuwamba na wannan shekarar, babban ya shiga cikin saƙo na farko na ba da gudummawar New York a cikin Matsayin Lieutenant. A watanni da yawa, sojojin sun yi rayuwa a tsibirin Lobos, sannan suka ɗauki sashi cikin kewaye da garin Mexico na garin Veracus. A cikin jaridar "ruhun zamani" sau da yawa ya bayyana labarin motsa jiki na motsa jiki game da abubuwan da suka faru. Sun sami sunan "suna wakoki".
A ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1847, a cikin yaƙin na Chapultepecec, babban Reed sun karɓi rauni mai wuya a cikin cinya. Hannun makamai sun yanke shawarar cewa an kashe marubucin. Kusan wata rana da ya yi a filin daga cikin gawawwakin, ya tsayar da hare-hare na Marauders kafin a isar da shi kuma a kawo shi asibiti. Don ƙarfin hali, wanda aka bayyana a cikin yaƙi, mutumin ya tashi zuwa kyaftin. A ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1848, ya yi murabus ya koma New York.
Tunani ya bi manyan nasarorin farko. A watan Oktoba na wannan shekara, a kan mataki na wasan wasan kwaikwayo na wallat don bala'in "shahidai na ƙauna", wanda babba ya rubuta a gaban yakin. A ranar 277 ga Yuni, 1849, Haske ya ga labarin "rayuwar soja, ko jami'in kasada na hasken debary" game da rayuwar rayuwa a fagen fagen fama. Aboki na Reed, Don Don Donna Piatt, ya nuna shi a matsayin marubuci mai ɗaukar hoto, da sukar da jin daɗi:
"Littafin farko wanda yake ci gaba da ya rubuta a gidana da ya yi hunturu. Ya zo daga yakin Mexico, wanda aka yi wa ado da mai nauyi rauni kuma wanda ya rufe shi da alfahari a cikin karamar sojojinmu. Lokacin da bai kula da kyawawan 'yan matan sa ba kuma bai yi tsalle ba a Mare, ya rubuta wani sabon labari wanda aikin zai gudana a cikin Mexico kuma a cikin iyakar Mexico. A cikin maraice, yana karanta mu shugaban wannan labari (dan mai karatu ne mai ban dariya), kuma idan ba a rubuta shi ba, a cikin ransa, ya yaba, fushi ya je gado, da yawa daga ciki bai sake karba ba ga gashin tsuntsu kuma ya hau gidan wasan tare da gandun daji na daji. Na lura cewa domin ya ceci Jenny Fry, kuna buƙatar yabe aikinsa. "Jami'in da ke da dama ya sake son shiga cikin juyin kula da Bavaria, amma raunin da ya cutar da su da kuma rashin kudi. Maimakon haka, ya dawo gida cikin Ireland, kuma a cikin 1850 ya isa London, inda ya buga sabon labari na farko "Volnaya kibiya ta Volnaya."
Aikin yana da yawa autobograogicaly. Babban halin, kyaftin din ya yi babban aiki, ya shiga cikin yakin Mexico. Saboda haka, babu labari a cikin littafin, akasarinsa ya ƙunshi zane da abubuwan ban sha'awa daga rayuwar sojoji.
Don wannan labari suna biye da "mafarautan mutum", "zaune a cikin hamada", "a cikin Barcin Bison". Aikin ƙarshe an rubuta shi a cikin note na ilimin halitta. Abubuwan da suka faru suna faruwa a Louisiana. Suites daga Faransa, Uba da 'ya'ya uku maza, su nemo fata farin Bison. Ba zai yiwu a saya ko'ina, don haka 'yan uwan suka yanke shawarar nemo dabbobi da kansu da kisa ba. Suna haɗuwa cikin labarin da makircin da ba su da kyau: Misali, yaran suna da jakar beads, wanda aka sanya karfin iko.
Ayyukan farko na babban Reed sanya shi sanannen a cikin kunkuntar da'irori. Don haka, Theodore Roosevelt, Shugaban Amurka 26 na gaba na jawo hankalin aikin novice. Bayan haka, ya zama babban fan na marubuci.
A cikin shekaru 10 masu zuwa, Reed ya rubuta 23 aiki. Daga cikin su, labari na tarihi na tarihi "ocole, shugaban sminols" ana iya bambance shi a cikin GDR a cikin ranar GDR a cikin 1971), labarin "Tekun Voltchonok, ko tafiya zuwa Ranar ta", Kazalika da ci gaba da "rasa a cikin teku", zagayen labulen a kan Afrika, wanda aka yi ado da safar hannu mai haske, game da Ingila "game da Ingila" game da Ingila a gaban Ingila na 1640-1641.
A cikin 1865, wani labari, mai girman kai, mai girman kai, - "dawakai ba tare da kai ba." A karo na farko a rayuwarsa, marubucin ya sami babban kuɗi. Kada ku san yadda ake amfani da su ta hanyar tattalin arziki, sai ya jefa hannun jari a cikin ayyukan baƙon shaida: ci gaban ƙauyen Turanci na Jerads, da sake gina Gidajan Mexico. Gina duk kudin, a watan Nuwamba 1866, sake fashewa ya zama bashi. Ya sami damar ci gaba ko ƙasa da ƙirar matsalolin kuɗi na kudi a watan Janairu 1867.
Don neman tsohon shahararren, marubucin ya tashi daga London zuwa Amurka da kuma kafa mujallar Magazin Magazine ta Univare. Sabon ayyukansa bai burge masu sauraro ba. Rabi saboda rikicewar juyayi, tsohuwar rauni rauni infleded. Cutar tana da mahimmanci, kuma ya yi rabin shekara a asibiti. A cikin shekarar 1870, marubucin marubucin ya koma London, wanda rashin sha'awar aikinsa ya wulakanta shi.
Rayuwar sirri
A cikin 1851, lokacin da babban rage yana da shekara 33, ya sadu da Alisabus, 'yarsa ga mai shela. Sannan yarinyar tana da shekara 13 kawai, don haka ba ta kula da wani marubuci mai nasara ba. A cikin rubutarta ta rubuta:
"Sau ɗaya a maraice, kyaftin Main Reed ya zama bako a cikin gidan incin. Kafin wannan mummunan maraice, ban ma ji sunansa ba. "
Kuma marubucin ya faɗi cikin ƙauna tare da budurwa a kallo. Shekaru 2, ya dogara ne ga Elizabeth, kuma a cikin 1853 ma'auratan sun yi aure. Ma'aurata ba ta raba bukatun jama'a ba, kuma aurensu da alama a wanzuwa don gazawa. Yarinyar ba ta san yadda ake halartar tattalin arzikin tattalin arziki ba, kuma babu kuɗi ga ma'aikatan sabis a cikin iyali. Duk da haka, Hidi ya kasance da aminci ga mijinsa har zuwa ƙarshe zamanin rayuwarsa. Ba su da yara.
Shekarun da ya gabata da mutuwa
A cikin 1870, bayan ya dawo London, Reed ya kasance mai tawayar. Abubuwan da ke kwarewa sun tsananta zafin a cikin cinya. Wani marubuci mai sau da yawa ya dawo kerawa, ya rubuta litattafai, amma ba wanda ya tuna da al'ummomin Amurka da Amurka. Daga qarshe, ya fadi cikin almubazzaranci, babban yanke shawarar kada ya yabi zafi kuma ya zama nakasassu. Domin shekaru 10 na ƙarshe na rayuwa, ba zai iya motsawa ba tare da crutsches ba.
Babban Reed ya mutu a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1883, a shekarar 66th na rayuwa, a London. Kabarinsa yana cikin kore na Kensal.
Bayan mutuwa, shahararren marubucin a cikin wata ƙasa mai girma Britain da Amurka ba su ƙaru ba, amma an sayi tarin rubuce-rubucen a cikin USSR. Ya kasance a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a 1973 "Hawaye ba tare da kai ba" aka mallaki. Gaskiya ne, an dakatar da babban Real Fil Filmography.
Littafi daya
- 1849 - "Sojoji, ko Kasadar Jami'in Haske"
- 1850 - "kibiyoyi na Volonaya"
- 1853 - "A cikin binciken farin Bison"
- 1856 - "Quarterka"
- 1859 - "otasle, shugaban Seminols"
- 1859 - "Teku voltchonok"
- 1864 - "An rasa a cikin teku"
- 1864 - "farin safar hannu"
- 1865 - "Haworman ba tare da kai ba"
- 1866 - "bandolo, ko bikin aure a cikin tsaunika"
- 1868 - "Matar Yarinya"
- 1872 - "Yõmin yatsa.
- 1877 - "baƙar fata musanger"
- 1882 - "Mountain!