Tari
Gustve Kourbe, malamin Faransa na karni na XIX, ya zama mashahuri godiya ga wuce gona da iri na yanayin tsirara. Canvas ya rikice da masu sauraro ta hanyar magana. Marubucin Alexander Duma (ɗa), da zarar an ga hoton "barci", ana kiranta Kourba "mutum da zane-zane." Har wa yau, aikin "The Asalin duniya" ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan ƙwarewa da aka tattauna.Yaro da matasa
An haifi Jean Dezer Gustata a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 1819 a cikin garin Oran, a cikin gidan dan itacen Razzai Kourbe. Daga matasa shekaru, Gustave ya nuna hali: A 1831, yaron ya ba wa wakilan wakilin, kuma mashawarta, yana sauraron hidmon, ya ki da laifin da laifi ya ki da laifi. Daya bayan wani, wakilan Ikklisiya sun gudu daga dan Faransa mai shekaru 12 a matsayin Iblis.
Perwakearamar Naval, yana son tallafawa martabar halin kirki, ya jagoranci jerin zunubai, waɗanda za a iya yi - daga rashin gaskiya da baƙon abu. Horarwa a cikin seminary bai ba 'ya'yan itatuwa ba, kuma a cikin 1837 gustaves a cikin kasancewar Uban zuwa kwalejin karatun besanshrusedence.
A lokaci guda, saurayi ya zama sha'awar zane, ya kasance yana cikin wakilcin Neriolessicism Charles-Antoine Flust. Kamfanin ya jawo hankalin Faransa mafi karfi fiye da hani. Kurba ya rubuta:
"A kwaleji, na koyi yadda zan raina rukunan. Na koyi duk abin da ake buƙata, kuma na yanke shawarar kada su zira da abubuwa marasa amfani. "A cikin 1839, saurayin ya tafi Paris, sanar da Uba wanda ya yi nazarin dama. A babban birnin Faransa, ya sadu da Francois bonven, a nan gaba wani babban mahaifi na ainihi. Ya nuna Luvre Kourba.
Kyakkyawan ra'ayi kan Faransa da ke samar da zane-zane daga kananan 'yan ƙasar Duhu da Tsallake Murillo, Francisco de Surbano, Francisco De Surbanoza. Daga baya, ya zama mai zane, Gustaves yayi amfani da zane don ƙirƙirar zane mai haske tare da sautunan duhu.
A karshe balaguron balaguron ƙarshe sun gamsar da saurayi a zabar zanen a matsayin babban aiki. Ya shiga bita na Romanist na Charles De Shthiben, sannan ya koma Switzerland kuma ya ci gaba da karatunsa. Wataƙila a fara tarihin rayuwar Kuourbe Artist.
Halitta
Ba a shirya wuraren shakatawa na Swisssshashops kuma har yanzu suna zaune - abu don hoton akan zane shi ne yanayin ɗan adam, yawancin lokuta tsirara. Wataƙila saboda rashin iya aiki tare da wani abu na Kourbe, da kirkirar haɓaka daga hotunan kai.
A cikin 1841, "Hoton kai tare da kare baƙar fata" aka rubuta. "Kayan ado" shi ne ƙofar da aka yi wa Grotto Plezir-phonten. A gwiwoyi na Gustva dan shekara 22 Gustva samu Black Speig, wanda a shekara ya rubuta wa iyaye:
"Na sami kare mai kyau, Ingilishi Inghaker Eniger, ya ba ni ɗayan abokansa; Kowa yana da farinciki, a cikin gidan da kuka yi farin ciki da ni fiye da ni. "A shekara ta 1844, "Hoton kai tare da kare baki" an saka shi a cikin salon Salon - Nunin Nunin Faransa. Daga baya, dubun hoton hoton kai ya rubuta: "Wani mutum da bututun mai", "in ji mutum, Mr. Kursbe!", Fid da zuciya.
A wannan shekarar, Gültobi Kourbe ya tafi kan tafiya zuwa Belgium da Netherlands, inda ya sadu da mai siyar da zane-zane. Godiya ga wannan, 7 Ayyukan Artist ya sayi Hendarrick Villem Mata - wanda ya kirkiro makarantar zanen, jagorar makarantar zanen, jagorar makaranta a Netherlands. Don haka koourbe ya zama sananne a wajen Faransa.
Bayan nasarar "autoasrist tare da baƙar fata", Paris Salon ya musanta zane-zane a cikin nunin - heyday na styin ilimi. "A'a" sun ji wasu masu zanen: Eugene Delacrox, gidaje masu onor, Theodore RousSeau, Anttoine Louis Bari. Tare da suka yi niyyar kirkiro sararin samaniya, wanda cikin martaba ba zai iya ba da salon Salon ba, amma tsare-tsaren ya keta juyin juya halin 1848.
Bayan juyin juya halin Musulunci, hoton tsare-tsafi tare da ingantacciyar tsari ya bayyana a cikin salon Paris. A cikin 1849, "Ranar yamma ta siya a cikin Orsan" Gwamnatin Faransa ta huta a cikin Ornan "da kuma Artist din da kansa ya ba da lambar yabo ta zinariya na Salon. An ba da sanarwar kyautar Gamustavu da za a nuna ba tare da izini ba.
A cikin 1853, Kurba ya kirkiro da ƙaddamar da hoton "masu iyo" a kotu. A tsakiyar zane yana nuna cikakkiyar mace daga baya. Ba kamar wakilan wakilan zamanin Renaissance ba, wannan mata a cikin ka'idojin zamani na zamani ne mai kauri, fly sped. Daya da sharhi ya lura cewa a gaban irin wannan jikin, "har ma da macido zai rasa ci."
Samu a hoto da dalilai na Baibul. Don haka, wurin Tumbai ya tunatar da Maryamu Magadaliya da Yesu Kristi daga mãkirci na wa'azin bishara "Kada ku taɓa ni" Nolio Me Tangere "). Mai kallo ya juya ya zama a shirye don irin wannan hoton mai gaskiya, da Napoleon III, ganin hoton, yana ganin hoton, yana nuna hoton, yana nuna cewa tare da bulala. Gustave Kourba, wacce ke jiran babbar yabo ta al'umma, ta sake sabuntawa:
"Na yi kuka duk duniyar fasaha."Mummunan sukar bai tsoratar da zanen ba, kuma ya ci gaba da jawo tsirara yanayi. Wani lokaci yana da alaƙa da mata daga hotunan hoto Faransa Vall de Villev, sabili da haka ayyukan Kourbe sun zama kamar ainihin hotuna, kuma ba kan zane-zane ba.
A cikin 1866, Gustina Kusobe ya rubuta zane-zanen wata biyu mai ban sha'awa a sau ɗaya, ɗayan daga cikin karni na ", an fara fara ne kawai a cikin karni na XX. A "Barcin" Canvas, wanda ya zama yankin jama'a a cikin 1872, ya haifar da wani guguwa da funation.
Ana nuna 'yan mata biyu mara kyau a hoton, tabbas bayan tashin hankali na jima'i - wartsates kayan ado aladu, crumpled gado. Abubuwan da ke cikin katangar na iya haifar da dalilin binciken 'yan sanda a cikin 1872. Fiye da karni, har zuwa 1988, an gudanar da aikin a cikin tarin tarin abubuwa don bugawa.
"Wane dodo ... wannan baskin zai iya faruwa? A karkashin abin da hula, wanda a wani tari, wanda aka shayar da cakuda giya, giya, gishirin miya, wannan mahaifarsa, da alama zama mutum da zane-zane, shine ebist na wawa Kuma ba shi da iko, "Alexander Duma ya fusata a cikin wata wasika ga yashi na Georges yashi, ganin" barci ".An yi sa'a, Duma Jr. bai sami mai ban tsoro na "Asalin duniya", amma ya zama mabuɗin maganin mafi girman sirrin - wanda shine mai kwaikwayo. A Canvas, an rubuta shi don Sheikh Sheriff Sheriff thha, wanda aka nuna wata alama da tips: a cikin fage an rufe su da gashin gashi, to - ciki da kuma ƙirji.
A cewar sigar gama gari, Kurba ta shirya Ireland Joanna Hiffernan - daya daga cikin "barci", mai son mai zane Yakubu whistler.
A shekara ta 2013, mai tattarawa mai da'awar sirri ya nuna cewa an samo sashin "asalin duniya". Hoton yana nuna shugaban yarinyar, ana zargin 'yan bindiga na jaruma na jan hankali. A cikin yarinyar, masanin tarihi Jean-Jacques Frenerer gane Hiffernan.
Ma'aikata Orsay Museum, inda ainihin "asalin" asalin duniya "yanzu an fallasa shi, an kalubalanci wannan ka'idar. A shekara ta 2018, masanin tarihi ya tsinke shuff ya lalace a cikin haruffa Alexander Duma (ɗa) zuwa Georges Sand magana:
"Ba zai yuwu a bayyana mafi kyawun m da cikakken goga goshin abinci Motro outmoiselle Kenya daga Opera."Kila, shi game da sanannen yar rawa Constance Kenya, wanda a lokacin rubuta "asalin duniya" ya farka daga Sheikh Khalil Sheriff Pasha. Masana tarihi na zamani suna yin la'akari da wannan tunanin shine mafi amincin.
"Asalin duniya" shine mafi yawan jin daɗi a cikin tarin Gustas Kourba. Rubuta a cikin 1866, ta tsira daga yakin duniya na biyu, an dauki shi a cikin asarar, amma a cikin 1955 aka samu ta hanyar psychoanlyst Jacques Lakan Lakan. An kiyaye aikin daga idanu masu diddigin idanu a bayan cannin cannol, ana yin sa a matsayin wahayi don rubuta aikin "Hudu na psychoanalysis."
Bayan mutuwar Lakan, an tura zanen zuwa gidan kayan gargajiya don biyan haraji don gado. Tun daga wannan lokacin, asalin duniya "an nuna shi a bayan gilashin buɗe ido, kuma mai tsaron yana kan zagaye-agogo, don dakatar da aikin mai dubawa.
Rayuwar sirri
Game da rayuwar mutum na Hustva Kourba sanannu ne. An ce mai zane yana karkatar da maganganu da simulari, gami da Joann Hifferman da Constance Kenya. Amma daya daga cikinsu, Virginia Bina, ta gudanar da kulawar Kourbe tsawon shekaru 10.
Ma'auratan sun hadu a Paris a farkon 1840s. A cikin 1847, suna da ɗa wanda aka ƙaddara don rayuwa shekaru 25. A cikin shekarun 1850s, masoya sun yada rana, da alama Gustavu ya gaji da al'umma kaɗai. Virginia ta bar ɗa ga kansa.
Mutuwa
A cikin 1871, Kurba ya goyi bayan tarihin Paris. Kwamishinan ya nada shi, wanda aikin sa shi ne kare ayyukan fasaha yayin kewaye Paris. Yin amfani da matsayin hukuma, mai zane da aka gabatar don rushe shafin wandom, wanda aka zargin ya samar da "ra'ayi game da rafi na jini a cikin lambun cikin lumana."
A kan Macewar Mata
"Shafin ... abin tunawa ne ga zalunci, alama ce ta karfi da kuma ɗaukakar dokar kasa, da ci gaba da kokarin daya daga cikin Manyan ka'idodi uku na Jamhuriyar Faransa - 'Yan uwa ... ".A ranar 18 ga Mayu, 1871, an rushe abin da aka rushe, kuma kwana 10 bayan haka Charan ya fadi. Mabiya ko kashe, ko an kama shi. Farkon karar nazar ya iya guje wa azaba. A ranar 30 ga Mayu, 'yan sanda sun yi binciken bitar nasa, kwace zane 106. 7 Yuni 7 Gustva ya kama. Don rushewar vandom shafi, an yanke masa watanni shida da ɗaurin kurkuku. Hakanan, ɗan zane ya rama kuɗin da aka kashe akan maido da wannan dutsen.
Kursbe ya raba zane-zane, amma kudaden kudaden ba su da isasshen. Ba sa son zuwa fatarar kuɗi saboda biyan shekara-shekara a cikin adadin 10,000 Francs, 18 ga Yuli, 1873, ɗan wasa ya tsere zuwa Switzerland.
Rashin lafiya, wato, basur basorrhoids da ma'aikatan ruwa sun juya shekarun da suka gabata na Kurba zuwa Jahannama. Mutuwa ta same shi ranar har zuwa 1878, Disamba 31, 1877.
Aiki
- 1841 - "Hoton kai tare da kare baki"
- 1845 - "Kunnawa"
- 1849 - "Bayan abincin rana a cikin Ornan"
- 1853 - "Buckles"
- 1853 - "viesel"
- 1854 - "Sannu, Mr. Kourbe!"
- 1855 - "Aikin mai zane-zane"
- 1861 - "Mace a cikin farin safa"
- 1866 - "Barci"
- 1866 - "Asalin duniya"
- 1870 - "Mace"