Tari
Denis fonvizin marubuci ne na Rasha, mai fassara, Wasan Wasan Wasanni, Sakatare shugaban diflomasiyya na Rasha Nikita Pinin. A lokaci guda kuma, ya zama Mahaliccin Mahaliccin Gidan shakatawa na kasa, wakilin gargajiya na Rasha. Ya zama sananne ga aikin "arha".Yaro da matasa
Denis Ivanoovich an haife shi ne a Moscow a watan Afrilu mai shekaru 1745 a cikin dangin wani tsohuwar koyarwar ta Jamus, wacce wakilan tsakiyar 16th suka iso daga Jamus zuwa Rasha. Mahaifin marubuci ya bar aikin soja a matsayin manyan manyan, yana da kudin shiga mai sauki. Duk da Tushen Jamusanci, sai dai don yaren Rasha, a cikin yaren Rasha ba su san wani ba, don haka ya karanta na Jamusanci riga a makaranta. Ba kamar sauran manyan man Rasha ba, Faransanci ya koyar, ya riga ya girma.
Iyalin dangi ya yi mulkin kayan sigari, ilimin farko na Denis ya ɗauki matakin gida, kamar sauran 'ya'yan wannan iyali. Yana da shekara 10, ya zama daya daga cikin farkon wanda ya shiga cikin koyarwar zuwa wasan motsa jiki a Jami'ar Moscow. Kawa ga littattafan an riga an lura dasu sosai.
Na karanci shekaru 5, Denis ya shiga kungiyar Falosopy na jami'ar. Tare tare da ƙanen ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin Bulus, a tsakanin sauran mafi kyawun gidan motsa jiki, yara maza suna zuwa St. Petersburg. A wannan tafiya, ya samu masaniyar Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, wanda kuma Alexander Sumarov, wanda a lokacin shine shugaba na farko da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha. Bugu da kari, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo na farko a rayuwarsa, inda ya kalli kungiyar da ke shirin wasan "Heinrich da Pernill".
A yayin karatunsa, saurayin yakan fassara labaran yawanci a cikin barcin gwamnati, kuma tun daga 1761 ya kasance cikin wannan kwararru. Littattafan masana'antu na Moscow da aka ba da umarnin daga Phonwan zuwa Basinie Holberg, kuma a shekara guda, alzira "gwarzo mai kyau, ko rayuwar Sif, tsar egypt da sauran littattafai. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, dole ne a fassara shi daga matalauta daban-daban.
A cikin layi daya, a shekara ta 18, saurayin ya shirya saurayin don hidimar jama'a don ukatonine, ko kuma sakataren ma'aikatan majalisar minisina ta Elagina. Kuma bayan shekara 6, ya zama suna aiki a matsayin sakataren mutum da ke da ƙididdigar Panin, wanda ya zama amintattu.
Litattafai
A lokaci guda, a matsayinta na Fonvizin ya fassara, farkon ayyukan marubucin ya fara bayyana, wanda ke sanye da kaifin tonen sati. Tuni a cikin 1760, ɗayansu aka saki. Kuma bayan shekaru 8, da satirical da ake kira "Brigadier" an gabatar wa kotu a farfajiyar masu karatu.
Wanda aka kirkira ya haifar da maimaitawar jama'a, kuma dukda cewa littattafan marubutan, da kuma tarihin rayuwarmu, an kira mutumin ga Peita. Kanta da karanta cady pictress Catherine II. "Brigadier" sun haifar da nasarar da ba a san shi ba, an kirkiro littafin ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayon matakin da ba su tafi tare da hoton hoto na dogon lokaci ba.
Bayan haka, akwai wasu karatun da suka taimaka wa marubucin ya kusanci Malamin Paul I - lorg Panin, kuma tun daga 1769 marubucin ya fara bauta masa. A lokaci guda, ya ci gaba da bunkasa kirkirar sa, koyaushe yana aiki da yawa kuma ya kirkiro sabbin hanyoyin rubutu.
A cikin 1777, Denis Ivanovich ya ci gaba da kasashen waje da shekara mai zuwa da rabi a Faransa. A cikin 1779, ya dawo Rasha, wani mutum ya zama mai ba da shawara ga ofishin a wani yanki mai nisa kuma a lokaci guda yana ma'amala da fassarar littafin "Ta-GIO".
A cikin 1778, bayan ya dawo daga Faransa, Fonvizin fara aiki a kan aikin "mara tsada" kuma ya kawo karshen rubutu a cikin 1782. A yau, wannan littafin an haɗa shi cikin shirin wajibi na makarantan makarantan makarantu na zamani. A karni na 18, kalmar "da ba ta da tsada" da ake kira matasa masu daraja, ba ilimi. Ba a dauka zuwa sabis ba kuma basu bayar da takardar da zasu ba aure ba.
Babban halaye na littafin tsoro ne na tsoro, Misis Prostakova, da ɗanta-lowed Mitrofanofka. Kundin wasan ya juya ya zama madaidaiciya akan matsalar, amma ba kawai dalilin shahararren littafin ba. Masu karatu da masu karatu ya ƙaunace aikin na jarumawa marasa kyau, babban abin dariya, da hangen nesa na tattaunawar da ke amfani da su kamar Aphorisms.
A farkon 1783, sakin littafin "Dalilin dokokin jihar" yana zuwa, an san wannan aikin a matsayin daya mafi kyau a cikin aikin jarida na Rasha. An yi nufin kasancewa na gaba sarki Pelvel Petrovich.
A wannan shekarar, marubucin ya yanke shawarar tafiya zuwa tafiya ta Turai, amma bayan shekaru 2 ya faru da yajin aiki na farko, kuma bayan wani shekaru 2, wani mutum ya dawo ƙasarsa. Duk da cutar inna, barin sabis, mutumin ya cika kasuwancin da ya fi so. Amma an yi maraba da tarin ayyukan shekaru 5 da suka gabata ta hanyar rashin yarda ta Catherine II, wanda ya haramta fonononovin don buga littafi.
A cikin lokacin rayuwarsa na ƙarshe, wani mutum ya rubuta akasari don mujallar. Hakanan, an cika littafi mai ban mamaki tare da ayyuka masu ban mamaki, daga cikin Siffuwa da Princess Haldeber ", an buga shi ne kawai a 1959, da kuma tarihin kai" akai-akai.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa daga tarihin ɗan wasan Denis Ivanovich shine cewa a ƙarƙashin rayuwar wani mutum da aka yi la'akari da shi. Ya bi bayyana sosai da bayyanar, takalma da takalmin tare da manyan buckles, sa settetuk daga abin da ke da furanni tare da furanni masu rai.
Rayuwar sirri
Ana san shi da yawa game da rayuwar shahararren marubuci wanda ya sa ya same shi ya zama dole don yin tunani a cikin aikin tari. A cikin "cikakken girmamawa", an bayyana shi a matsayin samari Fonvizin, kasancewa Junga mai shekaru 23, ya faɗi cikin ƙauna Anna. Kamar yadda shi ya bayyana a cikin littafin, matar ta ci hankalin zuciyarsa, ta taɓa zuciyar mutumin da fa'idarsa har zuwa ƙarshen mawallafin kuma bai fito daga tunaninsa ba.
An karanta Matar, mai hankali, mai yiwuwa ga adabi kuma ku raira cikakke. Duk da dukkanin halayen gida, bai banbanta da kyakkyawa ba, amma bai damu da phonvizin ba, saboda yana da bayyanar da misalin marubucin. Har ma ya sadaukar da daya daga cikin fassarorin wannan matar ta hanyar rubuta a keɓe:
"Kuna ɗaya daga cikin duka sararin samaniya a gare ni".Anna ya ce masa denis Ivanovich recastity, amma ba zai iya mika wuya ga ji, tunda yana da aure, wata ma'ana ce ta aiwatar da bai yarda da kuskure ba. Fonvizin an tilasta yarda da cewa ba zai iya cikakken jin daɗin ƙaunataccen matarsa ba.
Marubucin ya auri kadan. Tare da matar aure ta gaba, na sadu da sabis lokacin da, a madadin shaidar, wani gwaji na rikicewar gwaje-gwaje na Lieɓawa daga cikin Lieucenant an jagorance shi da sunan mai ban tsoro.
A cikin aiki, fonvizin ya sadu da yawa tare da Katerina yaudara, kuma matar ta fara soyayya ba tare da ƙwaƙwalwa ba, wacce aka lura da wasu. A farkon taron kotu, wani mutum ma ya zargi cewa ya kare farkawarsa, Fononovin ya auri mata, ya kuma tsare alkawarin.
Babu 'ya'ya daga Phonwan, amma marubucin ya sami amintacciyar aboki, mataimaki da tallafi a fuskar masu rauni na Kracileina. Lokacin da Denis Ivanovich ya doke palsy, ya rasa ikon magana kuma ba zai iya sarrafa hannunsa ba, matar kirki tana kama da nannik. Sai mutumin ya fi shekara 40 ya fi ƙaranci, kuma Katerina ya sami damar fita. Amma bayan shekaru da yawa, sake shan indis sake sakakke jikin mutumin, amma bai daina rubutu ba har zuwa ranar ƙarshe. Kuma matarsa ta kasance kusa da matatarsa a duk wannan lokacin, ya taimaka kuma a kula da Denis Ivanovich.
Mutuwa
A cikin shekarun da suka gabata na rayuwa, Fononovhin ya cutar da kansa, bayan yajin aiki na biyu apopyxic, wanda ya kusan rasa motsi gaba daya, tare da wahala motsawa, amma bai daina aiki ba.
Mutuwar Denis Ivanovich ta zo ne a karshen 1792 a Storesburg, an binne mutumin Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
A cikin tunawa da babban rubutun, an buɗe tituna a cikin biranen Rasha bayan wasan Denis fonvizin, kuma a shekarar 2016, an bude sabon tashar a tashar Metro - Phonvizinskaya. A cikin Novgorod, adadi na wani mutum yana nan a cikin kungiyar SCALTID "A kan Mawallafin" millennia na Rasha ".
Littafi daya
- 1768 - "Brigadier"
- 1780 - "Callerpherphenn"
- 1782 - "Nepal"
- 1783 - "Muhawara game da dokokin jihar na yau da kullun"
- 1783 - "Ruwayar kurma da bebaye"
- 1786 - "Kotun Kotun Kotun Jammani"
- 1786 - "Rayuwar Kidayi Nikita Ivanovich Pani"
- 1788 - "Aminewa ga ɗan uwansa"
- 1791 - "Yarda da mita a cikin al'amuran na da tunani"