Alexander Fleming - Biography, hotuna, rayuwar sirri, gudummawa ga ilmin halitta

Tari

Halittar penicillin, wakilin antibiotic na farko, duniya ta wajabta ga masanin ilimin Micrhiist Alexander. Kuma kodayake mafi mahimmanci nasarorin magani ya zama sakamakon rashin haifar da cutar kansa, ba zai yuwu a yi watsi da kyautar da Nobel a filin magani ba.

Yaro da matasa

Alexander Fleming, wanda yayin da yake yaro ya kasance mai ƙauna Alec, an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1881 a garin Scottish na Scottish na Scottish. Uba ya tashi daga Fasaha Femined ya ƙunshi Farm Lucchfield. Mahaifiyar Yaro, alherin Burtaniya yana motsa Moron, ya zama mace ta biyu da yara. Alexander ya zama na biyu.

Daga aure na farko, Farmer shima ya kasance 'ya'ya huɗu. Mutumin dan shekara 59 ne lokacin da ya yanke shawarar aure ta biyu, kuma ya sami goguwar cewa bayan mutuwa ba zai iya kula da matasa ba. Uba ya mutu lokacin da Alek ya yi shekara 7. Abin farin, alheri ya juya ya zama mace mai ƙarfi. Ta sami nasarar ba da dangi, raba ayyukan don kiyaye gona da kuma hana matasa. Duk da gaisuwa na mahaifiyar, Usan'anta QEC, 'yan'uwansa maza ba za a iya kiranta wani rikici ba.

A cikin shekaru 5 na gaba, Darwell ya ba lardin karkara. Iyalin Ferming sun rayu a kan gona, don haka kowace safiya yara dole ne su bi kilomita 7 cikin filayen don zuwa wurin bikin. A cikin kwanakin sanyi, alheri sun ba kowane a cikin dankali mai zafi don ɗaukar hannuwansa.

Hanyar ƙaya kawai ta karfafa gwiwa don ilimi, kuma yana da shekaru 12 ya shiga makarantar Kala Mara. Shekaru biyu bayan haka tare da manyan 'yan'uwa, yaron ya koma London kuma ya fara sauraron karps a Cibater a Cibater na sarauta. Jagorancin ya taimaka wajen zabi dan uwana Thomas, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ilimin kimiyyar ophthalm. Don haka Alec ya fara nazarin magani.

Ilmin da aka samu a laccoci ya taimaka wa yaron a shekara ta 1901 don shigar da makarantar likitanci a asibitin Mai Tsarki Maryamu. Haka kuma, ya kasance mai baƙin ciki da mafi yawan dalibi. A cikin 1906, fleming ya zama mai amfani da magani da tiyata, a cikin 1908 - bachelor da kwayoyin cuta.

Kimiyya

A cikin 1906, Farfesa game da ilimin cututtukan Alment Wright, wanda ya kirkiro maganin cinikin ciki, wanda aka gayyaci froming don aiki a wani asibiti St. Maryamu. A wannan lokacin, masanin kimiyya da ɗaliban suna neman hanyar da za ta tilasta abubuwan rigakafi don magance cutar kamuwa da cuta.

Hakkin haɗin gwiwa na Alexander Forming da Almet Wright ya fara da ƙarami. Farfesa ya yi aiki a kan samar da kayan aikin da zai bada izinin aiwatar da bincike tare da cikakken kuma mai zafi. Ganin sakamakon ayyukan, toauki dalibi ya ba da dabarar da marasa lafiya da syphilis za a iya kai min 5 ml na jini daga jijiyoyi, da 0.5 ml - daga yatsa.

A waɗancan shekarun, ana ɗaukar syphilis ɗayan ɗayan haɗari da cututtukan da ba ta da magani. Wanda aka kirkira a cikin 1907 ta hanyar Chemist Pa erlich, maganin "Salvarsan" ya taimaka ko da a cikin shari'ar, amma lokacin da aka gabatar da maganin a cikin Vienna. Kodayake wannan tsari yana da wuya a yanayin zamani, fleming ya kori fasaha. Ya fada game da sakamakon magani tare da marassa lafiya 46 a daya daga cikin rahotannin ilimin kimiyya na farko.

A lokacin yaƙin Duniya na farko, an nemi Alment Wright don shirya dakin gwaje-gwaje a Faransa don nazarin cututtukan cututtukan da suka mutu. Farfesa da aka gayyaci fleming tare da shi.

Binciken ya nuna cewa an yi maganin maganin antiseptics da aka yi amfani da su a lokacin da za a lalata raunuka, kawai mawuyacin halin da ake ciki. A cikin labarin don likita Jaridar, masanin kimiyya ya ce antiseptics suna da tasiri kawai a farfajiya, kuma tare da taimakon kwayoyi, gami da abubuwa masu amfani waɗanda ke ba da gudummawar warkarwa. Wannan yanayin da ke tallafawa da hikima. Koyaya, yawancin likitocin sojojin sun ci gaba da yin amfani da maganin antiseptits, koda kuwa tasirinsu sun kara tsananta halin lafiyar.

Demobilized a 1919, fleming ya dawo Ingila kuma ya ci gaba da bincika kwayoyin. Kwarewa, masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa antiseptics suna raguwa ko kuma gaba daya sakamakon maganin disinfecting, wanda Leiyocytes ke da shi.

A shekarar 1922, an shirya tsarin ilimin kimiyyar kimiyya na farko a cikin tarihin ilimin halittar likitan: Binciken haɗin gwiwa ya haifar da ganowa LyiseMe, kayan antibactory vereces. A wancan lokacin, Freming ya fitar da sanyi kuma da zarar an zaba shi cikin kofin da ƙwayoyin cuta. Bayan kwanaki 5, an same shi cewa abubuwa masu cutarwa sun ɓace a wurin gamsai, karkatacciyar magana daga microbes ya bayyana fili. Muhimman karatu ya nuna cewa hawaye da kuma gishiri na mutum kuma yana da "tsarkake" tsarkake "tsarkakewa" lokacin da ƙara furotin kwai.

Lizozyme an dauke Lizobar da ke adana kariyar otitbractory har sai da fage ya buɗe penicillin a cikin 1928. Take da masanin kimiyya game da wannan ranar:

"Lokacin da na farka a ranar 28 ga Safiya 28, 1928, Ni, ba shakka, ba na shirya juyin juya halin na farko ba tare da bude kwayoyin cuta na farko na duniya na farko, ko kisan kwayoyin cuta. Amma ina tsammanin wannan shine abin da na yi. "

Komawa daga gajeren hutu a 1928, Fasai ya gano a daya daga cikin naman kaza Petri. Neoplasm lalata microbes masu haɗari da aka adana a cikin kofin. A cikin kwanaki, masanin kimiyya bai fita saboda littattafai ba kuma gano cewa a gaban shi penicillium chrysogenum, "Penicill na zinariya".

Ferming ya fahimci cewa wannan shine mafi kyawun maganin rigakafi. Idan lizozyme ya yi gwagwarmaya mara lahani, to palii zai iya magance syphilis, ciwon huhu, menoris, Gangrene, Gonorrhea da sauran mutuwar. Bayanin binciken da aka gano na masanin masanin da aka buga a cikin jaridar Burtaniyar Ingila na ilimin cututtukan gwaji. Abin mamakin sa, duniyar kimiyya ba ta juya labarin na musamman ba, da sanin masanin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta bai isa cire tsarkakakken kayan maganin rigakafi daga naman gwari ba. Tunanin ya yi jinkirin yin dogon akwati.

A cikin 1940, shekaru 12 bayan gano, ERNTSTH CHAND da Howard Flori sun zo don taimakawa freming. Sun tsabtace kayan da yawa cewa da aka warkar da cutar ta tsiro tare da staphylocus.

Yana da haɗari ga gudanar da abubuwan da ke cikin mutane, yayin da aka yi aiki da jirgin ruwa a asibitin Mai Tsarki, bai karɓi abokinsa ba. Ya mutu sakamakon menges. Bhifin ilimin kimiyya da sha'awar ajiye abokin ciniki ya tura masanin kimiyya don a asirce kula da maganin penicillin. Bayan wata wata na allura, mai haƙuri ya dawo da babban inganci na maganin maganin ƙwayar cuta an tabbatar da shi.

A shekara ta 1943, a tsakiyar yakin duniya na biyu, an samar da taro a kan kayan masana'antu. Godiya ga miyagun ƙwayoyi, an warke sojojin da suka ji rauni daga mummunan raunuka suka koma gaban.

Alexander fleming ya fahimci cewa rashin amfani da penicillin ya sami damar sanya kwayoyin cuta masu tsayayya da maganin rigakafi. Zai iya faruwa idan jiyya ta takaice kuma an aiwatar da shi da ƙananan allurai. Magana game da bude na duniya, mai ilimin kimiyya ya gargadi ga mutane daga shan kwayoyin cuta ba tare da nada likita ba.

Penicillin mai girma shine babban gudummawa ga Biology da magani: har wa yau, ana samar da maganin rigakafi bisa tushen abin da ke cikin miliyoyin mutane. Don wannan gano, ana ba da lambobin yabo da yawa, babban wanda shine lambar Nobel. "Don bude penicilina da maganin warkewa a cikin yaki da cututtukan cututtuka daban-daban" na kwayoyin cuta da kuma abokan karatunsa Flori da Cheaginsa a 1945.

Rayuwar sirri

Alexander Ferming wani soja ne. A cikin daraja, zuriyar zuriya tayi aiki a gado "Mai Tsarki Maria", to, cikin "rahamar". A shekara ta 1942 aka ba shi taken babban beting na farko na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Farko na Ingila ta ƙasa. Kai digiri 30 (na 33) bisa ga tsohuwar kuma yarda da yarjejeniyar Scottish.

Alexander fleming ya auri sau biyu.

A ranar 23 ga Disamba, 1915, matar masanin masihi ta zama mai kashe ma'aikatar asibitin St. Mary Sarah Mcharrow. Bayan shekara guda, an haifi ɗan Robert, wanda ya bi zancen mahaifinsa kuma ya zama likita. Iyalin sun waiwaya ya zama mai ƙarfi - har zuwa mutuwar Sarah a 1949, matan sun zauna a cikin rai.

A cikin 1953, masanin kimiyya ya sake aure. Amalia Kotxuri-Vurekas, Grekanka da kasa, ya kasance na 31 ga mijinta. Tana da kirkirar likitan ƙwayoyin cuta, amma ta sadaukar da kansa ga ayyukan kare ɗan adam. Shekaru 2 bayan bikin, Amalia ya zama bazawara.

Mutuwa

A ranar 11 ga Maris, 1955, a shekara ta 74, Alexander Farked ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a London. A fatawar mamaci, kasu, da ƙura ta ƙone a cikin babban coci St. Paul, kusa da kabarin Admiral Horatio Nelson Hoatio Nelson Hurario Nelson Hosario Nelson Hielson Hosario Nelson Hurario Nelson Hosario Nelson Hosario Nelson Hosario Nelson Hurario Nelson Hosario Nelson Houly Hielson. A kan kabarin, an yi hukunci da hoto, an rubuta su: "A.f.".

Abubuwan ban sha'awa

• Dukkanin binciken kimiyya na Alexander Farking ya faru ne saboda ƙazamarsa. An ce dakin gwaje-gwaje na kwayoyin cuta na microbictologist da flashs, gwaji na gwaji da lance, tsaftacewa kan tebur da wuya. A dabi'ance, mold mold ta ci gaba a cikin ragowar magunguna. Don haka, ya bar mako mai datti na Petri da aka shirya na naman alade, wanda daga baya ya canza shi zuwa mafi karfin maganin rigakafi na penicilrobi.

• Bayan buɗe fendilina, amincewa da kimiyya ya faɗi akan Alexander Ferming. A watan Yuli na shekarar 1944, Sarkin Greenge ya sanya shi taken "Sir", a watan Nuwamba 1945, masanin kimiyya ya zama sau uku ta Dr. Kimiyya. Af, a lokaci guda, Firayim Minista na Brita Churchill da yajan Wakilin Duniya na Ii Bernard Montgomery ya samu digiri na biyu a Luerman.

• Sun ce hanyoyin Churchill da Ferming sun mamaye fiye da sau daya. A shekarun 1950, Kungiyar addini "ta tara abin da ya ce game da abin da masanin kimiyya, kasancewa wani yaro, ya fitar da dan siyasa mai zuwa. A matsayin alamar godiya, mahaifin Churchill ya biya ilimi na Ferming a cikin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya Printious, ciki har da a Cibiyar Polyntechic na sarauta. Akwai kuma wani labarin da yayin yakin, siyasa daga mutuwar penillin ce. Wannan gaskiyar Alexander Frming ya musanta a cikin wata wasika zuwa aboki Andre Grazia:

"Ban ceci rayuwar Winston Churchill a yayin yaƙin Duniya na II. Lokacin da Churchill ya kamu da rashin lafiya a Carthage a Tunusiya a cikin 1943, wanda ya yi amfani da sulfonamides, saboda ba shi da gogewa tare da penicillin. Kodayake "Telegraph" a ranar 21 ga Disamba, 1943 ya rubuta cewa wani sabon shiri Supalpimide ne. "

Faɗa

Ga mai binciken babu wata farin ciki mafi girma fiye da yadda ake ganowa, komai kadan yake. Yana ba shi ƙarfin hali don ci gaba da nemansa ... Sabon taken yana buɗe masanin kimiyya shi kaɗai, amma mafi wuya ga mai nasarar da aka samu ba tare da hadin gwiwar da aka saba zuwa ga Fadar marmara, kuma zai faru ɗaya daga cikin biyu: Ko dai ya kayar da fādar fadar Marlama, ko fadar za ta rinjayi shi. Idan saman ya bincika mai binciken, Fadar ta juya zuwa wani bitar kuma zai zama kamar dakin gwaje-gwaje; Amma, idan saman zai lashe fadar, mai binciken ya mutu. Akwai nasarar nasara da ke haifar da sabon so.

Gano

• 1922 - antibatalicon na enzyme Lysozyme
• 1928 - maganin antibiotic