Tari
A karo na biyu na karni na XIX, Herbert Spencer ya kasance daga cikin manyan mahimman alamu na tunanin falsafa. Daga baya, masu sha'awar kwatanta shi da akwakun da Aristotle. Koyaya, mafi yawan zamanin Spencer ba zai iya amincin sa ba. Wace irin gudummawar da ke tattare da ta sanya wannan bakin ciki na Burtaniya a cikin Falsafa da Siyasa, sun yi magana ne kawai a karni na 20, kuma a yau na kimiyya ne kawai na tuni.Yaro da matasa
An haife Herbert Spencer a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1820 a Derby, County County. Falsafar ta gaba ta girma a cikin gidan malami na makaranta. Iyayen Spences, banda Shi, suna sa haske ƙarin yara, biyar daga waɗanda har yanzu sun mutu cikin jarirai.
Herbert bai bambanta lafiya ba, saboda haka Uba ya yanke shawarar kada ya ba ɗansa zuwa makaranta da kuma ilimin da ke da hannu a tarbiyyarsa. Yaron ya maye gurbin iyayensa da iliminsa, da halaye na sirri: A cikin littafin tarihin, da masana falsafa, ya koyi sakamakon mizanan nasa.
Aiki shirye-shiryen ilimi ga ɗanta, Spencer manya ya kusanci zabin bayi. Herbert da sauri ya kamu da karatu, kuma ko da yake nasarar sa a kan batutuwan makaranta ba za a iya kiranta m, yaron ba za a hana yin bincike ba, radawa mai arziki da kallo.
A 13, iyaye za su aika da shi zuwa ga kawun, ya shirya don ɗaukar horon wani saurayi don izinin Cambridge. Koyaya, Spencer, mai narkewa ya yi imani da ilimi na yau da kullun, bai shigar da jami'a ba.
A cikin faduwar 1837, Herdert, ya tafi kamar injin jirgin ƙasa, ya koma London. Amma bayan shekaru 3 daga baya ya bar babban birnin ya koma gida. Akwai Spencon gwada ƙarfi a cikin binciken ilimin lissafi, amma tunda bai inganta tare da ingantaccen kimiyyar ba, ya sanyaya da wannan kamfani. Amma a cikin saurayin na farka da son aikin jarida. A cikin jaridar Radical "ba tare da izini ba", ya buga labarai 12 akan batutuwa na siyasa da na zamantakewa. A cikin 1843, sun fito tare da wani daban.
A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Herdert ya rayu tsakanin London da Birmingham, ƙoƙarin da kanta a fannoni daban daban. Ya rubuta wasannin, waƙoƙi da waƙoƙi, sun buga mujallarsa nasa ne, sun yi aiki azaman injiniya da kuma Architect. A lokaci guda, saurayi bai daina koyo ba, ya san ayyukan Biritaniya da masu tunani na Jamus kuma yana shirin buga littafin nasa.
Falsafa da ilimin halayyar dan adam
Aikin farko na Spencer, wanda ya cancanta a matsayin "sihiri na zamantakewa", an buga shi a cikin 1851. A ciki, Masanin da aka kafa, da wanda ya kafa ka'idodin adalci, wanda aka sa shi a wasu ayyuka. Tushen littafin shi ne dalilin yadda aka tabbatar da daidaito a cikin jihar. Herbert kayi imani cewa irin wannan daidaitaccen zai yiwu idan dokar zamantakewa da tsarin gaskiya ta taso daga gare su.
Karatun jama'a ya sadu da "students na zamantakewa" govorerly, amma marubucin kansa ya yanke shawarar cewa ba su iya tantance zurfin aikinsa ba. Amma abun da ke ciki na Spencer ya jawo hankalin manyan kwararru na Birtaniya, daga cikin Word Thomley, George Eliot, Stewart Eliot, Stewart Eliot, Stewart Eliot, Stewart Eliot, Stewart Eliot, Stewart Eliot, Stewart Eliot, Stewart Eliot, Stewart Eliot, Stewart Eliot, Stewart Eliot, Stewart Eliot, Stewart Eliot, Stewart Eliot, Stewart Cel.
Sadarwa tare da su, Herdert Dire sababbin sunaye a cikin falsafar zamani - daya daga cikin sabon Comarrades, Mille, ya gabatar da shi ga ayyukan Auguste Kont. Neman cewa wasu ra'ayoyin Faransa sun yi murna da nasa, mai zurfin ji rauni. Bayan haka, Spencer ya sau da yawa ya jaddada cewa karar ba ta da 'yar karancin tasiri kan ra'ayin sa.
A cikin 1855, binciken ilimin halin dan Adam, da aka buga a kundin biyu ya fito. A cikin sa, Herbert ya bayyana nasa manufar ilimin halin dan Adam. An ba wannan aikin da wuya, ya ɗauki sojojin ruhaniya da na jiki. A cikin tarihin rayuwar da ya rubuta, wanda na bakin ciki ya yarda cewa a ƙarshen jijiyoyinsa ya zo wani mummunan jihar kuma ya kammala wani rubutun. Amma a kan wannan gwajin bai ƙare ba. "Abubuwan da ke cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam" ba su haifar da fifiko a tsakanin masu karatu ba, farashin bai biya ba, kuma Spencer ya kasance ba tare da rayuwa ba.
Abokai da suka shirya biyan kuɗi na farko zuwa "Falsafar kuɗi na Farko zuwa" tsarin falsafar ", wanda Herbert ya jefa kansa. Tsarin aiki yana da zafi ga mutum - sanar da ni game da kanta, zargin, ta ce ta shi a lokacin ilimin halin dan adam ". Koyaya, a cikin 1862 an buga sashi na farko, ana kiranta "budewar bude". A cikin 1864 da 1866, an buga tushen tushen ilimin halittu ".
A cikin ƙasar Falsafar, duka lafiyayyu ba su yi nasara ba, masu karatu daga Rasha da Amurka suna da sha'awar. An aika da magoya bayan Spencer daga sabuwar duniya har ma sun aika da mawallafin marubucin na dala dubu 7 domin ya rufe farashin littattafan da aka yi da juna. Ga abokai dole ne suyi aiki tuƙuru don lallashe Herbert don ɗaukar waɗannan kudade. Da bakin ciki har sai karshen karshen taimako taimako, amma a karshen sallama.
A cikin 1870 da 1872, "filin ilimin halin dan Adam" ya fito. A lokaci guda, Spencer ya yi nasarar aiki a wani ayoyin sadaukar da kai ga ilimin halayyar dan adam. Gaskiya ne, ba zai iya tattara sauya kayan da ake buƙata shi kaɗai - tare da tsufa, wahayi na Falsafa yana da yawa cewa dole ne ya yi hayar sakatare.
Tare suna tsara bayanai game da cibiyoyin zamantakewa na kasashe daban-daban, shiga cikin tebur na musamman. Kayan da alama an herbert don haka amintacce ne cewa ya yanke shawarar bayyana shi wani daban littafi. An buga kashi na farko na "Bayanin Sciokology" a cikin 1871, buga wasu kunnuwan 7 ya ci gaba har zuwa 1880.
Littafin farko, Sansanin kasuwanci shine "nazarin ilimin halayyar mutumci" (1873). Ta so ta hana sakin "sansanon ilimin halayyar dan adam" (1877-1896) - wanda zai ba masu karatu su fahimci sabon kimiyya. Ayyukan ƙarshe na Herbert ya zama "tushe na ɗabi'a" (1879-1893), aikin da ya sanya ma'anar a cikin "seriolsofer".
Biranen Burtaniya ta yi magana a matsayin positivism - kwararar falsafar, ya samo asali ne a Faransa. Maƙiyansa sun yi imani cewa ausich na gargajiya bai iya amsa tambayoyin gaggawa na ilimin kimiyya na zamani ba. Ba su da sha'awar ba za a iya ba da izini ba, ilimin sasantawa, mafi darajar da suka gani a cikin al'adun karatu. Spencer, tare da wanda ya kirkiro na AUSGE, kuma John Mellem, ya zama wakilcin farkon matakin farko na Positivism.
Ka'idar Juyin Halitta ta ci gaba da Herbert ya yadu. A cewarta, juyin halitta ita ce ka'idar ci gaba ta zama abin mamaki. Yana da halayyar canji daga haduwa da hadin kai, daga hade da mai haɗari kuma daga wani mai iyaka. A karshen matakin juyin halitta a kan Spencer ne daidaito - alal misali, cigaba da masu kula da ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin al'umma. An yi amfani da wannan ka'idar Falsafa don nazarin Social Social, na halitta, ilimin halintsi da sauran abubuwan mamaki.
Herbert kuma ya yi magana da marubucin ka'idar. Kamfanin ya zama alama a matsayin kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke ƙaruwa a cikin taro, ya zama mafi rikitarwa, yana zaune a koyaushe, amma sabbin mutane suna zuwa don matsawa. Cibiyoyin Fellosoper idan aka kwatanta da sassan jikin mutum suna yin takamaiman ayyuka.
Baya ga aikin m "tsarin roba," Spencer ya ba da dama littattafai, "iyakokin da suka dace da kasa" (1843), "mutane da kuma tsokaci" ( 1902) da wasu.
Rayuwar sirri
Game da rayuwar Falsafar ba da aka sani da yawa. Babban dalilin kadaici ya ta'allaka ne da cewa duk herbert dinta yayi aiki. A cikin 1851, mai tunani ya tashi, yana neman shi matar da ta dace, an cire shi don aika da kambi.
Koyaya, waɗannan tsare-tsaren ba su zama waɗanda za a gane ba - sun san yarinyar, Spence ta ƙi aure. Wannan shawarar ya tabbatar da gaskiyar cewa amarya suma. A nan gaba, Herbert bai halicci danginsa ba, duk tunaninsa ya juya zuwa kimiyya da littattafai.
Mutuwa
Herbert Spencer ya mutu a Disamba 8, 1903 a Brighton. Aka binne shi a kan babban makami a London, kusa da toka na wani ɗan ƙaramin karni na X'imeloper Xix na XIX na XIX na XIX - Karl Marx. Mutuwar mai zurfin ziri ta riga ta gabace shekaru marasa lafiya - a ƙarshen rayuwarsa, bai tashi daga gado ba.
Rubutun "a rubuce da" a cikin 1904, da masu karatun littattafan da ƙarfin zuciya daga counters. An ba da labarin Spencer da daɗewa ba kafin a buga shi, pre-da yawa umarni sun zo ga masu shela. A ranar farko, tallace-tallace na tallace-tallace "da aka fanshe shi, karatun jama'a ba su kunyata ko da farashin mai ban sha'awa.
Littafi daya
- 1842 - "Iyakar karfin iko na jihohi"
- 1851 - "Social Static"
- 1861 - "Ilimi Jikin Ilimi, halin kirki da ta zahiri"
- 1872-1896 - "Fimsofer na SNCSOLY"
- 1879 - "Data Data"
- 1884 - "Mutum da jihar"
- 1885 - "Falsafa da Addini. Yanayi da gaskiyar addinin "
- 1891 - "Esasay: kimiyya, siyasa da falsafa"
- 1891 - "Adalci"
- 1902 - "gaskiya da tsokaci"