Tari
Jean-Batista Layyana ta kasance na mahaliccin mahaliccin farko na dabbobi da tsirrai. Ya yi babban fim din kimiyya, amma ya rayu, kammala gwagwarmaya da wahala. A cewar tarihin hukuma, masanin kimiyya ya mutu ba a san shi ba, a cikin baƙin ciki da talauci, kuma ya ɗauki lokaci mai yawa saboda zuriya za ta yaba da nasarorin da ya samu.Yaro da matasa
Jean-Baftistu Pielre Antoine De Mona, Chevé Carcé De Lamarc, an haife shi a garin Bashan-le-petit a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1744. A cikin dangi shi ne mafi karancin yara 11.
Iyaye, kodayake mallakar ɗaukakarsu, talakawa ne kuma ba za su iya taimaka wa ɗansu don gina aikin soja ba, wanda ya yi mafarkin. A maimakon haka, sun aiki Jean zuwa makarantar Jesuits a cikin Amiens, bayan ƙarshen wanda ya sami saniya ta jiki.
A cikin 1760, mahaifin Layyaa ya mutu, da saurayi mai shekaru 16, ya jefa littattafan tauhidi, sun sanya hannu a rundunar. Shekaru 7 na rayuwa da ya yi a cikin sojojin da suke akwai kuma ya sami babban jami'in da suka yi gaba da fada a cikin yakin Birtaniyya bakwai.
Kimiyya
Amfani na gaske a cikin yanayin farka a cikin masanin kimiyyar na gaba kawai shekaru 25 ne kawai. Lokacin da Realatus ya ci gaba na dogon lokaci a Riveraera, Jean-haltanist ya sadaukar da duk lokacin sa zuwa ga nazarin tsire-tsire kuma ya same shi mai matukar ban sha'awa. Ba da daɗewa ba ya daina sojojin da Lafiya - a cikin yaƙin Lamarck ya sami rauni mai rauni na mahaifa vervebrae. Fensho na mutum ya kasance masu gyada, kuma ya daidaita harkokin kuɗi, dole ne ya sami wani jami'in gwamnati.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa - saurayin ya kasance mawaƙa mai ban sha'awa kuma mai mahimmanci, a kan wace hanya gaba gaba - ƙirƙira ko kimiyya ko kimiyya ko kimiyya ko kimiyya ko kimiyya. Soyayyar daji da ta yi nasara, kuma bayan wani lokaci, Lamarck ya sami wani wuri don ma'aikaci a cikin lambun sarauta, inda ya ɗauki tarin shahararrun tarin tsirrai da kuma invertebrates.
Bayan shekaru 9, a kan wannan taron, Lamarck ya rubuta littafi. Aikin flora Faransa, wanda ya hada da duka 3 yajin, da sauri aka girmama shi a cikin ƙasarsa ta asali - A lokacin da Botany ya kasance cikin salon. Masana kimiyya sun fahimci darajar ilimin kimiyya game da Lamara (yana dauke da sabbin dabaru da ka'idojin tsarin shuka) kuma sun ba shi membobin Cibiyar Academy.
Shekaru 2 masu zuwa, mai binciken ya ciyar a kan tafiya a Turai. A wannan lokacin, ya ziyarci mutane da dama na cibiyoyin ilimi da lambunan Botanical kuma ya sake cika taron taronsu tare da yawan samfuran samfurori. Har zuwa 1789, LamarC ya gudanar da wurin babban mai kula da sarakunan sarauta, amma nasara da wani matashi masanin kimiyyar ya hana juyin juya halin Musulunci. Lokacin da tarin kimiyyar halitta na sarki ya daina wanzuwar zama, Lamarc, ya firgita da makomar nune-zayyana, ya zama jawabin da a Majalisar National kuma ya zama jawabi a Majalisar Kasa kuma ya ba kafa gidan kayan gargajiya.
A wancan lokacin, nune-nune-nune-nune-nune-nune-harben zuwa mummunan tsari, amma rashin rikicewar ma'adinai na ma'adanai, tsirrai da dabbobin da kuma kayan da aka mallaka ba su dace da masanin kimiyya ba. Larc nayi niyya don raba abubuwa zuwa kungiyoyi, wanda, bi da bi, sun haɗa da umarnin haihuwa da dangi. Kula da jihar na nuna nunin da kuma tsananin odar wurin da aka sa a danƙa da wani ma'aikaci daban.
An gabatar da shawara, kuma a cikin 1793 Gidan tarihin tarihin tarihin na tarihi ya bude kofofin don baƙi. Lamark na Jamian-Barkist ya ɗauki matsayi mai laushi na mai kula da gidan yanar gizo, ajiye mafi kyawun abubuwan tattara nasa. A wancan lokacin, ya yi aiki a kan shirye-shiryenamus na Botanical - daga 1781 zuwa 1800 5 yana fitowa da alluna 900 sun fito.
Botany ya yi nisa da sha'awar Lamarck. A wancan lokacin, kunkuntar ba tukuna a tsakanin masana kimiyya, kuma zamaninsa ya yi imani cewa mutumin kimiyya ya kamata ya sami ilimi a fannoni daban-daban. Jean-bat masi yana yin nazarin magani (kuma har ma ya sami ilimin da ya dace), Zoology, ilimin teri da kimiyyar lissafi.
Kwatanta bayanan da aka karɓa, ya zo ne ga gano cewa akwai harsashi mai tsabta a duniya - biosphere. Kalmar da kansa, ta karni ne daga baya ta hanyar Austrian gero Zyus, amma ayyukan Lamarc sun yi wahayi zuwa gare shi.
Shahararrun aikin "Falsafa na Zoology" ya fito a cikin 1809. A ciki, mai binciken ya fara bayyana ra'ayoyinsa game da tsarin jinsi, dangantakar rayuwa da rashin rayuwa, da kuma cikin abubuwan ciki da na ciki da ke shafar tsarin juyin halitta. Ya fi ƙarfin dabi'a ta zama mai yiwuwa na babi, yana jayayya cewa halittar fara girma da haɓaka wasu ƙarfi na ciki.
A wannan lamakin yana cikin ra'ayin rarraba dabbobi a kan vertebres da invertebrates, wanda ake amfani da shi a cikin ilimin halittu zuwa yau (ta hanyar, kalmar nan, kalmar "ilmin halitta" da ya ba da shawarar shi). Bayan sakin "Falsafa", masanin ilimin da aka sadaukar duniya da kansa ga nazarin mafi sauki kwayoyin, kuma daga 1801 zuwa 1825 ya rubuta game da su.
Feathifical ft na Layi ya kasance mai girma. Taimako na kimiyya ba ya iyakance don yin aiki akan ilmin halitta - Masanin kimiyya ya kasance ne ga ayyukan farko, hydrology baya da labarin farko, yana juya hankali ga batun rayuwa.
Kodayake akwai levers na gaskiya na tuki na Lamarc (ya yi imani da cewa ƙoƙari na ciki don haɓaka kai shine babban ƙarfi), wanda aka kimanta ra'ayoyin sa da kuma motsin zuciyarsa na Lahamincin ya kimantawa. daga baya.
Larc yana da abokan hamayya da yawa a cikin yanayin kimiyya. Musamman ma ba kamar ra'ayoyi masu ƙarfin hali sun kasance George Kuvier - Masanin halittu da zargi, wanda ya durƙusa tare da maƙiya ba tare da a cikin masanin ilimin dabbobi ba. Ka'idojin nasa na ƙayyadaddun nau'ikan, sabuntawar wanda ke faruwa kawai sakamakon bala'o'i na asali ya faru nan da nan.
Rayuwar sirri
Rayuwar iyali ta kasance cike da bala'i da hasara. Mata na farko Marie-Anna-Rosalie manyan ya gabatar da shi tare da 'ya'ya maza uku - Antoine, orre da Charles Renles, amma da farko ya mutu. A karo na biyu yayi kokarin shirya rayuwar mutum a 1974. Yara daga New matar Charlotte ya juya baya ba shi da. Duk da cewa matar cewa matar ta yi shekara 30, ta kuma bi shi a cikin kabari a gabansa, kuma lammad ya sake mata gwauruwa.
A cikin 1798, Jean-ya aure Julie Mally. Ya binne matar ta uku a cikin 1819. Mutumin da ya kasance tare da malamai a cikin tsufa ya zama 'yarsa daga auren cornelia (a wasu kafofin da aka ambata a gare shi, amma sunan daya ne).
Babu wani daga cikin zamanin masanin ya bar cikakken kwatancin bayyanar Larkinc, bai bayyana halayensa ba dalla-dalla. Za'a iya mantawa da ingantacciyar hanyar kimiyya, kuma an manta da shi. A hanyoyi da yawa, saboda masu fafatawa, harkokin samar da kudade a karshen rayuwar kuwa ba shi da kyau. Bai sami yarda da kuma a saman hukuncin ba: Napoleon, wanda masanin kimiyya ya gabatar da littafinsa, sai ya zabi shi cewa bai iya tsayayya da hawaye ba.
Mutuwa
A ƙarshen shekarun, Jean-Baftiste Lamarc ya sha wahala daga cutar ido, wanda ya haifar da cikakken makanta. Bai bar aikin ya faɗi rubutattun 'yarsa ba. Littafinsa na ƙarshe shi ne "tsarin nazarin ilimi", wanda Larck ya yi ƙoƙarin tsara duk abin da ya san game da dabbobin daji, kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya fahimci abin da aka ƙaddara wani halin da aka ƙaddara mutum. Abin takaici, a lokacin rayuwar marubucin, littafin bai shahara.
Masanin kimiyya ya mutu cikin shekaru 85. Dalilan mutuwarsa, da wurin da kabarin, ba a sansu ba, amma akwai rubutu na sirri, abubuwa da littattafai sun ɓace. Mahaifin Baharyona, Cornelia yana cikin irin wannan yanayin kuɗi wanda dole ne ta nemi taimako a cikin makarantar kimiyya ta Farni.
A cikin 1909, daidai shekaru ɗari bayan sakin "Falsafar Zoology", wani abin tunawa da Layya Supnlyly budewa a Paris. A kan m-taimako, ana nuna yanayin tabawa - wani tsohon mutum, ya rushe salon rayuwa, ya fashe da salon rayuwa, ya karya rai a kujera, sunkuyar da kansa. Kusa yana nuna adadi na 'yar' ya kunshi. A kan mai banƙyama, kalmomin Cornelia an buga su:
'Ya'yan Zamani za su yi sha'awar ku, zai yi fansa a gare ku, mahaifina! ".Littafi daya
- 1776 - "Memoir game da bhabba na asali a cikin yanayi"
- 1776 - "karatu a kan abubuwan da ke haifar da mafi mahimmancin abubuwan mamaki na jiki"
- 1778 - "Flora Faransa"
- 1801 - "tsarin Invertebrates"
- 1802 - "hydrogenology"
- 1803 - "Tarihin tsire-tsire na halitta"
- 1809 - "Falsafa na Zoology"
- 1815-18222 - "Tarihin Hankali na Invertebrates"
- 1820 - "Binciken Ayyuka na mutum"