Tari
Bertrand Russell sanannen sanannen shahararrun Birist ne, ɗan siyasa, mai bautar yana aiki. Ya kalubalanci batun rashin lafiya, wani mai son Athi ne kuma ya inganta masu sassaucin ra'ayi. A cikin asusun masana kimiyya a cikin dabarun ilmin lissafi, falsafa da ka'idar ilimi. Masu bincike suna kiran Bashan Russell a cikin waɗanda suka kafa cibiyoyin doka ne da baposisism.Yaro da matasa
Cikakken sunan yaron, wanda ya bayyana a dangin Aristocrats Russell a ranar 18 ga Mayu, 1872 - Bertrand Arthur Wildham. An haife shi a cikin iska, gundumar Montmautshire, a cikin mallaki na rivevenkrift. Mahaifin yaran shi ne dan Firayima na Ingila da shugaban jam'iyyar Vigi. Daman mutane na falsafa na gaba sun banbanta da ilimi da matsayi a cikin al'umma. Masu sassaucin ra'ayi ya kasance a cikin jinin Russells, suna magana game da batutuwan yaƙi da duniya.
Mahaifin Russell, Ubangiji Ambissos, na ɗaya daga cikin heldemendemendemendemendemendemendemea ɗaya ne, an kafa ka'idar ɗa a karni na 19 kuma tuni sananne a karni na 20. Berrand ya zama mai aiki mai aiki na ra'ayoyin da ra'ayoyin Uba. Mahaifiyarsa kuma wani abokin tarayya ne na sassaucin ra'ayi da kuma kare hakkokin mata a kowane lamari mai dacewa. Na karshen ya kawo fushin Sarauniya Victoria.
Iyayen Berrtran Russell sun mutu lokacin da yake shekara 2. Sannan ya bi mutuwar 'yar'uwa. Tare da manyan 'yan'uwa biyu, yaron ya kasance cikin kula da sawa-countess. Ta ba da jikoki tare da kyakkyawan ilimi na godiya ga gwamnonin kasashen waje. Ilimin Asiistocratic, babban ɗakin karatu da kuma masu baiwa malamai sun kafa yanayin duniya. Bertrand ya nuna sha'awa a cikin lissafi kuma sau da yawa sun bayyana tsohuwar kaka, wacce ke riƙe da matsayi a ciki. A cikin 1889, yana da shekara 17, Bertrand ya zama dalibi na kwaleji na Triniti a Cambridge.
A shekara ta 1894, ya karɓi fasahar farko. Bayan da maganganun masu binciken George Edward Mara, Russell ya yi nazarin cewa da safiya a kan ayyukan Yahaya Locke da Yuma. A cikin 1895, Berrand ya zama memba na Kwalejin Kwalejin Kungiyar Kwalejin, kuma a cikin 1897 ya kawo karshen rubutun da ake kira "akan kayan yau da kullun na Geometry".
Bayan ya sami ilimi, Russell ya zama babban ma'aunin Biritaniya ya tafi tare da ziyarar kasuwanci a Paris. Sannan ya ziyarci Berlin, inda aka tattara kayan don halartar aikin "dimokradiya ta Jamusawa", da aka buga a cikin 1896. Tafiya ta ci gaba da ziyarar da Amurka ta kare da komawa Ingila, inda Berrand Russell ya gabatar da laccoci na Camruse a cikin littafin "Fassarar Falsofer".
Ra'ayoyi da kuma aikin falsafa
A cikin 1900, Berrand Russell a cikin malamin Colitick Lead Leami wanda ya zama memba na majalisar falsafar da aka gudanar a Paris. Ya karanta aikin Gotoba da Jusepo, wanda ya yi nazarin dabaru na alama, wanda aka kirkira littafin nasa "{empatics na ilimin lissafi". An buga ta a 1903. Aikin ya kawo shahararrun Russell.
Nazarin a fagen lissafi da dabarun da aka ci gaba a lokacin daga 1910 zuwa 1913, sannan kuma gabatar da fitowar da aka gabatar da "manyan lissafi", da aka rubuta tare da Whhematededed. Masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa falsafa ce falsafar ta fassara dukkanin kimiyyar halitta, kuma dabaru ya zama tushe na kowane bincike. Sun rabu da falsafar daga xa'a da tauhidin, sanya shi tushen binciken abin mamaki. An saka kayan russell da whithead a cikin karkara, tunda gaskiya ce, yayin da komai ya kasance na yau da kullun, sabili da haka mai rikitarwa.
A nan gaba, Russell ya ci gaba da yin tunani a kan shi kuma an kammala shi kadai hanya ce kawai don sanin gaskiya. A cikin 1904, ya yi karatu a Harvard sannan ya buga su da littafin daban. Masanin kimiyya ya amince da kasancewar sabani ne ta hanyar dabaru kuma ya fara yin jayayya game da rawar da aka yi da shaidar gogewa a falsafa.
Russell ya kasance mai tawali'u ga siyasa. Bayan sun kasance tare da matar da "Fabian kungiyar" da kuma abokin aikin zamantakewa, ya yi gwagwarmayar daidaiton mata a cikin batutuwan zaɓe. A cikin 1910, Berrand ya zabi maniinsa daga wani biki na 'yantar zuwa zaben majalisar dokoki. Bai karbi goyon bayan da ake so ba, a matsayin magoya bayan ra'ayoyin masanin ilimin kimiyya a fagen fama sun yi kadan, kuma halayensa ne ga addinin da ya saba wa yanayin a lokacin.
Tun 1916, Russell ya a cikin kungiyar "Counteraction Call for Soja Service" da kuma rubuta cikin littattafan "Principles of Social Ma'anar kalmar sake gini", "War and Justice", "Siyasa akida", da dai sauransu ayyukansa bai jawo hankalin da hankali har sai da Falsafa da aka ci tarar Filpel ba a kashe su ba, 'yan takarar yaƙi da shugabannin kurkuku don sun yi aiki da sojoji.
Matalauta sun yi amfani da korar kwali daga kwalejin na Truiniti, wacce malami ke bertrand. An sayar da karar dakin karatunsa don biyan kudi mai kyau, kuma ya dakatar da tashi zuwa Amurka don karanta laccomi a Harvard.
Russell bai yi watsi da ra'ayinsa da kuma kalamai ba a cikin kurkuku 1918 ya kasance a kurkuku Brikston, inda ya rubuta "Gabatarwa zuwa Falsophy". An yi alama a cikin littafin "nazarin tunani", "tushen tunani", "sansan asalin ''," kwayoyin halitta ". Ra'ayoyin gurguzu ta karfafa karfafawa bayan sani tare da Trotsky, Gorky da Lenin a 1920.
Ta hanyar ziyartar Tarayyar Soviet, Russell ya soki tsarin mulki a cikin littafin "Ka'idar da aikin Bolshevism." Tafiya ta Asiya ta kawo kwarewata gwaninta a Jami'ar Beijing da kirkirar Ma'aikata da ake kira "matsalar China". Daga 1924 zuwa 1931, masanin masanin ilimin ya karanta laccoes a Amurka.
A wancan lokacin, matsalolin kasa da kasa sun kasance masu sha'awar. Marubucin ya sake tattaunawa a cikin littattafan "'yanci da kungiyar, 1814 ... 1914 ... 1914 ..." Wace hanya ce ta kaiwa ga duniya? " Tun daga shekarar 1935, Bertrand Russell ya rayu a Amurka da takaddara a Chicago da jami'o'in California. An sha kwallaye a matsayin mamayarsa bayan mamayewa na Nazis, wanda ya faru a Poland a 1939.
Masanin masanin ilimin ya yi ne don amsar soja kuma saboda wannan bai shahara a Amurka ba. Wakilan limaman limaman malamai da da wuya ya yarda da wannan kararrakin malamin Falsafa a Kwalejin New York.
Komawa a cikin 1944 a bangon kwalejin na duniya, Bertrand Russell ya ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan in jihamen, ya zama maigidan oda "don Forit". An buga shi a cikin 1950 "unpopular labarin" ya karɓi kyautar Nobel a littattafai. Russell ya yi watsi da damar da za a yi magana a kan wani jami'in hukuma yayin karɓar kyautar.
Ayyukan zamantakewa
Mai girma don zaman lafiya, masanin Ohosoper ya nuna kuma ya kasance mai magana da takaddun shaida daban-daban. Gyarawar ta Russell-EINstein nuna rashin amincewa ya taimaka wajen sanya kirkirar motsin masana kimiyya na masana kimiyya. Tun daga shekarar 1954, ya buga wasan makaman nukiliya, tunda a wannan lokacin an gwada bama-bamai da hydrogen. Russell ya kasance memba na motsi mai dacewa da "Kwamitin 100" ".
A shekara ta 1959, ya gano matsayinsa a cikin wata hira da rundunar iska. Don wani magana mai tsufa da magana a bangon majalisar, ya tafi kurkuku. A shekarar 1962, Russell ya rubuta kawunan kasashen, John Kenedy da Nikita Khrushchev, game da bukatar tattaunawar zaman lafiya a rikicin Caribbean.
Fitowa daga cikin "Kwamitin 100" a 1963, Falsafar, Falsafa, Kungiyar ta ta ke adawa da tseren makamin nukiliya. Ya tattara hukumar anti-yakin tare da goyon bayan sauran alkalumman jama'a. Kungiyar ta ba da sanarwar Amurka da kungiyar Masarautar soja ta Madef a Vietnam. Russell ya yi adawa da gudarwarawa, kuma ya la'anci mamayewa na Czechoslovakia, wanda ya faru a shekarar 1968.
Rayuwar sirri
Da alama cewa tarihin Byrran Russell ya haɗa kai tsaye kawai tare da ayyukan kimiyya da siyasa da siyasa, amma falsafa bai manta da rayuwar kansa ba. Sunan masu bincikensa yana ba da gudummawa ga jerin shahararrun masanan ƙarni na ƙarshe, kuma akwai tabbatarwa. Marubucin ya auri sau 4, kuma yawan masu murkushe shi yana da girma.
Alice Smith ya zama farkon Russell, masoya wanda aka yi shi a kwaleji na Trinition a cikin shekaru dalibi. A 22, berrand aure Alice, amma tsinkayen rayuwar dangi bai yi daidai ba. Mafata na farin cikin iyali, wanda ma'aurata suka kirkiresu, suka rushe lokacin da ke cikin soyayya da matarsa, Whitehead. Tsarin wucewa na wucewa ya haifar da kisan aure, kuma a cikin 1910 New Soyayyar da za'ayi a zuciyar masanin kimiyya. Ottolinfin Morlal ya jawo hankalina, abokiyar mamba ce. Dangantaka ta hanu ta tafi ba, ta tsaya a matakin da aka aika, kuma Russell ya gano duniyar sabon litattafai.
A shekara ta 1914, a Amurka, Berstand, ya sadu da 'yar uwar likitan tiyata helen dudley, ya gayyace ta ta ziyarci Ingila, amma don ziyarar yarinyar ta riga ta shiga dangantaka da Irin Cooper Ullis, amma don ziyarar yarinyar ta riga ta shiga kungiyar Ingila, amma don ziyarar yarinyar ta riga ta shiga kungiyar ta Ingila. A shekara ta 1916, wani mai aure ne ya yi gwagwarmaya daga Constance Mazara kuma ya zama na uku a dangantakarta da matansa. Sadarwa tare da zane-zane da aka goyi bayan shekaru 30.
A cikin 1921, falsalsafer a cikin kursiranci baƙar fata, Sakatare, tare da shi kan tafiya Rasha. Ta haifi Berran cewa, 'yar Berry. Zabi wata makaranta ga yara, matan sun yanke shawarar kirkirar ma'aikatar karatun nasu a cikin 1927. Tunani game da aure da iyalai, wanda ya tsere marubucin a wannan lokacin, ya bayyana a cikin littafin "aure da halin kirki".
Haɗin Russell da baki sun ɗan gajere. Masanin kimiyya ya zama mai sha'awar matasa Joan Broell kuma ya ƙunshi shi a cikin dangantaka ta shekaru 3. A cikin 1936, an gudanar da bikin aure tare da mai karatun 'ya'yansa, Patricia Spencer. Bambanci tsakanin ma'aurata ya yi shekara 40 da haihuwa. Iyali sun rayu a Amurka. Matar ta haifi Berran Sona, amma wannan aure ba mataki ne na ƙarshe a rayuwar mutum ba.
A cikin 1952, ya sake da matarsa na dangantaka tare da marubucin Edith Fing. Sun yarda kan mahimman ra'ayoyin siyasa-inational. Tare: tare sun halarci zanga-zangar, ya yi tafiya a Turai da tsunduma cikin ayyukan anti-yaƙi.
Mutuwa
Ba kamar misalai da yawa daga ka'idar ƙauna ta kyauta ba, Bertrand Russell bai ɓoye tunaninsa ba, wanda ya faɗi maganganun da kwatancen daga littattafansa. Gaskiya ta nuna gaskiya da kuma amincewa cikin dangantaka, ya kasance mai gaskiya tare da ƙaunataccensa, don haka ƙarshe rayuwarsa ta kwashe mutum mai farin ciki. Shekarun kwanan nan na Bertrand Russell ya rayu a Arewa, Sadarwa tare da yara da jikoki.
Masanin kimiyya ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1970. Sanadin mutuwa shi ne mura. Baƙin adanawa na wannan tsofaffi ba ya jimre cutar.
Abun baya na marubucin yana da ayyuka da yawa a cikin abin da ya bincika labarin Falsafa, da hoton masana kimiyya da kuma adadi na jama'a na hadin gwiwar littattafan ilimi na zamani.
Littafi daya
- 1903 - "Ku bauta wa wani 'yanci"
- 1910 - "Matsalar Falsafa"
- 1012 - "Addini" "
- 1914 - "mytrism da dabaru"
- 1922 - "ARTAR SANARWA"
- 1925 - "Rai a tsakiyar zamanai"
- 1935 - "addini da kimiyya"
- 1936 - "Akwai wani rai bayan mutuwa?"
- 1938 - "Tunanina na addini"
- 1945 - "Tarihin Yakin Biranen Yammacin"
- 1948 - "kasancewar Allah"
- 1953 - "tasirin kimiyya a kan jama'a"
- 1987 - "Me yasa ba ni Kirista"