Tari
Dan kasar falsafa na Rasha - Utopist Nikolai Chernyshevsky, dan Saminanov Articri, amma shekaru na karatu a cikin seminary da jami'a sun juya zuciyarsa daga addini. A sakamakon haka, ya zama babban mahimman labaran littafin Democrat.
Kasa da igiya kyauta Marubucin yana da tsada: Ba tare da karamin Katoran shekaru 20 ba, amma tarihin ya zama tushen wahayi don sabon ƙarni, da Ayyukan da aka sa hannu a cikin ci gaba mai zuwa na biyu da wallafe-wallafe-wallafe.
Yaro da matasa
An haifi Nikolai a Saratov 12 (24) na ranar 1828. Mahaifinsa Gavril chernyshevky shine firist kuma ga waɗancan shekaru masu ilimi masu ilimi wanda yake son tabbatar da 'yarsa mai cancanta. Yaro kaɗan ko'ya ya kwana akan littattafai. Ainihi da fadi daga yaron ya yi mamakin ba kawai takwarorinta ba ne kawai, har ma da manya majibin Uba.
A cikin 1842, ƙaramin chernyshevsky ya shiga majami'ar ruhaniya. Ingancin koyarwa a cikin cibiyar ilimi ba su dace da shi ba, kuma saurayi ya sake shi da ilimin kai, adabi na kasa, nahawu da harsuna da yare. Bayan nazarin shekaru 4 a cikin seminary, Nikolai ya shigar da takardu ga St. Petersburg Jami'ar Tarihi da Phoryw.
Ayyukan rubutu da littattafai
A lokacin dalibi, Bayanin Duniya na Juyin Juyin Juyin Juyin Juyin Juya Hali na gaba ya ci gaba. Ya fara shirya kansa da kansa don aikin ilimi kuma ya fara rubuta zane-zane. Duk da gaskiyar cewa Nikolai ta yi nazari a cikin cibiyar ta ruhaniya kuma gabaɗaya ita ce ta jagoranta daga dangin addini, koyaswar na Orthodoxy ya ƙi.
Bayan shekaru 2, Chernyshevsky, tare da yarinyar, ta dawo Petersburg. An ba shi wurin da malami a cikin Corps na Cadet, kuma da murna ya amince da yarda, ganin yiwuwar farfaganda na ra'ayoyin sa. Malami NikolaiSavrilich ba mummunan biyayya ba, duk da haka tare da abokan aikin sa, bai yi niyyarsa ba: bayan daya mitarfin miji, malamin ya daina.
A cikin 1853, Chernyshevsky ya fara bugawa a cikin "bayanin kula" da "Petersburg Vendombosti". Farawa tare da gajeren sanarwa, sannu a hankali ya koma cikin labaran shirin. Bayan shekara guda, marubucin ya tafi wurin "na zamani". Duk da ra'ayoyin da ake ciki, NikolaiSavrilovich har yanzu bai so ya kunna bugu cikin haɗari ba tsawon lokacin ra'ayoyi Anneenk, Druzhinin, Turgenev da Botkin.
Ra'ayoyin falsafa da na siyasa
A cikin 1855, chernyshevsky kare kari sabanin sa zuwa ga dangantakar fasaha ga abubuwan da na gaske duniya. Jawabin nasa ya haifar da cewa, tunda sukar "tsarkakakku", wanda aka tsoratarwa daga gaskiyar fasahar, da yawa ana daukar mutane da yawa a matsayin kafada gargajiya.
Wakilan hukumomin suma basu son matsayin matasa masanin kimiyya ba: A. NOR NOR NOROV, wanda ya yi mamakin ministar fadakarwar Chernyshevsky. Nikolai shivrilvich ya karbi lakabin Jagora na Wallafe-wallafikan Yelika shekaru 3 kawai shekaru 3 kawai, lokacin da Norova ta sanar da E. P. Kovalevsky.
A lokaci guda, marubucin ya shugabanci mujallar "Tarin Soja". Ranayinsa don gyara littafin ba da haɗari ba ne: An gayyaci Chernyshevsky, an gayyaci Chernyshevsky ayyukan farfado da wannan post, saboda, ta hanyar tsarin juyin juya-hancin juyin juya hali na canjin canji mai zuwa. A can Chernyshevsky ya san da Ogarev da Herzen. Tare sun zama selememene na yawan jama'a kuma sun kafa ɓangarorin asirin "ƙasa da nufin".
Kulawa da Tunani
A cikin 1861, Nikolai Gavrilovich ya zana game da hankali ga 'yan sanda, kuma kulawar sirri ta tabbata a kansa. Editan na "tarin sojoji" da kuma marubucin "na zamani" ana zargin cewa an gabatar da karfin gwiwa da gwamnatin da ta samu (Maza Wadannan Gendarinme Dolvalukov). Bugu da kari, ana zargin Chernyshevsky da hannu a cikin gobarar da ta faru a St. Petersburg a cikin 1862.
Ba da daɗewa ba "na zamani" aka rufe, kuma a cikin watan Nikolai Gavrilovich ta kama, sanya sansanin soja mai kera a ɗakin guda. Wani takamaiman dalilin kamawa shi ne harafin Herzen zuwa Kudu solovyhevich, wanda ya ambaci sunan Chernyshevsky - da aka yi zargin "na zamani" a Burtaniya. Bugu da kari, an caje shi da Nikolay Gavrilovich tare da kera na ciniki da ke kiran sojoji zuwa ga tawayen masu mallakar ƙasa.
Binciken dangane da batun juyin juya halin ya dauki shekaru 1.5. Hukumar tabbatar da cewa laifin laifin da aka yi amfani da shi ba bisa doka ba - Shalun shaidun karya, takardun karya ne. Don jawo hankalin rashin adalci, fursuna ya sanar da yajin fama da yunwa 9, amma bai taimaka ba.
Ko da a kurkuku, masanin kimiyya ya ci gaba da aiki ta hanyar rubuta fiye da 200 takaddun rubutu. A cikin Sheppe, ya gama littafin "Me za a yi?". Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa - aikin ya karɓa kuma an buga shi, duk da matsayin matsayin marubucinsa.
A cikin 1864, Nikolrilovichi ya sanar da jumla: Katat-shekara 14 a Siberiya da kuma sasantawa tsawon rayuwa a can. Dangane da son son sarki, lokacin kalandar ta ninka ninki biyu, amma a sakamakon haka, marubucin ya gudanar da hanyar haɗi 19 tare da shekara guda. Gasar Cernyshehsky ta Kamfanin Cornyshevsky ne da ba ta wulakanci ta hanyar fahimtar jama'a na tsare-tsaren mutane da gata - da aka samu a shekarar 1864 a Squatesburg.
An haye fursuna a kan Nerchinsk cathedral, kuma daga baya sun kasance a cikin vilyuisk. Bayan shekaru 10, Chernyshevsy bisa hukuma ba da shawarar ƙaddamar da afuwa, amma ya ki. Comramades akan da'irar juyin juya hali ya yi ƙoƙari da yawa don 'yantar da shi, amma ta hanyar Sassan Chernyshevsy's Sassatov ƙarshe ya koma Sassatov nan da nan.
A ƙarshe, abokai da dangi sun sami damar tabbatar da cewa an canja shi daga Sibria zuwa Astrakhan. Sarkin ya ci gaba da wannan daga cikin hargitsi na sababbin tarzoji, saboda "duniya da Volia" sannan ya nuna kanta a matsayin kungiya mai haɗari, kuma ba ta son yin haske a cikin yanayin.
Rayuwar sirri
Marubucin ya yi aure. Olga Skutovna Vasilyeva, wanda suka yi aure a 1853 ya zama shugabansa. Matar ta ji ainihin mutum na asali, kuma zaɓi na Chernyshevsky ba ya yarda ba duka ba: Olga Nikolaivrilovich da kansa ya yi farin ciki. Loveaunarsa ga matastarsa ta zama makafi da makafi, ba za a ɗauke ta aure ta hanyar gwada sabbin dabaru ba, ya yi ƙoƙarin gina daidai bautar da wahalar mata a cikin iyali.
Lokacin da kuka haɗu da koyarwar Chernyshevsy da gaske cewa ya ji daɗin "abubuwan da ke wari kamar karusai", amma Olga bai hana shi ba. Bayan ya karɓi yardar aure, marubucin ya shugabanci "dangantakata na dangantakata da wanda yanzu ya yi farin ciki" kuma yanzu ya fara yin tunanina a rayuwar Juyin juya hali.
Chernyshevsky ya faɗi cewa duka ma'aurata suna daidai da haƙƙoƙin haƙƙoƙi da aikin, wanda don wannan lokacin ya kasance matsayi mai ƙarfi. A aure, ya ba Olga na kammala 'yanci, har ya canza, yin imani da cewa ta sa hannun a jefa kansa, kamar yadda yake so. Lokacin da matar ta fara da wani sabon labari tare da aboki na iyali Ivan Savitsky, ya ba da shawarar sanar da ita, tabbatar da cewa babu wani abu a matsayin farin ciki. Olga, yana sha'awar irin wannan karimci, ya zaɓi ya zauna tare da mijinta.
Kwarewar Keɓaɓɓiyar Chernyshevsky daga baya sa saukar da layin littafin littafin "Me ya yi?", Da kuma dangantakar mata biyu da ake kira "Truangle Rasha".
Dangwirar Nikolaivrilovich na Nikolai ya kalli zaɓaɓɓen "Kosos", kuma a cikin asalin Sassov game da rayuwar mutum koyaushe yana tafiya mara kyau na yau da kullun. Tashi daga wani saurayi a St. Petersburg ƙarin tunatar da tserewa daga nuna wariya da tsofaffi. Man cikin wuta yana zuba gaskiyar cewa bikin ya faru sosai - jim kaɗan kafin wannan, gaik gavilovich ya mutu, amma, ya ƙi yin makoki na liƙa.
Tare, chernyshevsky ya rayu tsawon shekaru 9, amma ƙaddara da aka zaɓa kamar shekaru 20 na farin ciki farin ciki. Daga mahaɗan Siberian, Falsafer ya rubuta wasiƙu 300 zuwa ga matarsa, amma daga baya ya tsaya a cikin matarsa, amma daga baya ya tsaya a cikin matarsa, ya yanke shawarar cewa mafi yawan abin da zai manta da shi, mafi kyau.
A lokacin tashi, matan sun riga sun girma 'ya'yan uku maza guda uku - Mikhail, Vicander, da Ubansa sun kori mijinta da Uba, dangi suka koya wa bukatar da ta yi. Olga ya yi aiki tare da duct da saƙa. A cikin 1866, ta ɗauki ƙaramin yaro, ta je ta ziyarci matar. Hanyar ta ɗauki watanni shida, amma sun sami damar kashe kwanaki 4 tare. NIKOLAI Gavilovich ya nemi ƙin shi kuma ya sake yin aure, amma ba ta taba son yin hakan ba.
Mutuwa
Godiya ga matsalolin Rodney Chernyshevsky a watan Yuni 1889, koma Saratov, amma ba a ƙaddara shi cikin natsuwa a cikin garinsu ba. A cikin shekaru 55 da marubucin marubucin ya tsufa.
A cikin kaka na wannan shekarar, ya fadi rashin lafiya da zazzabin cizon sauro da ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani. Dalilin mutuwa ya kasance basur a cikin kwakwalwa.
Kabari na Nikolaivich Chernyshevsky is located ne a kan tashin tashin tashin hankali na Kuraturiyar.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa
- A cikin littafin labari "me za a yi?" Da aka ambata aluminum da ake kira "Karfe na nan gaba". A wancan lokacin, ya yi amfani da shi kadan, amma hasashen Chernyshevsy dangane da yaduwar da ya yaduwar shi a cikin masana'antar da gaske ta kasance.
- A cikin yara, abokai da aka yiwa marubucin ta Littafi Mai-Tsarki, kuma an kira abokansa ga ilimin littattafai - da ƙishirwa da iliminsa ya kasance mara kyau.
- A lokutan Soviet, littafin "abin da za a yi?" Ya zama sananne sosai saboda kyakkyawan bincike na Lenin.
- Loveaunar matarsa Chernyshevsky riƙe don rayuwarsa duka kuma bai daina tunanin ta ko da a cikin mafi yawan cortis ba. Ajiye dinari daga abin da aka samu daga mai-rakodi, ya sami damar siyan dawakai masu marmari ga ita kuma ya aika kyauta ga Petersburg.
Faɗa
Aiki na ɗan adam babu komai kuma wanda bai isa ba lokacin da ba tunani bane. Hakkin rayuwa kuma kuyi farin ciki - alama ce ta mutum wanda ba shi da ma'anar wa mutum wanda ba shi da nasaba da halin mutum cewa irin na hutawa yana da sauki kuma mafi kyau a gare shi. Zun kai tsaye yana samar da gaskiya sakamako lokacin da ba tunani game da tasirin.Littafi daya
- 1862-1863 - "Me ya yi?"
- 1863 - "Alfriev"
- 1883 - "Notes a Nekrasov"
- 1854 - "Mawuyacin ra'ayi na abubuwan kwaikwayo na zamani"
- 1855 - "halayen kirki na zane-zane zuwa gaskiya"
- 1855 - "Sublimime da Comic"
- 1855 - "Halin ilimin mutane"
- 1858 - "Sukar da son zuciya ga falsaishi game da mallakar al'umma"
- 1860 - "Ita'ila na Antherpoly a Falsafa"
- 1888 - "Asalin ka'idar gwagwarmaya na rayuwa"