Tari
Jaridar Satirik da kuma Ingantar Nikolai Novikov ya shiga labarin ba kawai a matsayin wanda ya kirkiro fursunoni da yawa ba, har ma a matsayin daya daga cikin fursunoni na farko na siyasa a Rasha. Ya faru ne a lokacin heyday na baiwa da kuma aiki aiki. Bayan barin gidan yarin na Novomoo, ba zai yiwu a ci gaba da aiki ba, duk da haka ya sami nasarar rubuta, ya isa ya isa ga zuriyar zuriyarsa sun gode masa.Yaro da matasa
Nikolai Ivanovich Novikov an haife shi a lardin Moscow, a cikin mallaki na tikhvino, Afrilu 27 (Mayu 8) na 1744. Ya zo daga dangin kirki, mahaifinsa ya yi ritaya jami'in ritaya. Lissafin yaron ya koya wa yaudarar ƙauyen, daga baya Nicholas aka ba wa gidan wasan motsa jiki na metroolitan. Saurayin ya koya a can tsawon shekaru 5 kuma ba a cire shi ga lalaci da kuma ban mamaki.
Komawa wurin iyayen kuma ya zauna tare da su tsawon shekaru 2, ya tafi hidimar Izmavsky, wanda aka dangana shi a haihuwa. Aikin soja ya yi nasara, Novikov da zaran an samar da shi a cikin UNITER-'yan kasa, amma shi da kansa ya fara fahimtar cewa ransa bai yi wa sojoji ba, amma ga kasuwancin kimiyya da kasuwanci. A wannan lokacin, gwaje-gwaje na rubuce-rubuce na farko. Nikolai ya bayar da labaru 2, wanda da kansa ya fassara shi daga Faransanci, da Sonnet.
A cikin 1767, Novikova ya umurci aikin a cikin Hukumar, wanda ya sabunta lambar "Sabuwar lamba" dokoki. Yana daga cikin matasa da su jagoranci minananan taro. Abu ne mai mahimmanci a ƙarƙashin ikon Catherine Ii, kuma haɗa da ɗaukacin da aka amince da su "na musamman mai martaba tare da iyawar."
A nan, Nikolai Ivanovich ta sami damar bincika matsalolin rayuwar Rasha ta zamani, wanda ke da tushe na ra'ayoyin karatunsa. Phfress ya lura da wani matashin masanin kimiyyar matasa, don haka ko da bayan fassarar daga Izmavsky Realimes a cikin Muromsky Novomov ya ci gaba da aiki a cikin Hukumar.
Jarida da Buga
Daga wannan aikin ya kori shi a cikin 1769. A tari "ajiye" an kammala, da Nikolai Ivanovich ya koma wurin aiki ta mai fassara zuwa cikin Colleium. A watan Mayu na wannan shekarar, shahararren mujallar "ya fara bugawa.
A kan gindi, Novikov Poplinin da aka karɓi izini daga shahararren, duk da haka, ya jagoranci nasa, cikakken ya hau tare da son burin huling saman. Catherine II da shawarar masu shelar irin waɗannan mujallu zuwa "Transose ta", fiye da satire), amma zuwa satire), amma zuwa satire), amma ga satire), amma ga satire), amma ga satire), amma ga satire), amma ga satirever zargi. Filin "Drone" Ebigrah ya zama layin da aka ɗauka daga Basni sumarokov:
"Suna aiki, kuma kai ne aikinsu."Kalmar ta tambaya don sautin ga duk littattafan a cikin littafin, wata hanyar bude take da umarni ne ke nuna waƙoƙin baki. Novikov ya haifar da dukkan hotunan hotunan almara - had kai, caricature na m yantad da, Muryar mutane a fuskar marubutan littattafai na gwamnati. Duk wanda ya karanta "Troaten" zai iya tabbatar da cewa babu adalci a cikin daular Rasha, ko kuma umarnin.
Nikolai Ivanovich ta ba da kulawa ta musamman game da kiyaye al'adun kasar na Rasha, suna magana da "baƙon gaske" kuma sun yi ba'a ga kwastomomi na Faransa da Jamus. A lokaci guda, babban burinsa ya kasance serfom: tare da taimakon lambobi da hujjoji, ya fentin wani rashin daidaitaccen hoto na madawwami da rayuwa, ya sami hukunci da rashin hukunci.
Ekaterina II, ba shakka, ya yi ƙoƙarin hana irin wannan aikin-aiki da wuri-wuri. Ba a iya samun nasarori tare da shi ba a cikin ƙafa ɗaya, kawai sai ta yi amfani da hukumomi da tsari na musamman a cikin 1770 rufe mujallar. Hakan bai dakatar da Novikov ba, amma ya tilasta masa ya mai da hankali. Ya zama editan da yawa mujallu. "Pareasel", "Wallet", "Wallet" har yanzu yana nuna halin adawar, amma ana maye gurbin sautin ta hanyar ƙarin mai hankali.
"Mai komai" da sauri ya sha wahala ga makomar "drone" da mabiyansa sun sami ci gaba da hanzarta. A cikin sabon bugu na Novikov, masu har yanzu suna gurbata, amma ba su je rokon juyin juya halin ba. Zai fi dacewa a kira matsayinsa na siyasa ta hanyar mai sassaucin ra'ayi.
Aikin fadakarancin ya zama farkon wani dalili daban-daban mataki ne a aikin jarida na Rasha. Wani sabon nau'in satire, cikakken cikakken fasahohin gaskiya na gaskiya, jaruntaka da ban tsoro. Daga tsoffin shirye-shirye, an rarrabe shi da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan da kuma gaban hoto na fi'ili rayuwa.
A cikin 1774, Nikolai Ivanovich ta yiwa wanda aka yiwa kansa ya sadaukar da kansa zuwa aikin rubutu. Bayan shekaru 3, ya zama wanda ya kafa daga mujallar mujallar "Wellsight", ya sauka daga kan aikin Falsafa Jarida a Rasha. A hankali, mai shelar da aka tashi daga satire kuma ya juya ga ilimi, canza sautin yanayin da hankali.
A cikin 1779, Novikov ya motsa zuwa Moscow kuma fara buga "Moscow Onom", wanda aka kirkira akan samfuran Turai tare da labaran na nazari. Maimakon hasken "Wuya", mujallar "Edition na wata-wata" da zaran an buga shi, kuma wurin vendomomentoShi ya samu aikace-aikacen daga labaran da aka zaɓa. Daga baya, Nikolai Ivanovich ta fara samar da matukan mu "karatun yara", "Store na tattalin arziki", "aiban tattalin arziki", ko'ina cikin bayan gida.
Kyonry
Bayan ya koma babban birnin kasar, da abokai Nikolai Ivanovich ya gabatar da shi zuwa ga motsin Masonic, wanda daga baya ya zama muhimmin babban batun tarihin sa. Gayyata shiga cikin rononic sa-ransa, ya daɗe a cikin 1775, amma na dogon lokaci shakku, ba tare da fahimtar koyarwar kansa ba.
Masons, duk da haka, sha'awar son samun kansu ga kansu har ma a baya ya gaya masa game da abun cikin matakai 3 na farko, wanda ya saba wa dokokin da ake dasu. A ƙarshe, Novikov ya amince, amma ba da daɗewa ba ya ƙaura daga tsarin Eallasinskaya zuwa ga babban ilimi, inda mahalarta suke da sha'awar soles na ilimi da ɗabi'a.
Rayuwar sirri
Kusan babu lokacin rayuwar rayuwarsa na marubucin, kuma sha'awar ta kwana a kan zuciya al'amura ma. Tare da matar Novikov ta gaba ta hadu a gidan tsohuwar aboki Nikolai Trobetesk. Alexandra Egorovna Rimskaya-Korsakov yana da mai mallakar gidan a cikin yaran. An gama aure da sauri, amma bai yi farin ciki musamman, tunda babu ƙauna tsakanin ma'aurata. A cikin 1791, Alexander ya mutu, ya bar Nicholas Ivanovich uku ne.
Duk zuriyar ma'auratan sun sha wahala daga Paducha (Epilesy). Ta buɗe tare da dukkan yara a lokaci guda bayan wani bincike, lokacin da Huss ya fashe a tsakiyar gidan ya ɗauki Uba ya ɗauki Uba.
Mutuwa
Ya zuwa 1772, m marubucin ƙarshe ya gaji da ragin haƙuri na Catherine II. Duk ya fara ne da haramcin gidan buga takardu, rufewar mai shela da bincike a cikin abubuwan da ba su iya magana da, a ƙarshe, kammalawa a sansanin stresselburg.
Bayan shekaru 4, Paul na sami 'yan kimiyyar, amma ya hana a buga shi kuma a shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa. Bayan haka, matsayin Nikolai Ivanovich ba ta inganta, kuma sannu a hankali game da shi, ya hana 'yancin yin zabe, ya fara mantawa.
Bayan 'yanci daga sansanin soja, an sanar da masu shelar labarai, alhali kuwa yana kurkuku, duk kayan da aka siyar da shi ne daga gwanon. Tare da taimakon abokai da yawa a cikin misalin Nuwvikov ya dawo da kaddarar Avdotino, amma an sami ginin da ya fi wannan kaso da dole ne a mayar da sauran kudin da sojoji da kuma dole ne a mayar da sauran kudade da sojoji da sojoji da hukummai.
An kafa manyan bashin, kuma biyan marubucin shine biyan bashin da aka biya bashin da jinginar gida. Kowace shekara a cikin Disamba dole ne ya yi murkushe adadin da ake so kuma koyaushe yana rayuwa cikin tsoron cewa dukiyar zata tafi tare da guduma za ta tafi tare da guduma.
1817 aka bayar don Novikov musamman wuya - bashin da aka tafiyar da shi don biyan kuɗi a lokacin ƙarshe. Daga matsananciyar farin ciki, an sha kashi ta bugun ƙwaƙwalwa, tare da asarar ƙwaƙwalwa kuma ya kasance 31 ga watan Agusta (12 ga Agusta) na 1818 sanadiyyar mutuwa.
Bayan mutuwar Nikolai Ivanovich, iyalinsa sun kasance cikin yanayin kuɗi. Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin har ma ya shigar da sarkin ga wani karar, amma an sayar da bashin da marigayi a cikin kasar ta Rashanci.