Tari
Wani labari mai wuya game da rayuwar laacheate kyautar a cikin littattafan da ba a da makamashin kuzari, amma rubuta a cikin wannan lokacin da ba a sani ba - misalin samfuran Amurkawa, a cikin wanne Rayuwar talakawa na yau da kullun na jihohin da ke tsakanin Amurka a cikin karfin fasaha na ashirin da aka nuna tare da babban karfi na zane-zane, tare da duk matsaloli da sophors.Yaro da matasa
Akwai wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan tarihin John Steinbeck. A cikin Amurka, akwai ma al'ummomin magoya baya, suna nazarin al'adun marubucin kuma a hankali tattara kananan bayanai game da shi. Bayanin rayuwarsa mafi yawa shine shafi na 1,100.
An haifeshi John ErnSbeck a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu a Salinas (California). Yana da Tushen Jamusanci da Irish: An sanya tsohon kakanninta ta Groskery ta bayan ya koma Amurka), kuma mahaifiyarsa ta faru daga Ireland.
Mahaifin Yahaya ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aji, uwa - malami a makaranta. Dukansu suna ƙauna kuma sun koyar da su karanta yaransu huɗu. Amma ga kudi, a farko iyalin sun rayu lafiya - sun mallaki wani fili mai ban tsoro a cikin bakin Salinas da wani lokaci ya yi da za mu biya don karantar da tsofaffi, matsalolin kudi sun fara biya.
A lokacin rani, iyaye sun yi aiki a kan ranchi mafi kusa, jawo sauran dangin. Daga matasan matasa, John samu amfani da mummunan aiki na zahiri kuma koya abubuwa da yawa game da yanayi da aikin gona, wanda daga baya aka yi niyyarsa a cikin ayyukansa.
Bayan kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare a 1919, Steinbeck ya zama ɗalibin Jami'ar Tsaro, amma sai ya jefa shi, ba tare da saba da shi ba. Murmushin yara na wani saurayi ya kasance wani marubuci ne, kuma bai rabu da ita ba ko da mai shela wani ya aiko masa. A cikin ƙwararrensa, an kashe Yahaya bazuwar, aiki a matsayin mai gadi, jagora, ma'aikata, amma ba wuce gona da iri ".
Littattafai
Halin da lamarin ya canza a 1930 Lokacin da mahaifin Yahaya ya yanke shawarar tallafawa dansa, ya bar shi ya zauna a cikin gida har ma yana ba da takarda don rubutu. SteinBeck Jr. Ya jefa wani aiki da kuma mayar da hankali kan sababbin ayyuka, wanda ƙarshe ya fara bada 'ya'ya. Ayyukan 3 na farko sune litattafan kwano "da na zinare" da kuma tarin abubuwan da ke ba a sani ba, a cikin adadin abubuwan da ke tattare da su.
Kawai aiki na gaba da aka haɗa a cikin jerin masu bayarwa - "Quarter Tortilla-Flat Tortilla-lebur", labari mai ban dariya game da farfado na Vagrants a cikin bakin teku. An ba ta lambar yabo ta jihar, da kuma kuɗin da aka biya wa dangin Steinbeck ya isa ya gina gidansa a Los Gatosa. GASKIYA na ƙarshe a cikin yanayin marubutan kwararru sun kawo Yahaya littafin "akan mice da mutane".
Al'adu na al'adu "fushin '' ya zama aikin na 10 na Steinbeck, an shirya dala dubu 10 kawai a cikin al'adar da yawa na Jaudov ya barata Duk tsammanin: 'Yan wasan ne sun hana shi maganganu, kuma shahararrun yada nesa da California.
Mahimmancin sautin "Greaves fushin" yana kusa da masu karatun talakawa suna fama da rikicin tattalin arziki. Littafin Steinbek ya rubuta a kan wani abu kayan da aka tattara a hankali kan tafiya zuwa ga asalinsa na asali.
Fim din "Greaves fushi", harbe a 1940, sun karbi kyautar Oscar 2. An yi rawar jiki a asirce, kamar yadda darekta ya ji tsoron Texas da Oklahoma ba zai iya ba da damar nuna sunayen yankinsu zuwa silima ba. A cikin USSR, an dakatar da fim saboda gaskiyar cewa manoma na Amurkawa, har ma sun lalace, sun yi kama da manzo Soviet.
Bayan samun kudaden shiga, wurin marubucin na Amurka sun yanke shawara a ƙarshe - gwarzon ya kasance zanga-zangar zanga-zangar ne, da kuma yadda ake rubuta na gargajiya ba tare da gwaje-gwaje ba tare da fom da kuma mãkirci.
Siyasa da ayyukan zamantakewa
A shekara ta 1940, Yahaya tare da matarsa a cikin gayyatar abokai sun tafi tafiya a kusa da gulfornia gulf. Daga baya ya bayyana wannan tafiya a cikin littafin labari "cortes na teku". A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, Steinbeck ya shiga hidimar wakilin soja kuma ya halarci aikin Douglas Fairbenx zuwa Junior Beach. A shekara ta 1944 ya koma Afrika ta Arewacin Afirka, inda ya ji rauni, kasancewa kusa da wurin fashewar a cikin shagon na ammonium.
Karar lafiya, marubucin ya koma gida. Shekarun yaƙi na bayan yaƙi sun kasance don lokaci na katako - a lokacin ne ya rubuta labari "damuwar Nobz a cikin littattafan Nobel a cikin littattafai.
A shekarar 1947, marubucin marubucin Amurka ya ziyarci USSR. Kamfanin ya sanya shi shahararren mai daukar hoto Robert Kapa, tare da wanda ya ziyarci 5 manyan biranen. Wannan shi ne farkon bala'i na farko na Amurkawa tunda juyin juya halin. Yahaya ya rubuta abubuwan da ya san shi a cikin "Diary Diary", misaltaccen hoto na Kapa. Bayan mai buga wannan littafin, ya karɓi gayyata don ya zama memba na makarantar kimiyya na Amurka da adabi.
A wannan shekarar, an rubuta labarin "lu'u-lu'u", asalin yayi cikin yanayin yanayin yanayi. Bayan haka, marubucin ya fara matsalar mutum. Daga California, ya zo ga labarai cewa dogon aboki na Steinbeck, Ed Ricket, ya ji rauni mai rauni a cikin hadarin mota.
Yahaya ya koma gidansa, amma bai same shi da rai ba, kafin ya mutu cikin sa'a daya kafin lokacinsa. Zafin daga asarar wanda ya ƙaunaci wanda yake a cikin danginsa, kuma an sanya marubucin da ya hau da wahala.
A karshen rayuwar Steinbeck kuma ya yanke shawarar shafi jigogi na yaki da duniya. Duk dansa ya yi gwagwarmaya a Vietnam, da manyan labaran siyasa na Steinbeck fotaited m da mugunta daga abin da ke faruwa. Duk da haka, lokacin da ya buga 1.5 watanni a cikin bukatar mutum na shugaban kasa, wanda ya shirya jerin rahama, a cikin wani ne ya tallafawa yaki fiye da yadda ya yi mamakin mamakin mamaki. Jaridar New York Post da ake kira canjin matsayin na Steinbek da cin amana.
Rayuwar sirri
A rayuwar marubucin da aka yi marubuci akwai aure 3. Karo na farko da ya auri Karol henning a 1930. Tare sun yi shekara goma sha ɗaya, amma ya ƙare da kisan aure. Matar ta biyu Gcedolen ta ba shi 'ya'ya maza biyu - Thomas da Yahaya. Auren ya juya ya zama mafi ƙarancin shekaru, shekaru 5, bayan wanda a shekara ta 1948 suka fashe a wani aikin gwen kansa. Mawãfa kuka sadaukar ga yaransa ga gabas, wanda ya ɗauki mafi kyawun aikinsa (a 1981 ya yi fim.
SteinBeck ya damu matuka game da kisan aure, musamman tunda ya zo daidai da mutuwar aboki da kuma tara matsaloli na sirri, amma da sannu dai na harbincinsa ya karɓi sabuwar budurwa - Darakta Elaine Scott. Tare suna rayu har mutuwar marubucin. Ba su da yara gama gari.
Mutuwa
Bayan ya dawo daga Vietnam, Lafiya ta fara kawo marubuci. A shekarar 1967, Steinbeck ya ji hadin gwiwa, bayan wane 2 indict ya bi daya bayan wani.
A ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1968, ya mutu, sanadin mutuwa itace gazawar zuciya. Shahararren marubucin ya yi shekara 66 da haihuwa. Ya mutu a New York, amma an kai jikin jana'izar zuwa asalinsa California.
Faɗa
Smoloda da alama ya isa ga rayuka dubu, amma a kan abin da na Allah ya rayu don rayuwa: Babu irin wannan matsala da ba za a iya narkewa ba, idan ba ta daɗe da mazaje ba . Abu ne mai wahala ka rabu da rayuwar da kakeyi koda kuwa kun ƙi wannan rayuwar.Littafi daya
- 1929 - "kwanon zinariya"
- 1933 - "Ba a sani ba Allah"
- 1935 - "Quarter Tortilla lebur"
- 1936 - "Kuma yaƙin ya ɓace"
- 1939 - "karya wratve"
- 1945 - "Canning jere"
- 1947 - "Barin bas"
- 1952 - East Eden "
- 1954 - "Alhamis Almasihu"
- 1957 - "gajerun kwamitin Pipine IV"
- 1961 - "damuwar hunturu namu"